Oprichnik - ngubani na le nto? Besaziwa kwimbali nonogada

elizimele Russian uya ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo ezininzi ezinzima, maxa wambi omnye kwakukubi ngaphezu komnye. Ixesha kakhulu yovalo kumnyama kwimbali Russia, abaninzi ababhali iminyaka oprichnina. Oprichnik - yinto intsomi, okanye ngaba ngokwenene khona? Aba bakhonzi yobukhosi baya udaba eyoyikekayo, ngokusoyisa ngamazwi athi abantu ngamaxesha onke, neempungutye yokwenene, 'enyameni iidemon. " Ngoko ke yintoni uthini abalindi abo ngokwenene ke nokuba kutheni bethetha amabali eyoyikisayo ngokwenene?

amanyathelo shwa

Oprichnina ukubonakala kwakhokelwa kuthotho lweziganeko negative eMoscow. Impangele ngelo xesha wayephila Livonian War wamagazi. ungquzulwano Livonian - le yenye yezona nkampani zinkulu zomkhosi kwinkulungwane XVI kummandla eBaltic, leyo yayimikhulu, owaziwayo kuloo mimandla karhulumente - impangele, i-Grand Duchy of Lithuania, zobukumkani Sweden, uBukumkani Denmark. NgoJanuwari 1558 eMoscow ahlasela Livonia. Ekuqaleni, le nkampani bazisa amajoni Russian Ivanu Groznomu eziliqela zoloyiso ebalulekileyo oyiswa Narva, Dorpat kunye nezinye iidolophu ezininzi needolophana iBaltic.

Xa iimeko zokulwa

Iminyaka esixhenxe, chaza Russian waqhubeka imfazwe anegazi nobukrakra kunye norhulumente Livonian. Hayi kuphela uMlawuli uPetros Bendifuna "ukuvula i window ukuya eYurophu". Ivan Grozny , kakhulu, sagqiba ekubeni isathe "i" kwi iingxaki ezibonakala yanaphakade kuqoqosho Russian. Ukuqala phulo yasemkhosini kakhulu yimpumelelo iRashiya. Emva elihlazo yi-Lithuanians wabalekela bakaUla-Chief amabutho Russian. Ngokuphathelele imeko Ivan Grozny ibhengeze imo nomthetho wemitshato, ukudala isakhiwo kwi oprichnichestva karhulumente.

Ukukhetha engqongqo

Nangona amandla lizwe yaba nje ukumkani, kwi-nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle baphenjelelwa izinduna, ngubani ziye zohlulwa kwiindawo zokubeka ezisibhozo - qho isalamane kunye isabelo. Akukho namnye kubo wayesebenzela ezilungileyo kwilizwe lakhe kwaye, kakade, irhafu wafaka epokothweni yakhe. On ikhoboka ngamanye amaxesha kwafuneka inkosi ezimbini wobukhosi. Kuphela abathetheli Yaroslavl, kwakukho ngelo xesha malunga asibhozo. Zonke ezi abathetheli asizange nesenti kwi kunabo Bamqumbisa kakhulu loo tsar Russian. Njengoko kweli lizwe, kwaye iingxaki kangaka ngokwaneleyo, ingakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe, ukumkani kwafuneka zokusombulula ingxaki wobukhosi. Ngowe-1565, Ivan Grozny Januwari 3 yabhengeza ukuba abdicates ngenxa yomsindo kwi abakhulu. Emva kokuba isaziso elibi enjalo, amawaka abantu bahlanganisana ndawonye, waya kukumkani ukumbongoza ukuba abuyele etroneni kwaye kwakhona akhokele ilizwe. Sele kwenyanga emva tsar Russian isaziso sokuba wayeza kubuyela umthetho, kodwa ilungelo ukohlwaya izinduna ngaphandle kwetyala, uyakubala kubo, ukuzihlutha abona nempahla yabo. Bonke abanye uhulumeni ukunika zemshchina. Ukuze yonke le Wongeza wathi engena oprichnina lizwe. Kuyo, uchaza izinduna ezithile, oomabhalane abantu servicemen. Ngoko oprichnik - umntu lowo unamagunya athile kwaye ukwenza ngokomyalelo kakumkani ngqo. Ibe oprichnina ukumkani wayalela ezinye izixeko Veliky Ustyug, Vologda, Suzdal, Vyazma, Kozelsk, Medyn kunye nabanye.

Kakuhle eli oprichnina

Oprichnik - umntu wathabatha phezu umsebenzi ngentonga imibane, ndayihluthwa inkosana amandla, kaNdikhoyo feudal kummandla othile. Ivan Grozny wenza ngobuqili kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela ngokubulala iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye. Yena anqunyulwe iingangamsha nalwazelelelo wanika amazwe eseleyo oyisa kwi aseBalti. Oprichnik intsingiselo - 'umntu na indawo ukumkani phakathi abalandeli bakhe. "

black Guard

Oprichnik - unogada ngalo ukumkani, leyo aqeshwa amadoda kuphela aqolileyo, kodwa abantwana izinduna ', nezidwangube anyuliweyo. Imeko ephambili apho ukhetho lwaqhutywa, waye engekho ehlobene, igazi amatyathanga amanene ngabantu zithandwa. Yonke into efunekayo Ivan Grozny nakubantu zabo - ukuba ukuthobela olomeleleyo. Eyona ibalulekileyo oprichnik-nkqubo zasekhaya. Ithetha ukuba zigxile kancane kwaye ngandlel efanayo umsebenzi imikhosi ezizodwa ngexesha lethu.

yokulwa wawinwa

Ekubeni Abathetheli phantsi kwam amakhoboka ukulwa (i onebutho lamajoni awayegade izilangazelelo umnini), nesiqwenga somhlaba le olinene yaba ngumcimbi akuyondlwan 'iyanetha. Apha kwaye kukho "Rider Black" - oprichnik. Ingcaciso yegama esikunike ephakamileyo kancinci. Ekuqaleni imisebenzi ayo enyanisweni ekuqiniseni amandla emanyeneyo ukumkani nokubulala abo baphikisa. Ngokufuthi bachazwa njengabantu bubugwala kunye ndini. Kodwa asingabo bonke njalo, kwakukho abathile Iinjengele elungileyo nabathetheli phakathi nonogada. Kwakukho ityala: ngokuthinjwa yomkhosi isixeko Livonian phantsi umyalelo Prince Tyufyakina wawa ngaphandle nqaba kunye nokuqalisa "sana" mathidala ukuya kwi uhlaselo kunye izingxengxezo rhoqo bamqumbisa ukumkani, waza wathumela nonogada, ezabonakala umthetho zisuswe umyalelo yomkhosi Tyufyakina kunye abancedisi, waza waqala ukuba akhokele ngamajoni.

intloko yenja kunye nomtshayelo

mbali Modern bachaza unogada ngalo ukumkani ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Yabe ingumntu ovethe zonke ezimnyama, kunye oneengxaki kwintloko iinqwelo pesey kunye nomtshayelo ngasemva. Head lwalubonisa ukuba nonogada abaselula zijoje phandle lokungcatsha kwaye kuyitshayela ngomtshayelo. Oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Ewe, oprichnik yayambethe ingubo emnyama, ekubeni aba uhlobo umyalelo, ukunxiba ngokufanelekileyo. Malunga ezisehlathini - ezingento, ngemini eshushu kunye intloko ndanahlula ayikho ingakumbi ngokucacileyo up. Kuba okokuqala kwafika eli ulwazi abasemzini abo, mhlawumbi, warhola isifaniso kunye ithe baseDominican, kwaba luphawu Order zentloko inja ukuba ihonjiswe ngamasango weemonki. Kutheni intloko yenja? BaseDominican bazibiza izinja yeNkosi. Bona, kanye nonogada, ukuba aphande ulwaphulo-mthetho (nxamnye Ukholo), kunye mhlawumbi oko isizathu ukwenzela iziganeko isifaniso enjalo. A umtshayelo wayengekho ncam nomtshayelo. Njengophawu ubandakanyeka kwabo ngokuphathelele of nonogada abanyuliweyo kaThixo ukumkani enxibe ibhanti uboya brush - womtshayelo njengokutshayelwa imbuka.

izibakala hard

Ngexesha oprichnina wabulala abantu abaninzi bathi kangakanani - ngokuqinisekileyo akunakwenzeka kude kube ngoku. Oprichnik - oko kwasekuqaleni, iphutha yabulala abantu ubuncinane 6000. Yile nani ubiza Skrynnikov mbali.

i nonogada

Loo minyaka Nabanobungqwangangqwili luphawulwa ngabaninzi ixesha zocindezelo nguzwilakhe. Kwaye, kakade, kukho nonogada edume ekhumbula izenzo zabo kakhulu.

Fedor Basmanov - nyana Alexei Danilovich nonogada. Malunga Fedor kwanduluka amarhe ukuba emthanda Ivana Groznogo, ingakumbi, jonga ukuba amabali yabasemzini. Oku kubonisa kuhlaselwa Tatar on Ryazan. Ngowe-1569 Oprichny wayalela umkhosi kuzo kumazantsi eli lizwe. Yena yanikezelwa.

Malyuta Skuratov - oprichnik, umguvela engundoqo, wavuka ibizwa ngokuba ngesithomo encinane. Waba yintloko oprichnina. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe indawo esekugqibeleni, kodwa ngenxa yenkohlakalo, sele ifikelele phezulu kakhulu. Adumileyo Ndandithanda ukuqhuba imibuzo kunokutshiseka. Waye umbulali ngaphezu oprichnik. Abafa ngezenzo ngo-1573.

Athanasius Vyazemsky - omnye oprichnik odumileyo. Ndaba iwonga wokumkani, esithi nokuba loo nto ayithandayo Ivana Groznogo yaye intembelo mda. Kwaba namandla kangangokuba amayeza walungisa ugqirha lobuqu esibi Lenseem kumkani kuphela ezandleni Afanasiya Vyazemskogo. Ngamaxesha zocindezelo kakhulu Vyazemskij kunye Malyuta Skuratov waya le nonogada. Wayigqiba ubukho bakhe basemhlabeni Vyazemskij ngexesha nxaniso, asolwa iyelenqe kunye iintshaba Russian nomnqweno ukugqithisa Pskov Lithuania.

Mihail Temryukovich Cherkassky - Prince. Ngo impangele weza ngo 1556. Ukuthobela intando kayise, wabhaptizwa waza waba njengomnye kubathetheli. Michael oprichnik baba ngenxa kwiphulo layo ezukileyo nxamnye nangezinto noDade Maria, leyo lifana oko Tsar uIvan labangcangcazelisi. Emva kwexesha elithile yaba sisikhulu Cherkassky wazuza impembelelo aneleyo entendelezweni tsar eMoscow.

Ngokusemthethweni phakathi nonogada Michael Cherkasky ndathunyelwa ngoSeptemba 1567. Yena, njengazo zonke amanani ebalulekileyo yamafanankosi kakumkani lobuqu, yathabatha inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo sentuthumbo of uMnumzana lokumkani ayifanelekanga. Ngo Meyi Cherkassy wabulawa ngenxa nezityholo ukukrexeza, yaye omnye nenguqulelo ethandwayo kukuba obebethelelwe.