Yintoni isakhiwo sobugcisa? Inkcazelo. Iingcamango

Oososayensi ababandakanyekayo ekuhloleni uphuhliso lwezentlalo kunye nolwasemanyeni bavumile ukuba kudlulela ukunyanzelisa (ngokwemfundiso yombane omdala i-Kondratieff), izinga lokukhula lugqithiswe yimpembelelo yezinto ezininzi (inkcubeko, ezopolitiko, ezentlalontle kunye nezinye), kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuphuhliswa kwinqanaba lolwazi Nenkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokweminye imithombo, inzululwazi yezobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa (inguquko yezobugcisa zenzululwazi) ihamba ngokujikeleza, ngelixa imijikelezo idlulileyo malunga neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

Iingcamango zeteknoloji

Kukho imijikelezo emihlanu. Kwisangqa yokuqala (ukususela ngo-1785 ukuya ku-1835) kwakhiwa isakhiwo sezobuchwepheshe, esekelwe kwimpumelelo emitsha yombutho wezombatho, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla wamanzi. Umjikelo wesibini (ukususela ngo-1830 ukuya ku-1890) udibene nokuphuhliswa kwe-shishini likaloliwe kunye nokuthutha, ukuveliswa kwemishini usebenzisa iinjine zomoya. Ngomatshini wesithathu, kwakhiwa isakhiwo sobuchwepheshe, esekelwe ekusebenziseni umbane. Ngeli xesha (ukususela ngo-1880 ukuya ku-1940), ukuphuhliswa kwembane kagesi kunye nobunjineli obunzima bephawulwe. Kwisangqa lesithathu, iiplastiki, izinyithi ezingenabhendi, iindiza, i-telegraph, uonxibelelwano lwe-othotho kunye nezinye iimpumelelo zenziwa ebomini. Ukongezelela, ngeli xesha lexesha, iinkolelo, iikholethi, iifemu ezinkulu zaqala ukuvela. Kwimarike, ii-monopolies kunye ne-oligopolies zazilawulwa, ukuqoqwa kwemali yebhanki kunye neebhanki yaqala.

Umjikelo wesine

Kwisangqa le-4, kwakhiwa isakhiwo sobuchwepheshe, esekelwe ekuphuhlisweni kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yeoli, i-oyile, unxibelelwano, igesi, izixhobo, iinqwelo-moya, ii-tractor kunye nabanye. Ngeli xesha ukusuka ngo-1930 ukuya ku-1990, kwakukho ukusabalaliswa kweekhompyutha kunye nesofthiwe, i-radar. Baqala ukusebenzisa i-athomu-emkhosini, kwaye emva koko kubekho uxolo. Iinkampani ze-Interethnic kunye namazwe aqala ukubonakala, okwenza utyalo-mali ngqo kwiimarike kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Ngowesihlanu umtsalane, ugxininiso lubekwa phambili kwi-informatics, i-microelectronics, ubunjineli bezakhi zofuzo, i-biotechnology, ukuhanjiswa kwe-satellite, kunye neentlobo zamandla. Ukususela kwizinto ezihlukeneyo, iifemu zihambelana nokubunjwa kwenethiwekhi enye yeenkampani ezinkulu kunye ezincinci, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokusekwa nge-Intanethi. Eli xesha (ukususela ngo-1985 ukuya ku-2035) libonakaliswe ngokucwangciswa, ukulawula umgangatho, ukulungiswa kwempahla yokuhambisa ngokuhambelana nomgaqo "ngexesha". Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ubude bamagagasi athile buba ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50. Oku kubangelwe kukungalindeleki kwexesha lokunciphisa kweendlela eziphumayo kunye nenkqubela yokuqhubela phambili entsha. Ukukhawuleza kwe-NTP kuya kuncedisa ekunciphiseni ubude bamaza ezayo.

Ingqungquthela yesihlanu. Izinto kunye neenzuzo

Ingcamango yesakhiwo sobugcisa bexesha langoku iquka izinto ezininzi. Izinto eziphambili ziyintloko, nto ebalulekileyo. Ingundoqo yoshishino lwekhompyutha, isofthiwe, iteknoloji yekhompyutheni, i- telecommunications kunye nezinye iziphumo zesayensi yanamhlanje. Iyona nto ibalulekileyo yinkalo ye-microelectronic. Ukuqhathaniswa neyokugqibela (yesine), umyalelo wesihlanu wezobuchwepheshe usekelwe kumntu ngamnye wokusetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa, ukukhulisa iintlobo zeemveliso, ukunqoba izithintelo zokusingqongileyo ngokuzenzekelayo kwemveliso, njalo njalo.