Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale karhulumente njengoko ubunye amalungelo kunye namandla: zadibana kombono yembali

Lo mkhuba urhulumente uya kuhlala elusuku olukhe- kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Yena unika yokugqibela uzinzo, ukuthembeka kwaye sigxile kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Le miqondiso eziphambili urhulumente amanga neqiniso yokuba yenza indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, yenza umthamo efunekayo yoshishino kunye nolawulo, ukulawula izibonelelo oluntu, kwaye kananjalo enze njengoko umlawuli iphambili ebomini bakhe. It is a sisixhobo esibalulekileyo iquka imisebenzi yamandla kwaye kunceda abasemagunyeni ukuphumeza. Liquka ulongamo, njengoko yenethiwekhi yayo.

Lo mbono wathabatha imilo ezintathu okanye amawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngemihla yiSumere yamandulo, China, Egypt kunye nempucuko zohlobo. Noko ke, theory ecacileyo malunga noko urhulumente, iimpawu zayo eziphambili, uhlobo urhulumente okokuqala wadala zikaPlato. Kwakhona wadala ingcamango uhlobo ogqibeleleyo ulawulo loluntu, ichazwa njenge uluhlu iiklasi ezintathu - abaphathi, amadoda alumkileyo, amajoni kunye namagosa karhulumente, kwakunye nabalimi kunye namagcisa. Sobulumko wachaza ukuba urhulumente ingqalelo zonke iimfuno zoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko, intlalo nenkcubeko elime ezahlukeneyo oluntu, yaye oko kufuneka afune kwaye basebenzise eyona ndlela ukusombulula ukuphikisana phakathi kwabo ukusombulula iingxabano.

Ngenxa yoko, eziphambili iimpawu karhulumente, elaliza behlabathi, kwasekwa ngamakhoboka. Okokuqala, oko kukuba iqulethe kungekuphela nje amandla yesinyanzelo, kodwa amalungelo. Kwakukho iinkcazelo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo karhulumente kunye typology kubo njengezichanekileyo akachanekanga. Kule ndaba, sathetha phantse zonke ezakudala lidala - ukusuka Aristotle ukuya uCicero. Ngaphezu koko, kweli xesha ezinye amagqwetha aseRoma iimbono malunga nomthetho, leyo kuphela kukuba lokuzalwa kwakhe bobabo indoda, kwaye ukulingana ivela lo mbono. nkolelo komthetho wamaRoma iiprogram ezahlukeneyo iingqiqo yenkqubo enomdla kwaye efanelekileyo kwaba kamva - njengokuba, umzekelo, urhulumente-siseko weRiphabhliki njenge "yonke yesizwe", ukwenza ulawulo lomthetho kunye namalungelo unxibelelwano phakathi abadlali ngaphakathi kwemida ethile.

Xa Renaissance iphindile theory ephawulekayo urhulumente efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, noNiccolò Machiavelli, kuphononongwe imbali ekwenzeke kuzo ilitye le eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko, wazama ukuba bakhethe iinkalo eziphambili karhulumente, leyo Bekuya kuba kuhle. Enye yezi mpawu, wacinga ukuba bonke abemi ithuba ukulahla lwepropati kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwabo buqu. Noko ke, iqaphela ebalulekileyo kuyimfuneko nemisebenzi karhulumente, iinkcuba ezininzi ngelo xesha wathetha kubalulekile kakhulu, njengoko, ingakumbi, uThomas More, owathi ukuba enyanisweni oko iyelenqe besityebi oludwayi. Ekubeni ixesha elide waba yingqonyela yobukumkani, ngoko ngokucacileyo ubeyazi yena into athetha ngayo.

Noko ke, kuphela yawona kwinkulungwane XVII waqala ukuvala Indlela ingcamango ukuba onjalo imo yomthetho. iimpawu zayo engundoqo achazwa kuqala ngokuhambelana kunye nemithetho engqiqo nobulungisa. Ngenxa yoko, Gugo Grotsy wayekholelwa impahla semvelo enjalo yale fomu urhulumente yesivumelwano zentlalo, xa ekuphelisweni apho abantu, nakubaphathi ezibekwe imisebenzi ethile. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba, ngokoluvo igqwetha ezaziwayo-kakuhle umsunguli komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, zombini inkululeko ngamnye kunye nemvisiswano entlalweni. Diderot kabanzi ingqiqo isivumelwano kunye owakuxelayo oko umthombo engundoqo igunya hlobo. Ngoko ukuba baqulunqe ithisisi ye kumongami ebantwini, nto leyo kweli xesha lethu ebhaliweyo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi. Nalo mgaqo - mna utitshala siqinisekile - kunokwenzeka ukuba ondle kuphela ilungelo uyolo lwabantu abaninzi kodwa.

Diderot wachaza iimpawu eziphambili karhulumente, eyenzelwe ukubethelela amandla abantu, amalungelo abantu, zixhaswa yi Spinoza ne Kant. Kwaye Spinoza ecetywayo ukunciphisa amandla karhulumente ukuba alahle ubomi babantu nokukhuseleka kwempahla abemi phakathi umthetho, njengoko kant wathi xa zambethe loo karhulumente, hayi kuphela urhulumente unako ukunyanzela abantu ukuba athobele iimfuno zomthetho, kodwa ke abantu bona kufuneka bakwazi ukunyanzela abalawuli ukuthobela umthetho kwaye ulandele inkqubo. Dzhon Lokk and Thomas Hobbes kongezwa kule umgaqo ulawulo lomthetho (xa bonke, kuquka nabo ngamandla, kufuneka athwale uxanduva ngokulinganayo) kunye nokusasazwa kwamandla phakathi amasebe ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo sivuseleleke baninyanzela omnye komnye kwaye ayichase ubundlobongela despotism.