Robert Guk: biography kunye nobomi zobuqu. Biography emfutshane Roberta Guka nokuvula yayo

Isazinzulu IsiNgesi Robert Guk wayengomnye iingqondo inkulu ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Uye babesebenza ezahlukeneyo yeengcinga kunye nezixhobo, kuye kwaphucula ubume neemicroscope kunye kuqala ukubeka inyama ingakumbi cellular.

ebuntwaneni-nzulu elikhulu

yamachiza elizayo, yingcaphephe ngezityalo, umsunguli kunye ngeenkwenkwezi, wazalwa ngomhla we-18, 1635 kwidolophu Amanzi, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi-Isle of Wight. Uyise wakhe Umphathi libandla All Saints. Vala elide babesoyika ngenxa yempilo usana; njengoko ndandibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye tscheduschnym kodwa uRobert wasinda. Ngowe-1648, emva kokufa kukayise, uRobert Guk wafudukela eLondon yaye waba umfundi wegcisa yi igama Peter Lely. Sele ukuba sisazinzulu edumileyo, yena yaku- wakhumbula ebuntwaneni bakhe, kodwa isakhono imifanekiso ezazihamba yamachiza izenzo zabo, lets say ukuba asilahlekanga ixesha enyanyeni a studio. E elinesine, lo mfana waba umfundi of Westminster School Bashbi apho isidanga ngo-1653-m. Njengoko naliphi Isazinzulu Robert Guk wafunda Latin, nto leyo ulwimi ezingundoqo zokunxibelelana zenzululwazi ngelo xesha. Ukongeza, yena owned isiHebhere nesiGrike, wayesazi ukuba ukudlala indlela organ kunye nangoko kakuhle tutorials ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukuqala Umsebenzi zenzululwazi

Emva kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uRobert Guk wafudukela Oxford ukuba abe umfundi uKristu Church College. Ukongeza, waba chorister ebandleni, kuquka nokubonakalisa womncedisi close umhleli we Boyle. Kuloo minyaka efanayo, yaba omaziyo kunye nxaxheba "Akubonakali College" ka-Oxford, yiko yoluntu yenzululwazi nokulungisa, apho adlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini Hooke bakhe. Ngeli xesha, physics wasungula impompo umoya, wadala ama phezu kwesindululo ulwelo kwi emithanjeni. Ukongeza, uRobert Guk, ukuvulwa eya kudala indlela entwasahlobo ngenxa imilindo epokothweni, mna abanembambano encinane Huygens, naye owayesebenza abanezixhobo ezinjalo. Ngowe-1662, i-nzulu yanikezelwa isidanga zemastas e Oxford University of kwezobuGcisa, i Royal Society, ngelo xesha kuphela ukwenza, wammisela omlawuli imifuniselo. Ngowe-1663-m Robert Guk udale charter le zoluntu kwizifundo, usiwe inani lamalungu ayo, yaye ngowe-1677, waba unobhala wayo.

uprofesa London

Kaloku ngobomi emfutshane noRoberta Guka ayikwazanga ukwenza ngaphandle ukukhankanywa into yokuba ngo-1664, xa isibetho ehlokomayo, yamachiza washiywa eLondon eNgilani. Ngaphambi nje kokuba wamiselwa unjingalwazi Greshemovskogo zekholeji wahlala endlini yakhe yokwakha. Ukongezelela, wamiswa akazange ayeke imisebenzi omlawuli experimenti of the Royal Society. Kwaba indawo enzima apho akavumelekile ukuba umvuzo. Kuba ulungiselela imifuniselo ezintsha Isazinzulu yokugcina kakhulu ukuba ezinxulumene neendleko ebonakalayo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi uye wanceda uphando lwakhe buqu kwaye udale omhloniphayo igunya yamachiza Umcebisi yekhethelo. Ukongeza, ububanzi iimfuno Robert bachukunyiswa namanye amalungu oluntu. Ulwazi malunga uRobert Hooke kwi "History of the Royal Society" iintetho malunga nomsebenzi wayo ube umlondolozi kwaye ichaza imifuniselo yakhe emangalisayo kunye lwepolitiki zokudubula wompu, ukwanda thermal le iglasi, kwakunye nomsebenzi ukudala ngemicroscope, iris nazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zemozulu.

Ukwenza "Micrographia"

Ngowe-1665-m kwakhululwa umsebenzi ezibalulekileyo sisazinzulu. Othi ebizwa "Micrographics 'ichaza iindlela zokusebenzisa neemicroscope ngenxa ezahlukeneyo zophando lwezenzululwazi. Lichaza imifuniselo eyahlukeneyo kunye iindawo mathandathu izityalo, izinambuzane kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuvulwa lobume yeselula lwe eziphilayo yenziwe uRobert Guk. Biology wayengekho umdla yakhe iphambili zenzululwazi, kangangokuba kufikelelwe kwisiphumo uphando nokuba akumangalisi ngakumbi. Ukongeza, izinto ezikwi
zamathambo, yenza Hooke kwakhona nguyise kwesayensi. imifanekiso bomgangatho ophezulu kunye nemikrolo wenza "Micrographics 'ncwadi nanto. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba sisazinzulu phantse olityelweyo ngalo mzuzu, impumelelo yakhe ekufundeni iiseli kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze ukwazi ngale kufunyenweyo ixabisa ngokwenene.

Ivula iiseli

Roberta Guka kwaphucula microscope iye sasingumba umdla lomgadi sisazinzulu. Wawuqwalasela ukusebenzisa yena a lot of items. Ngenye imini, njengokuba into yokufunda weza enqumla nale ibhotile. Wenza isitshetshe cut wambetha Isazinzulu ezibukhali nesakhiwo lwabo inzima ngokufanelekileyo. Iseli, impahla usemthethweni isivalo, wamiswa wakhumbuza yobusi. Ekubeni cut waba imvelaphi yezityalo, uphando lwenziwa phezu kwesiqu kunye namasebe ezinye izityalo. On iqhekeza obhityileyo komdala uRobert wabona kwakhona kumphezulu zeselula. Ezi seli yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye izahlulelo abaziincamisa zaye igama iiseli yemvelo. Wafunda ngobukhulu zabo kunye nefuthe ubukho babo kule propati equlathe izinto zabo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa imbali isifundo kweeseli zezityalo. umsebenzi kubo iye yakhutshelwa elinye ilungu le-Royal Society, uNehemiya Iyanda, ngubani ndibathanda kakhulu biology kwe Robert Guk. Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa iiseli sele ziphuhlisiwe ngenxa yemigudu yakhe. Abakhutheleyo kwaye uphulaphule, wayitshabalalisa ubomi bakhe isifundo kwezityalo kwaye ubukhulu becala lanempembelelo ngakumbi nenzululwazi kule ndawo. main imbali yayo ndaba "Plant anatomy echaza flora amabali zefilosofi kunye namanye amaphepha ambalwa ukufunda phambi kokuba Royal Society." Ngelo xesha, yamachiza uRobert Guk wayesele ukuqalisa ezinye imifuniselo.

imisebenzi olunye

Akafuni lingakuphumlanga umxakatho yayo uRobert Guk, ogama engobomi sele bazizityebi ukupapashwa "Micrographia". Waba ithiyori wokukhanya, womxhuzulane isakhiwo mba, ikhompyutha omashini kuba imisebenzi izibalo ezintsonkothileyo lugqibelele isixhobo ovumela ukufunda intsimi yimagnethi yomhlaba. Kwezinye iimbono zakhe izazinzulu nto kwakunzima kakhulu.
Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1674 waba siphikisana Hevelius udibanise kunye awohluke ukusetyenziswa iimikroskopu. Kwisiqingatha sesibini-1670 yee-kukho amaphepha abhalwe kwi kwithiyori luthambe, ebe yindawo yokuzalela ukuba ezaziwayo-kakuhle umthetho Hooke kaThixo. Uveze ukuba ukwanda ubude kuthelekiswa labafowuni zobude amandla umlinganiselo yokuqala bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo ubungakanani into cross-candelo kwaye edibene izinto ukusuka apho eyenziweyo.

Unxibelelwano nge Newton

Ngowe-1672-m Isaak Nyuton yaba lilungu le-Royal Society, leyo kudala yayibandakanya Robert Guk. Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa iiseli kunye namanye amalinge bomeleze intembeko yayo emehlweni yemvelo, kodwa umbutho wakhe Newton wayesoyika iminyaka. izizathu zabo zenzululwazi enxulumene zombini kwimicimbi yabucala, ezifana imilo igophe echaza umzimba abawayo, kunye neengqikelelo ezingundoqo, kuquka uhlobo lokukhanya. Newton ingqalelo ukuba wobhobhozayo ukukhanya iquka amasuntswana ezizodwa koko wathi corpuscles ukukhanya. Robert Guk, engobomi iyaqukwa ngexesha ukusebenza lencinibakazi uhlobo wokukhanya, loo nto ixela ukuba iqulathe semibutho Intshukumo ngaphaya medium. Ngoko kwabakho ingxoxo phakathi corpuscular kunye nethiyori wave. Le mpikiswano kakhulu kangangokuba Newton wagqiba ekubeni abhale malunga ifayibha wambulala Hooke kaThixo.

Ngesenzo sokunyiba okanye ukuvulwa ngaxeshanye?

Ngowe-1686 phakathi Newton Hooke waphula omnye mpikiswano, eli xesha enxulumene umthetho gravitation jikelele. Mhlawumbi Guk ngokuzimeleyo waya ekuqondeni ubudlelwano umlinganiselo phakathi amandla womxhuzulane isikweri umgama phakathi kwezidumbu, wamvumela ukuba kummangalela umbhali i "Elements" zokuveza. Kule sihloko yemvelo ukuba ebhaliweyo ileta eya Royal Society. Kunjalo, Newton inkcazelo eneenkcukacha ngakumbi umba, ezichongiweyo ngokuchanekileyo yaye yaqulunqa umthetho yentsebenziswano imithetho ibalulekileyo ubucukubhede. Ngenxa yesi sizathu wabacacisela lo isindululo iiplanethi, oyaluzisa, wenze ezinye ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Hooke nayo asebenze kakhulu ukwenza ngenyameko kanye kule ndawo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe umdla nzulu ingxaki gravitation kunye nothotho experimenti ezisingelwe kuyo, eyayibanjelwe ukusuka 1671.

imisebenzi kwelanga

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe uRobert Guk, ogama biography lizele yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaba bamatasa ngonaphakade. Wafunda izihlunu isixhobo, ukuzama ukwenza imodeli mechanical, wafumana isidanga sakhe zonyango, wayenomdla evuthiweyo, into emandiyenze, kuquka phezu ezibangela neenyikima. Ngenxa yoko, lé nomdla izazinzulu kule minyaka yandiswa kuphela, kwaye ke ngoko, ngaxeshanye bakhula kunye umthwalo. Emva umlilo eyoyikekayo inkoliso London satshatyalaliswa. Ukubuyiselwa komzi eyayikhokelwa Kristofer Ren, umakhi baziincamisa IsiNgesi kunye nomhlobo osenyongweni Hooke. Ukunceda kuye, wamiswa wasebenza nzima kangangeminyaka emine, ngendlela engaqhelekanga kunye nemisebenzi ingqalelo kunye nophando, kwaye ishiya kuphela isibini iiyure ebuthongweni kunye ukuphumla.

Igalelo kuvuselelwa London

URobert Hooke wayenendima onzima. Ekunye uChristopher Wren ukuba kutshintshwe ixesha nakummandla ongqonge London Stock Exchange. Ngoncedo Hyu Meya kunye Roger Pratt wenza igalelo ephawulekayo ukuya sesakhiwo London. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wamiswa kunye Wren yakhe yoyilo ilitye lesikhumbuzo kumaxhoba emlilweni ezoyikekayo ibimiselwe. kuphuhliswa iprojekthi olunzulu sele, kwaye ngo-1677 ehlabathini babona umhlathi umxhelo Doric, ukudalwa ilitye Portland yayisetyenziswa. ethwele ibhola yegolide ngeelwimi omlilo phezulu kwayo. Kristofer Ren wayeyalelwe wayefuna ukuba baveze apho Charles II, yena wathi ukuba nenxaxheba xa kuthe zomlilo yamkelwe. Ukuphakama kwenye intsika laliziimitha 61 iisentimitha 57, kangangoko ukusuka kholamu loqalo lwencopho komlilo. Hooke wayezimisele ukusebenzisa lesikhumbuzo njengoko elebhu ngonzululwazi sokuba bade Array kunye nomsebenzi kunye kuqala, kodwa intlokoma ezibangelwa izithuthi, gciwane umsebenzi onjalo.

Ukufa

Sebenzela ukwakha indawo engcono yemali London ngayo ingcali yenzululwazi, kodwa ube nefuthe elibi kwimpilo. emini Heavy uthe izifo maxongo olomeleleyo umbono. kwasungulwa entsha-nzulu mkhulu Barometer inqanawa leyo. Ngaye i Royal Society waqonda ngoFebruwari 1701 ukususela imilebe UEdmond Halley, ngubani umhlobo osenyongweni Hooke. Physics, sebhayoloji kunye semvelo Robert Guk wafa ngoMatshi 3, 1703 kwigumbi lakhe kwikholeji Greshemovskom. Omnye wabantu zezona ngcali zinetalente belo xesha, yena ulibele Ngokufa kunye ekuhambeni kweminyaka.

Kubanga sobomi

Iinkqubo Hooke kwi kwimixholo uhlobo yokukhanya kunye nemithetho gravitation wakhonza njengesiseko umsebenzi Isaaka Nyutona, kodwa umahluko kakhulu izazinzulu ezimbini lalibi ulwalamano lwabo. Yaqala uhlobo ungquzulwano. Ngoko ke, ukusuka kwakhe "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Natural" Newton wasusa zonke izinto ezibhekiselele imisebenzi Hooke. Ukongezelela, wazama ngenjongo yokuzama igalelo lakhe kwinzululwazi. Njengoko umongameli we Royal Society, Newton wayeka ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi Hooke ngesandla wabadalayo wangcwatyelwa zisabonakala kumsebenzi wakhe waza wabeka umfanekiso wakhe. Uzuko zesayensi abanetalente alukapheli. Noko ke, loo nto ngaye ezibhalwe ngamazwi odumileyo Newton. Kwenye yeeleta zakhe, athi, abewubonile kuphela ngenxa yokuba Ndema phezu kwamagxa Anaki. Eneneni, uRobert Guk ifanelwe igama enjalo, kuba mkhulu wayengusosayensi, umsunguli, semvelo, ngeenkwenkwezi kunye umakhi ngexesha lakhe.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ISAZINZULU

Oogqirha kunye nezalamane Hooke wayesoyika ukuba uza kufa ebuntwaneni. Abanye babesithi akayi kuphila kumntwana ominyaka imashumi. Noko ke, yamachiza wayehleli iminyaka 68, nto leyo ixesha elide kakhulu ukuze kubizwa imigangatho ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Isihloko "iseli", yena ekucetywa ukuba iiyunithi eziziziqalelo umzimba ophilileyo, ngenxa yokuba loo amasuntswana iiseli Hooke yayifana Iimonki. Enye yemifuniselo ezinxulumene umoya, phantse uphele iinyembezi kuba indoda nzulu. Uye wabeka ngokwayo iyunithi eyodwa moya, iimpompo umoya kuyo, yaye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yelahleko kukuva. Ngaphandle kokuba lesikhumbuzo, wakha ngentsebenziswano ne Wren, wamiswa phezu iiprojekthi ziye kwadalwa izakhiwo ezifana Observatory e Greenwich kunye Cathedral eSt kaPawulos. Jonga umsebenzi yamachiza enkulu ngoku.