Kypchak Khanate: imvelaphi nembali

Kypchak khanate medieval - izizwe yeMetro Polovtsian umnini iindawo emathafeni enkulu Eurasia. ilizwe labo Wasolula ephuma emlonyeni iDanube esentshona ukuya Irtysh River ukuya ngasempuma ukusuka Kama River emantla ukuya emazantsi koLwandle Aral. Ngexesha ubukho Kypchak Khanate - XI - kwiinkulungwane XIII.

prehistory

Polovtsi (amanye amagama: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) abantu zamaTurkic kunye emathafeni classical indlela ephila ngayo. Ngenkulungwane VIII, bakha ngokwabo kummandla Kazakhstan yanamhlanje. abamelwane babo aba Khazars kunye Oghuz. Polovtsian ba izinyanya kucingwa ukuba babebhadula kumathafa kwimpuma Tien shan kunye Mongolia. Kungenxa yoko le nto bubungqina yokuqala ebhaliweyo malunga abantu - amaTshayina.

Ngo-744, i-Cumans weza phantsi Kimaks kolawulo yaye ixesha elide babehlala Kimek Khanate. Kwinkulungwane IX imeko yaba umva. Polovtsi iphumelele neFrance phezu Kimaks. Ngoko apho Kypchak Khanate. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI, ukuba bayacalulwa esezantsi kuyo umlambo Syr Darya angabamelwane sesizwe Oghuz. waba phezu nomda Khorezm e Polovtsian Sygnak mzi, apho wachitha kothango lweenqwelo zokulwa ubusika. Ngoku endaweni yayo kukho amabhodlo esixeko samandulo, ebonisa ixabiso kakhulu zakudala.

ukuba ngurhulumente

Ngo-1050 Kypchak Khanate sathatha wonke ummandla Kazakhstan mihla (ngaphandle Semirechye). Empumalanga, emdeni uRhulumente bafika Irtysh River kunye nemida yayo wasentshona lahlala phezu iVolga. Engasezantsi Kipchak wafikelela Talas, emantla - amahlathi Siberian.

Ukwakheka yobuhlanga kwezi abasemathanga kwasekwa ngokudibana kwezinye iintlanga ezininzi. Ababhali-mbali ukuchonga isizwe ezimbini eziphambili Kipchak: yanto, uyabona. Ukongeza, i Cumans ugalelwe kunye nabamelwane babo woyisa (Turks and Oguz). Zonke abaphandi akhawunti ukuya ku-16 izizwe Kipchak. It borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak kunye t. D.

Embindini kwinkulungwane XI Kypchak Khanate zafikelela kwincopho nokwanda kwalo. Abahambi ubehlala kuLwandle Black kunye emaqeleni Russian, ukufikelela imida yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Ngenxa yale amazwe kwenqwaba kwabakho sokonakalisa iinxalenye ezimbini semeko ekuhlaleni Kypchaks: empuma nasentshona. Umda phakathi kwabo elala phezu iVolga (Cumans wayibiza ngokuba "Itil").

isakhiwo Public

Kipchak Society nangokodidi ukungalingani kwezentlalo. Ipropati ephambili, kuqinisekisa impilo-ntle, waye iinkomo kunye namahashe. Kuyinto inani labo indlu yayigqalwa sisalathisi kwindawo somntu esiphezulu. Inxalenye nemfuyo ukuyiphatha zoluntu. izilwanyana ezifana babeba tamgas (elinemibala ezizodwa). Amadlelo kwakhona ngokwemveli ekule basebukhosini.

Uninzi Kipchak liqulethe zabelusi eziqhelekileyo kunye namalungu oluntu. Bona zithathwa simahla, kodwa kwadlula phantsi kokhuselo abamelwane ezinamandla ngakumbi. Nelahleko yemfuyo yabo indoda, ndayihluthwa ithuba bafuduka baze babe yatukom - wahlala abemi. Ongenamandla kakhulu kuluntu Polovtsian ngamakhoboka. Kypchak Khanate, ogama uqoqosho isekelwe phezu ngebhaxa, landa inani amakhoboka ngeendleko imfazwe.

Relations ne-Russia

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala lwekhulu XI waqalisa imfazwe Russian-Polovtsian. Mbuya, akazange azame ukoyisa i-East Slavic ulawulo, kodwa bafika amazwe abanye ngenxa amaxhoba kunye namakhoboka ezintsha. Emathafeni ezikhethiweyo impahla kunye nemfuyo kunye namazwe eziphanzileyo yezolimo. amagalelo abo ngesiquphe okhawulezayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le abasemathanga ixesha lokuba shwaka elide phambi ngalo ukuba endaweni yabo wafika yena lo yenene.

Kaninzi ngenxa umhlaba owawurhangqe Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl kunye amantshontsho kunye Siverschyna. Kwaba phezu kumazwe angayiwayo nezixeko target zabo bazilindele Kypchak Khanate. 11 - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 - ixesha phezulu rhoqo kunye kumaqela emathafeni Russian. Ngenxa ingozi kwelasezantsi, abantu bazama sisondela kufutshane amahlathi, leyo kwenza kakhulu yokufuduka labemi Mpuma Slavic kwi Vladimir ukubusa.

Chronicle yokuhlasela

Xa Kypchak Khanate, ogama mmandla liye landa kakhulu, beza wadibana ne-Russia, Slavic karhulumente, kwelinye icala, ukuba singene kwixesha lentlekele ebangelwe ukuqhekeka feudal kunye yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye lwangaphakathi. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi ziganeko amathuba okuba loonothwal ngamanye amaxesha.

Yokuqala enkulu Polovtsy ukoyiswa ekhokelwa Khan Iskaliev wabangela Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich ngo-1061. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, umkhosi wahlasela Russian emathafeni angalawuliyo ezintathu Rurik phezu komlambo Alta. Ngo-1078 kwi-Battle of Nezhatina Field wafa eKiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Zonke ezi ntlekele zawa phezu Russia kubangelwe ikakhulu ekungakwazini yasebukhosini ezithile bavumelane bodwa ngenxa yokuba sakhane.

Rurik loyiso

Kypchak khanate ephakathi, inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye uzilawula zazo umzekelo ezaziwa loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kuba ixesha elide endaweni ngempumelelo ilizwe Russian. Noko ke, le ngokoyiswa eMpuma nokuxubana ayikwazanga kunigqibela kuphele. Le Isimntwiso nomjikelo entsha yomzabalazo kunye Polovtsy waba Vladimir Monomakh.

Ngo-1096 i-Prince wamoyisa Kipchak kwi Trubezh emlanjeni. Xa imfazwe wabulala inkokheli Tugorkan mbuya. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, umseki Kypchak Khanate, bandiselwa ezithile ayaziwa mbali. Idatha kuphela ezo abalawuli ababexela imfazwe amagunya ezikufuphi okanye bazibandakanye nabo amaqhina ozakuzo. Tugorkan Khan wayengomnye wabo.

endaweni eyingozi

Ngenxa ubenokuqina kumaqela Slavic bayeka ukwandiswa lowo amashumi waqhubeka Kypchak Khanate. Ngokufutshane, imithombo Polovtsian ngokwaneleyo into beshukumisa kulongamo Russia. Rurik wazama ukusingatha engamkelekanga ngalo naluphi na uhlobo ekhoyo. Iinkosana bahlela iinqaba umda waza wabahlalisa ngoxolo bahlaliswe Turks - itshimini emnyama. Babehlala ezantsi komhlaba Kiev, kwaye nexesha elininzi wenza njengokuba ikhaka of Russia.

Vladimir Monomakh wamoyisa Kipchak kuqala nje kuphela, kodwa wazama ukuba asungule yosizi emathafeni engapheliyo. iphulo kwakhe ngo 1111, oludityaniswe kwezinye Rurik, wahlelwa ifunwa Cross, apho kartel wasentshona wrested iYerusalem Muslims. Kwixesha elizayo isenzo yeemfazwe ekhubekisayo entlango iye isiko. I intsomi idumileyo Russian yaba iphulo Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, iziganeko leyo yenza isiseko "Lay".

Cumans and amaByzantine

Russia akazange lizwe kuphela aseYurophu apho waqhagamshelana Kypchak Khanate. Isishwankathelo wobudlelwane emathafeni kunye uBukhosi baseByzantium eyaziwa ngokuba yeziKronike ephakathi zamaGrike. Ngowe-1091 Cumans wangena umfelandawonye emfutshane nesikhulu Russian Vasilko Rostislavichem. Injongo yale manyano yaba ngokoyiswa ezinye abasemathanga - Pechenegs. Kwinkulungwane XI Bagxothwa baphuma ngenxa Polovtsy emaqeleni oLwandle Omnyama kwaye ngoku basongele imida yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

Angafuni ukubanyamezela ubukho aweza emideni yawo, amaGrike bangena umfela kunye cornflowers kunye Kipchak. Ngowe-1091 umkhosi yabo idibene, likhokelwa * uKhesare Aleksey I Komnin, woyisa umkhosi Pechenegs kwi-Battle of Leburne. Noko ke, ubuhlobo kunye Polovtsy zange ziphuhliswe yi ngamaGrike. Sele 1092 le khanate inkxaso bhedengu kunye pretender kumandla eConstantinople Lzhediogena. Cumans iyangena bukhosi. AmaByzantine woyisa iindwendwe olungamenywanga ngo-1095, elandelwa ngabantu ixesha elide akazange azame ukuya ngaphaya emathafeni lwabo lweenkobe.

Amanyeneyo of the Bulgarians

Ukuba amaGrike impi Kipchak, ekubeni kwiiBalkans i Bulgarians ziphantse lisoloko liqhakamshelene ubuhlobo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala iintlanga ezimbini walwa kwicala efanayo 1186. Nangona Bulgarians wawela iDanube kwaye kwathintela umlawuli uIsake II Angeles wabeka phantsi imvukelo babantu bakuthi zabo kwiiBalkans. Xa iphulo nokuxubana ngokubonakalayo wanceda ingxokolo Polovtsian. Yaba yokuhlasela akhawulezileyo eyênziwa amaGrike abangengabo baqhele ulwe umchasi enjalo.

Ngowe-1187 - iminyaka 1280. ubukhosi uyabusa Bulgaria baba Asen. Kuyinto ulwalamano lwabo kunye Kipchak baba umzekelo bemanyene ngokwenene. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni kwale XIII kwinkulungwane Tsar Kaloyan kunye abahlala emathafeni kanye ukuphazamiseka ilifa ummelwane wakhe IsiHungarian ukumkani Imre. Kwandula ke kwabakho isiganeko elithile elizibalula-okwenza - Western Knights wayithimba eConstantinople, wabatshabalalisa uBukhosi baseByzantium, wakha zabo phezu amanxuwa - Latin. kungekudala Bulgarians yaba ziintshaba i Franks. Ngowe-1205, kwakukho idabi odumileyo kwi Adrianople, apho umkhosi Slavic-Polovtsian woyisa Latins. Omnqamlezo ubunzima elihlazo, noMlawuli wabo Baldwin bade kuthinjwa. A indima ebonakalayo uloyiso edlalwa amahashe yalwa Kipchak.

Conquest of the Mongols

Enoba impumelelo eqaqambileyo Polovtsian entshonalanga, zoma sizoku lwisana ingozi eyoyikekayo elaliza eYurophu bevela empumalanga. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII ubukhosi bakhe baqalisa ukwakha Mongols. Okokuqala bahlula China, waza ke waya ngasentshona. Lula yoyiswa Central Asia, boyisa omtsha waqalisa athintele Polovtsy kunye neentlanga ezingabamelwane.

EYurophu, ngowokuqala kuwa phantsi uhlaselwa Alans. Kypchaki wala ukubanceda. Ngoko ke ithuba lazo. Xa kwacaca ukuba kuhlaselwa Mongol akunakuphepheka, le khans Polovtsian wabhenela kwiinkosana Russian. Abaninzi Rurik waphendula ngokwenene. Ngowe-1223 umkhosi joint Russian-Polovtsian wadibana Mongols kwi-Battle of the Kalka River. It lahluleka obukhulu. Emva kweminyaka eli-15, i-Mongols wabuyela ukuseka idyokhwe yakhe phezu eMpuma Yurophu. Xa nenani-1240. Kypchanskoe Khanate ekugqibeleni batshatyalaliswe. Cumans nje abantu kwexesha aphumileyo, yaphela phakathi kwezinye iintlanga impahlana Great.