Trans-izimvu Cossacks: imbali, izithethe, amasiko, nobomi bemihla

Trans-izimvu Cossacks - isiphango samurai - ezibe imida osekuphekeni lokhokho kunye inqaba ngokomyalelo sokumiswa. Kakhulu ngesibindi, izigqibo, imfundo eyomeleleyo, babesoloko wamelana iiyunithi best utshaba ngempumelelo.

indaba

Trans-izimvu Cossacks yokuqala ukuvela novalo zenkulungwane elinesibhozo, xa UDon Orenburg baye bafudukele kwilizwe elitsha ngakumbi ongaphuhliswanga Russian. Apha, kuba urhulumente inika amathuba olukhulu uphuhliso izimbiwa, inani elo walinika kubekho welivo. Umda nabamelwane yasempumalanga kwaye ethule nje ukuba akhusele kwaye ibhetele ngaphezu Trans-izimvu Cossacks, oko nabani na kwenzeke ukukwenza.

Kwakhona kufuneka yaba ulawulo rhoqo kwaye qwa phezu abantu balapha - i Buryats, esekhona zahlasela igazi Genghis Khan, i Tungus, lowo musa uthembe nomphambukeli. Trans-izimvu Cossacks Ndingathanda ikhuni yaqhubeka. It is yodwa zabo ehlonyelwe ubukhosi phambene, Orenburg, eSiberia. Iinqaba phezu Angara noLena wabeka nezikhulu iiyunithi Cossack kunye Perfilieva Beketov, naphakathi abahloli, kusekho imbeko iqhawe lesizwe, Cossack Explorer Semona Dezhnova.

Uhambo lokuqala

Okokuqala ku Lake izimvu I got Kurbat ivanov kunye Cossacks wakhe. Waza waqala ke yokuhlala ngokubanzi kwelentshona ye-izimvu, elasekwa yandomeleza nobuhlobo kunye bomthonyama, ababefundisiwe kwaye kaninzi ifakiwe ekwakhiweni yomkhosi. Trans-izimvu Cossacks, imbali leyo enxulumene liphulo Erofey Pavlovich Khabarova (1649), saqhotyoshelwa kule ngingqi Amur Russian, yaye ngo-1653 sele kwakhiwa Chita entolongweni - likomkhulu elizayo le-Trans-zamanzi Cossacks. Igama kaPawulos Beketov, a Cossack, mngquli isixeko Chita, edumileyo unanamhla. Russia ekhula intsimi entsha, ibisisityebi kakhulu, entle luncedo.

Ukuze Cossacks aqhubeke ukuya ngasempuma, uligwiba izimvu nje kuyimfuneko. Zifikile kakuhle, ukuseka ubomi nomphefumlo Trans-izimvu Cossacks, balungiselela zonke Cossack omtsha regiments ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo eqalisiweyo imikhosi emdeni. Ngendlela, ukuba Buryats ngenxa ubutshantliziyo zawo kwilizwe uzuko efumaneka ngenxa yabo zadalwa kwaye baqeqeshwa ezishelifini ezininzi ingakumbi ukuba ekomelezeni Izilawuli umda. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umda esemthethweni kunye Mongolia ndingekho, nkqu inkangeleko Russian naseManchuria kwezi ndawo hayi bamkelekile, kunoko, ngokuchasene noko, ukufuduka kwaba kuyimfuneko. Ngoko wadalwa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha akwizinga nanto Cossacks.

komda

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba kumda osempuma sele kwasekwa umgca elide iinqaba ezinqatyisiweyo (inqaba), eyakhiwe yi-Cossacks. Phambili iimboniselo imbali zemveli - "caretaker", apho unyaka-ujikajikeleza le iipatroli iwotshi abambalwa Cossacks. ngokuthumela njalo kwidolophu kumda nganye ezintabeni kunye kumathafa ukuhlola - iqembu emashumi mabini anantlanu nekhulu Cossacks.

Oko kukuthi, ummandla Cossacks Trans-izimvu ukwenza umda umgca mobile. It ikwazisa yotshaba wakwazi ukuba alwe utshaba ngokwabo. Kodwa ke kwakungekho Cossacks ngokwaneleyo kumgca umda ezinde. Ke ngoko umlawuli resettles ixesha elininzi "Abantu abahamba" emdeni empumalanga ezisemdeni umsebenzi. Inani Cossacks e Transbaikalia liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo. Kwandula ke kwafika ukuvunywa ngokusesikweni imikhosi Trans-izimvu Cossack - ngoMatshi 1871.

Governor-General

Ndivela phezulu le ndlela ukukhusela imida olusempuma N. N. Muravov, ngubani le projekthi kwendalo womkhosi kunye Cossack, kunye noMlawuli kunye noMphathiswa of War ngokuzithandela evunyiweyo lo msebenzi. Ngomhla ngaphandle kweli lizwe ngayo ukwenza umkhosi ngamandla, nto leyo akhuphisane naluphi na utshaba. Oku kuquka kuphela Don kunye aseSiberia Cossacks, kodwa Buryat kunye Tungus Ukwakheka. Ukwanda kunye nabantu neyabalimi ka Transbaikalia.

Inani imikhosi zafikelela elinesibhozo lamawaka, iyileyo waqala inkonzo elinesixhenxe, waya eholideyini kuphela iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesibhozo. Ubomi bakhe bonke sasinolwalamano kunye nokhuselo emdeni. Apha, kuxhomekeke kwisevisi Bakha isithethe wakwelentshona ye-izimvu Cossacks, ngoba ubomi babo bonke, kwaye bekhulisa abantwana, kunye nokufa ngokwalo enxulumene nokhuselo karhulumente. Emva 1866 ubomi inkonzo elikhankanyiweyo liye lancipha ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibini, udiniwe iyunithi enye yasemkhosini ikopi ngqo yitshata imikhosi Don.

Zobuqhawe angoyiswa

Akukho namnye ungquzulwano ngumkhosi eminyaka, hayi ngaphandle inxaxheba wakwelentshona ye-zamanzi Cossacks. iphulo Chinese - baba ngabokuqala ukungena eBeijing. Battle of Mukden and Port Arthur - a Cossacks angamakroti ukucula iingoma kude. Kwaye War Russian-Japanese kunye World First sikhatshwe kwebali amandla, ubenokuqina kunye inkuthazo yamajoni lithemba zabaykaltsev. Sihambelane Trans-izimvu Cossacks - mnyama iyunifom eluhlaza kunye yellow nangobetho - besothusa samurai Japanese, kwaye ukuba inani labo ayidluli Cossacks izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwesihlanu, Baye ke bengasenabuganga sokuhlaselwa. Ewe, yaye ngokufuthi zaphela amanani ezinkulu.

Ngo-1917, Cossack umkhosi izimvu kukho sele 260 amawaka abantu. Kwakukho emizaneni 12 ezinkulu 69 nemizana 15 zokuhlala. Bammela ukumkani kangangeenkulungwane, wakhonza ngokuthembeka de nethontsi lokugqibela legazi, kungenxa yokuba i-revolution enaningamkelanga zona, kwaye kwiMfazwe Civil walwa kumkhuba Red Army. Yayilixesha okokuqala xa abazange wina kuba ityala lawo tye. Ngoko Harbin Obumbe ithanga inkulu, leyo wadalwa yi extruded ukusuka Russia Trans-zamanzi Cossacks.

zwe angaphandle

Kakade ke, asingabo bonke abantu Trans-izimvu Cossacks walwa elalisakuba yiSoviet omtsha, kwakukho abo abaxhasa Reds. Nakuba kunjalo, uninzi ekhohlo phantsi kobunkokheli Baron Ungern kunye Ataman Semyonov yaye ekugqibeleni waphela e China. Kwaye apha 1920, elowo omnye imikhosi Cossack baba amandla eSoviet nya, ukuba ithe yachithwa. In naseManchuria kunye neentsapho zabo ukushiya malunga neshumi elinesihlanu kuphela ekhulwini ngalinye ye-Trans-izimvu Cossacks, apho wadala Tryokhrechye - inani kwiilali.

Ukususela China ixesha ke ungqungela kuphangwa umda yiSoviet, kodwa waqonda ngamampunge waza wazitshixa. Babephila izithethe zabo, indlela yabo yokuphila kuze 1945, xa nomkhosi lasungula ekhubekisayo kwi naseManchuria. Eli lixesha buhlungu gqitha xa wayifulela amajoni Cossack uzuko transbaikalian crumbled ngokupheleleyo. Abanye bafudukela ngakumbi - to Australia - kuhlala eQueensland, ezinye wabuyela ekhaya, kodwa hayi kummandla kwelentshona ye-izimvu, yaye ku Kazakhstan, apho kumisiweyo kulendawo. Inzala mitshato elingumxube China akayiyekela.

ukubuya

Ikomkhulu Trans-izimvu Cossack wayesoloko kwafuneka ukufunda. kukho Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kwavulwa ilitye Petru Beketovu, Cossack, umseki kulo mzi. ngcembe imbali ebuyiselweyo, babuyele ubomi kunye nezithethe kwelentshona ye-zamanzi Cossacks. Ngaba uzama ukubuyisela ulwazi ezilahlekileyo - ngokutsho iifoto ezindala, iileta, iidayari, kunye namanye amaxwebhu.

Ngaphezu ungabona iifoto Yokuqala Verkhneudinsky webutho, nto leyo eyinxalenye amabutho Cossack. Ngelo xesha webutho ukudubula Mna kudala - obanjwa - on uhambo ishishini eMongolia, apho revolution kwenzeka ngo-1911. Ngoku siyazi ukuba Cossacks inkxaso kuyo, sinamafu amajoni Chinese, unxibelelwano abagcini kwaye, kakade, kweyisa, njengokwamaxesha onke, alwa. uhambo Mongolian kakhulu kancinane owaziwayo. Oku kwaba ngaphezulu kunayo nayiphi na enye kukhankanywa ngelo xesha akazange nkqu Ataman Semyonov kunye Cossack umthetheli, ngubani wachitha uloyiso kubalelwa kuye buqu.

Ke bekukho abantu abaninzi ngakumbi high-ephaphazelayo - nkqu iinjengele White elizayo. Umzekelo, kwifoto ngasentla - G. A. Verzhbitsky, ngubani aliphumelelanga Isiphango ngokukhawuleza inqaba kungenakugqithwa Chinese - Sharasume.

amasiko

IBhodi iye ebesoloko Cossacks empini, nangona kuzo zonke zokuhlala zomkhosi lalisiba phambili kwezolimo, iinkomo ukuzala yezandla ezahlukeneyo. Inkonzo ngqo ichazwa, ndim ubomi, yaye bonke yobomi Cossack, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isikhundla sakhe emkhosini. Autumn ibibanjelwe e kwiNkonzo Field, lo Ubusika uqeqesho yokulwa, amaxhwebhu ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kunjalo, ingcinezelo nokungekho sikweni phantse sahlangana Cossacks, kwakukho lo ubulungisa inkulu ekuhlaleni. Bahlula umhlaba ngoko waziva banelungelo ukuba ulime.

Amadoda ukusebenza emasimini, ukuzingela nokuloba wahamba yambethe ngathi imfazwe: izizwe amadlelo zange walumkisa malunga uhlaselo. Ukususela bezalwa ibihlaba ukutshintshisana neengalo abantwana, nokuba amantombazana. Abafazi eliseleyo inqaba, xa bonke abantu into eyindoda emfazweni, amaxesha amaninzi angaphumelela ngempumelelo kuphangwa avela kwamanye amazwe. Ukulingana kwi Cossacks soloko. abantu Ngokwemveli, izikhundla eziphambili abanyulwa smart, abanetalente kwaye writ enkulu zobuqu. Asebukhosini, ubutyebi, imvelaphi akukho indima unyulo zange badlale. Hlonipha atamans kunye nezigqibo isangqa Cossack unquestioningly yonke into ukuqala kuncinci ukuya ku- nkulu.

ukholo

Abefundisi nayo wonyulwa - abantu abaninzi bonqulo nolunolwazi. Umfundisi utitshala bonke, yaye icebiso lakhe lisoloko ilandelwe. I Cossacks aba bantu ukumelana baloo maxesha, nangona bona ngokunzulu, nokuba ozinikeleyo, enikelwe Orthodox. Xa umzimba ngenxa yokuba kusoloko kwi imikhosi Cossack amakholwa Old, amaBhuda, Mohammedans.

Inxalenye ngokuveliswa maphulo wayethetha ibandla. Iitempile basoloko ngesisa isuswe ngesilivere, negolide, iibhanile zexabiso kunye kitchenware. Ubomi Cossacks bendiqonda ukukhonza uThixo kunye labo, kuba akazange inxenye ye-heartedly. Naliphi na ishishini eyenziwa esingenamakhwiniba.

Amalungelo nezibopho

Amasiko kwi Cossacks abantu abanjalo ukuba kukho umfazi ivuyela sinokuhlonela nentlonelo (kunye namalungelo) njengamadoda. Ukuba Cossack ethetha nomfazi ngeminyaka, ukuba eme, angakhe ahlale. Kwimicimbi wabafazi Cossacks akazange aphazamise, kodwa usoloko abagcini abafazi, ukukhusela ubambane imbeko kunye nesidima sabo. Ngaloo ndlela yokuqinisekisa ikamva bonke abantu. Umdla Cossacks unokumela uyise, umyeni, mzalwana, nyana, godson.

Ukuba Cossack - umhlolokazi okanye umfazi elinye, ngoko ukhusela Ataman lobuqu. Ukongeza, yena angakhetha ukuba uzenza lejaji lali. Enoba kunjalo, oko wayesoloko ukuphulaphula naliphi na igunya, uze uqiniseke ukuba ukunceda. Wonke Cossack kufuneka ngqo yokuziphatha khangela bonke abantu abadala njengokuba noyise, nonina, yaye intombazana Cossack nganye - ezifana udade wabo, Cossack nganye - njenge umzalwana, wonke umntwana - ukuthanda njengoko yabo. Umtshato engcwele ukuba Cossack. Le Umthendeleko zamaKristu, ingcwele. Akukho namnye unako batshintshe ubomi bentsapho ngaphandle isimemo okanye isicelo. Uxanduva ephambili ukuba yonke into eyenzekayo phakathi kosapho, indoda kuzisa.

impilo

Bhut Trans-izimvu Cossacks burhanqwe phantse lonke efanayo: kwikona ebomvu kunye icon, netafile-uglovichkom, edulusele ecaleni yoboya Bible umnqwazi namakhandlela. Ngamanye amaxesha ekufuphi nalapho, ukukhukhumala intsapho - a zikaJ okanye nepiyano. Ngokuchasene udonga - usoloko enxibe kakuhle ebhedini, Antique, ngeepateni apho ezinkulu-nootatomkhulu kokuphumla. A ikratshi elikhethekileyo Cossacks - bafane valance ebhedini, ngentsontelo yemisonto esilukiweyo pillowcases ezihlalweni ezininzi.

Ngaphambi kokuba ulale ngokuqhelekileyo buba engazinzanga. Kufuphi yityesi enkulu, umgcini ikhazi wentombazana, kwakunye esifubeni isingqisho, sikulungele imfazwe okanye inkonzo. Ezindongeni - eninzi oyimfakamfele womluki, ekumeni kunye namafoto. Ekhitshini - nadraennaya esulungekileyo cookware, ayini, samovar, mortars, imiphanda. Thenga ne amabhakethi amanzi. A eziko emhlophe kunye neengcambu - zokubambisa yaye embizeni.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Trans-zamanzi Cossacks

Ekuqaleni, kukho kunye Evenki (Tungus) Iziseko zomkhosi. Nemikhosi zaye zasasazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: regiments amahashe ezintathu kunye imikhosi ezintathu unyawo (kuqala wesithathu - kwithala Russian, lwesine - i Tunguska, yesihlanu yesithandathu - Buryat) ilinde umda babathwalela ngaphakathi inkonzo, yaye xa 1854, kuthwalelwa phandle ukuqabela kwi Amur kwaye zisekelwe izithuba umda ecaleni ezinye umda, kwakukho umkhosi Amur Cossack. Kuba mnye, i-Trans-izimvu, lo mgca umda inde kakhulu.

Xa elinethoba kade kunye nasekuqaleni omabini zabaykaltsy yabamba Guards loxolo amahlanu, regiments owamahashe ezine neebhetri ezimbini zokudubula. War wafuna ngakumbi: ihashe-ezisithoba regiments, eyiconga iibhetri amathathu zokudubula elinamanci amane ukongezelela ngasentla. labantu Cossack ka 265 lamawaka inkonzo umthwalo ongaphezu elinesine lamawaka abantu.

khona

Ngenxa ngokutsha i-Trans-izimvu Cossacks baqalisa imvuselelo yayo: wabiza e Moscow 1990 Great Cossack isangqa, apho kwagqitywa ekubeni kutsha Trans-zamanzi Cossacks. emva nje konyaka kuye kuthi de nokucwangciswa lomculo. Ibizwa - "Trans-izimvu Cossacks." Ataman akhethwe Chita, lwaba ngo-2010 , Sergei Bobrov. Kwaye ngo-2011, kuye ngokubanzi iminyaka engama-160 ukususela imbonakalo Cossacks zamanzi.

Hymn Trans-izimvu Cossacks wahlala phantse ngokufanayo, akukho kwenzelwa yona oyintanda Zabaykal, musa ukususa ikepusi yakhe okanye phambi kwenye amandla yotshaba, bumbongorha kakhulu athungwe emisontweni emsi of Lake izimvu le sunbeam ngathi imivumbo Cossack (etyheli), nayo ucula ngothando iRashiya, malunga memory bakhonza ookhokho bakhe .