Ngubani owasungula i-microscope okokuqala

Isixhobo esinjenge-microscope, ebini ngaphambili nakwihlabathi lanamhlanje liyathandwa kakhulu. Ngamnye wethu usakhumbula kwiintsuku zesikolo ukuba esi sixhobo esicacisayo esandisa izinto ngamakhulu okanye amawaka ngamaxesha. Kwizifundo ze-biology, sajonga ngamehlo kwiseli yefilimu ye-anyanisi kwaye samangaliswa ngobuqili nobunzima beso sixhobo. Namhlanje siya kuzama ukuqonda ngubani owasungula i-microscope, kuba akukho mpendulo ngqo kulo mbuzo.

I-microscope yokuqala ibonakala njani?

Iipropati ezibonakalayo zendawo ephothiweyo zafunyanwa kwakhona kwi-300 BC. U-Euclid, kwiprogram yakhe, wachaza izifundo eziqhutywe, ezichazela ukukhutshwa nokubonakalisa ukukhanya, ngenxa yoko kukho ukunyuka okubonakalayo kwezinto kwenzeka. UPtolemy emsebenzini wakhe "Optics" uchaze iimpawu zeziglasi ezinokutsha. Kodwa ngelo xesha zonke ezi ndawo azifumananga isicelo. Kwaye emva kweeminyaka emininzi yayisetyenziswa ekusebenzeni. UHans Jansen, kunye nendodana yakhe uZachariya, wakha ngo-1550 imodeli yokuqala yeso sixhobo: iilensi ezimbini zafakwa kwibhubhe eyodwa, ngaloo ndlela zithole ukunyuka kwamahlanu. Le ngenye yeendlela zokuphendula umbuzo othi ngubani owasungula i-microscope yokuqala. Kwaye uGalleo ngo-1610 wafumanisa ukuba ngokukhulisa i- telescope, waqulunqa, unako ukwandisa izinto ezincinci. Nguye lo usosayensi owaqala ukubhekwa njengomntu owasungula i-microscope yokuqala, equkethe i-lens negative and positive. Emva kolu suku, uphando kule ndawo luqale ukuphuthuma ngokukhawuleza.

Inkulungwane ye-17 - ixesha lokufumana izinto ezinkulu

Kule nkulungwane, inqobo yenzululwazi nezobuchwepheshe zenzeke, eyayiba isiseko sesayensi ezininzi zanamhlanje: i-biology, iyeza, i-physics, i-mathematics. Ukufunyanwa kweGrantandi kunye neendlela ezinkulu ezenziwayo. Ngaloo xesha, ii-microscopes zaphucula kakhulu kwaye zaba yingxenye ebalulekileyo yomphandi. Kodwa akukho mntu watsho ngubani owasungula i-microscope, omele acinge ukuba ngumdali. Ngokomnye weengcamango, umdali wefowuni ephantsi kwengqwalasela ngu A. Kircher, owathi ngo-1646 wachaza isixhobo esibizwa ngokuthi "iglasi eglasi". Yintoni eyayiquka? Kwakuyiglasi yokukhawulela, esekelwe kwisiseko sobhedu, esasigxina. Kwakusezantsi kwakukho isibuko esicacileyo esibonisa ukukhanya nokukhanyisa into. Ngefreyibhi, unokuhambisa isilazi esikhanyayo kwaye ulungele umfanekiso. Isixhobo esinjalo saba ngumboniso we-microscope yokukhanya namhlanje.

Inkqubo yamehlo kaK. Huygens kunye nophuhliso olongezelelweyo lwesazisi

Ukudalwa kwale nkqubo kwakuyinyathelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni i-microscopes. Kwakunokwenzeka ukufumana umfanekiso ongenambala, okwenze ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwandisa ukucaca kwezifundo ezifundiswayo. Inzululwazi K. Drebel ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 yenza i-microscope eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe iilensi ezimbini: owokuqala ujongene nento, yesibini - kwiso lomphandi. Ngexesha elifanayo, kwilayibhile yokuqala, iiglasi ze-biconvex, ezinikezela umfanekiso owandisiweyo. URobert Hooke ngowe-1661 waphucula ifowuni, wongeza enye ilensi. Olu hlobo luye lwaziwa kakhulu kwiimodeli ezininzi ze-microscopes kude kube phakathi kwekhulu le-18. Omnye umvelisi - uAnthony Van Leuvenook - ukwaqwalaselwa njengomntu owasungula i-microscope. Isizathu sigalelo sakhe esikhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwesixhobo esikulo mbuzo. Ngethuba lakhe elingaphambili, waphonsa ilensi. Nangona bekuncinci, ukwanda kwakumangalisa - ama-350-400 amaxesha.

Impembelelo ye-microscope kwi-microbiology

Esebenzisa iilensi zakhe, uLevieuk wadala isixhobo sakhe waza waqala ukufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngelo linye lincinci lensalential lens, wabona kwinqabileyo yamanzi angcolileyo ezininzi izinto eziphilayo zincinci kakhulu. Kwagqitywa ukuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lobomi obukhulu. ULevenguk wenza isifundo sawo, esibonisa ukuqala kwesinye isayensi entsha - i-microbiology. Ngomnyaka we-1861, usosayensi wanikezela ukufumanisa kwakhe kwiRoyal Society yaseLondon waza wafumana isihloko somvelisi we-microscopes kunye nomphandi omkhulu. Kuvela ukuba nguyena owasungula i-microscope. Kuza kube yimhla, ezi zichaziweyo ziye zatshintsha kakhulu. Kwakukho imizekelo engasebenzisi ukukhanya ukuvelisa imifanekiso, kodwa i-electron fluxes, kunye namaxesha emisebe yelanga. Kule nto, iikhomputha zekhomputha nazo zisetyenziswa. I-microscope ibe yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwizixhobo zophando kwizenzululwazi zendalo, zisetyenziselwa kwi-chemistry, biology kunye ne-physics.

I-electron microscope

Ukuba uyazibuza ngubani owasungula i-microscope ye-electron, impendulo echanekileyo yayiya kuba: i-physics evela kwi-University of Sheffield. Kwintliziyo yesidala esidala yindlela yokudlulisa i-microscopy, evumela ukufumana isisombululo sezithombe kuphela ngokulingana kwe-electron. Ukwakhiwa kweso sixhobo esiphezulu, abaphandi baye balahla i-lens magnetic, ekubeni basisombulula isisombululo. Ngesampula, amaza aphikisana, kwaye umfanekiso ufumaneke ngokuhlaziywa kwekhompyutha. Le yenkukhu yekhompyutha. Ngoncedo olutshintsho oluncinci lolwakhiwo kunye nendlela eyahlukileyo yokwenza umfanekiso wokugqibela, izazinzulu zakwazi ukwandisa isisombululo ngamaxesha amahlanu kwisixhobo esele sikhona.

Umgaqo we-microscope ye-electron

Ngoku akubalulekanga kakhulu ngubani owasungula i-microscope okokuqala. Ngoku ibhola ilawulwa ngokuhluke ngokupheleleyo, izixhobo ezinamandla ngakumbi, kuquka i-elektroniki. Ngokomgaqo womsebenzi, zifana nokukhanya. Kuphela kuzo endaweni yomlambo okhanyayo ngokusebenzisa iisampuli zee-electron, kunye nezilwanyana zisetyenziselwa endaweni yeeklasi zeglasi. Kodwa kuphazamiseka ngenxa yezinto ezinobungozi ezivela kwiilensi zamagnetic. Oososayensi baye bafumana indlela yokubuyisela imifanekiso. Oku kwavunyelwa ukususa amatshini kwisiphaluka kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphazamiseka.

Ngubani owasungula i-microscope yokukhanya? Inxalenye ethile yembali

Yintoni i-microscope ebonakalayo? Le yilebhu yelabhoratri eyenzelwe ukufumana imifanekiso yezinto ezincinci kwifom ephakanyisiweyo ngenjongo yokufunda, ukuqwalaselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Saqala inqaku lethu ngembali yophuhliso lwe-microscope, ngoku siza kujonga lo mbuzo ngaphesheya. Okwangoku, isixhobo esinjalo asikho nje kuphela oogqirha kunye nabaphilayo. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ubuchwephesha be-modern-end with the requirements for current control and quality product.

Makhe sithethe ngempumelelo enye. Ngo-2006, izazinzulu zaseJamani uMariano Bossi kunye noStefan Hell zavelisa i-nanoscope - i-microscope ene-super-power optical, evumela ukuba uhlolisise izinto zobuncinane obukhulu be-10 Nm, kunye nokufumana imifanekiso ye-3D yomgangatho ophezulu.

Ngokufutshane malunga namathuba okusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zanamhlanje

Siphakamisile encinane ngombuzo othi ngubani owasungula i-microscope yokuqala. Kwaye ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo ngamazwi ambalwa malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zanamhlanje. Ngo-2010, kwiYunivesithi yakwa-Yeshiva yase-Israel kwafika iindaba zokuba izazinzulu zazikwazi ukulandelela indlela iilomlekliya ezihamba ngayo ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ngelo xesha, abaphandi baseJamani bathabatha ukuguqulwa kwamathambo ngexesha lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Kunyaka ngaphambili, umfanekiso ocacileyo we-atom enye yafunyanwa kwiKharkov Institute of Physics and Technology. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqaphele ukuba kwii-microscopes zokukhanya ezikhoyo zifumana iikhompyutheni ngokwamandla abo.