Lomonosov isebenza. Amagama imisebenzi Lomonosov ngokwenzululwazi. imisebenzi Lomonosov lwenzululwazi chemistry, kuqoqosho, entsimini uncwadi

Le Isazinzulu edumileyo yokuqala Russian, utitshala, imbongi, umseki i "iintlobo ezintathu" inkolelo edumileyo, apho kamva wanika i- ulwimi Russian boncwadi, le mbali, igcisa - le uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe ngathi ngumlilo otshisayo ebumnyameni ebumnyameni luluqilima. Ngapha koko, wakwazi ukuba asikhanyisele izithuba inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe, nto leyo ke lokuqala ezifikelelekayo, abameli hayi kuphela iiklasi ephezulu, kodwa abalimi. Namhlanje, imisebenzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Lomonosov iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi. Ngoko ke, yintoni imisebenzi Lomonosov eyaziwa?

chemistry

UMikhail lwenziwa iqela azinikele le ndlela ngqiqweni ekufundweni ngayo iziganeko imichiza. Yena wayengandithembi malunga nenzululwazi ye ngaphambili, akukho baye bafumana isizathu esivakalayo. Ukongeza, waba nxamnye umbono "malunga neencindi imponderable" kunye namaxabiso eziye zanikwa kule ingcaciso nesenzeko ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni lwemichiza ixesha.

izifundo Chemical uMikhail waqala kwiminyaka yakhe umfundi. Waba ngumntu wokuqala kwiincwadi zakhe wamnika chemistry njenge inzululwazi, nga ni vutshila. Uninzi lophando waphumeza ukuze wakhe bakha yi elabhoratri.

Ngokutsho Lomonosov, lo usomachiza oyinyaniso kuyimfuneko ukuzalisekisa iindima ezimbini: zombini abaphengululi kunye neengcali. Ngamanye amazwi, ukufumana ukusetyenziswa yeengcinga zabo kulo mkhuba ahambelanayo. Ngokutsho kwabo kwaba-bulumko corpuscular, wababela imichiza kwi njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "ukuqala", "edityanisiweyo" yaye "mixed".

Emva kokufumana amachiza ezifunekayo ngonyaka 1744, Lomonosov waba uthotho elide lezifundo kwi ukuqhekeka neetyuwa kunye zesinyithi. Ezidlulileyo iinkqubo ngamanyala yena wabahlula bangamaqela amabini, kunye ukukhululwa kunye nokufunxwa ubushushu. Eneneni, njengoko sele kwaziwa, sokuchitha metal kwinkqubo asidi luphawulwa kokukhutshwa ubushushu, kwaye inkqubo ezinyibilikayo emanzini, phezu koko, ako.

Iinkqubo ngokwabo ngamanyala Lomonosov echazwe kwindawo ngoomatshini sizalwa xesha layo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imigqaliselo wachaza kakhulu ngokuchanekileyo ukulawula iinkqubo imichiza usebenzisa ngemicroscope kunye ulwando oluphindwe-360.

Ukufeza ii- experimenti cleavage of ityuwa emanzini isizathu elivela kuzo ekuthiwa-ngxaki yokusetyenziswa solvation kwi izisombululo zolwelo (ukuxovwa). Ngokusekelwe kule meko, wadibana ngamanzi, ityuwa disintegrates zibe ion, ze ezi zicwangciso ke singqongwe a ngokusondeleyo odibana macromolecules amanzi.

Emva kwexesha elithile, wakhulula le mfundiso "Kwi ayenechaphothi sisinyithi," yaye kamva intwana - "Ukuzalwa kunye nohlobo ammonium nitrate."

MV Lomonosov wacebisa ukuba chemistry amaqela amabini iimpawu ezikhethekileyo chemical lwemizimba zikhona. Iqela lokuqala wayesithi umzimba bakwimeko ukusoloko kuxhomekeka amasuntswana kunokwenzeka aluka, iqela lesibini - zabo umbala, ngumkhenkce, incasa, ivumba kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Kwakhona, ithiyori ngokusekelwe apho, nawuphi na umbala (ngaphandle black) wancinwa ezi izazinzulu zingahlulwa zibe ntathu - mthubi, obomvu, kunye noblowu.

Nangona inani elikhulu kubo baqhube imifuniselo ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza, abaninzi kubo baye bahlala phahla. Ngokuqinisekileyo, isizathu sokuba oku nsimbi wayengusosayensi ekhethekileyo.

imisebenzi yezenzululwazi Lomonosov xa chemistry ngelihambisana sikhokelo eziyimfuneko okubonwayo follow-up. Igalelo lakhe entsimini chemistry zokwenyama ukuyilwa kwalo zenzululwazi eRashiya. imisebenzi yezenzululwazi Lomonosov kule chemistry zibe negalelo kule nguqu ekuphuhlisweni kwale nzululwazi, le nto emva komzuzwana,-nzulu ngamnye ubhatalwa kakhulu ingqalelo ngakwicala nabalandeli.

Kodwa impumelelo yakhe iphambili yaba ukukhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala chemical. Owona mzekelo iphawulekayo isilogeni onjalo kuthathwa i "igama malunga iingenelo chemistry", funda ngazo kwiNtlanganiso Academic ngo 1751.

physics

Ubizwa ngokufanelekileyo njenge i "uyise" yemvelo Russian. Ubuchule kunye nemibono methodological Lomonosov waba uphawu. Ngokungafaniyo nabo ezininzi, lisetyenziswa kwi hypothesis zophando waba ngowokuqala ukutyhila ubukho endalo lwalusanda kunye atomistic ye amasuntswana of kweziyobisi.

Ngoxa umfundi, waba nomdla physics - gxebe, ingcamango isakhiwo mbandela. Kuyo nayiphi na inzululwazi, kuba nomdla ikakhulu imiba esisiseko ukuba bulumko ngokwendalo.

Lomonosov babeqala bacebise ukuba ubukho ekuthiwa- zero epheleleyo. Emva koko, ngokuqaliswa esi sixhobo sokulinganisa, ezingathi ziinkwethu, wakwazi ukuba ubungqina besimo iimbono ekunyuseni inani ngesinyithi calcination zabo. Lo M. V. Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe yezenzululwazi ngeendlela ezininzi wabeka isiseko esihle sokuphuhlisa physics mihla.

Yaba nguye lowo kuqala yaqulunqa hypothesis kwi ukuzalana nesenzeko zombane nezibonwa kwi ukuhamba nkqo njengoko imithombo womoya imvelaphi yombane Aurora.

umsebenzi uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ngalo inxalenye yemvelo baqalisa igalelo elimandla kule isayensi. Wayitshabalalisa ixesha elininzi ehluza naxa echaza imo izenzakalo ukukhanya, kwakunye nokufundisa ngebala Ukwakheka. I wokuqala izame ukumisela ubudlelwane phakathi iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwindalo, waba M. V. Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe negalelo utshintsho olubonakalayo uphuhliso phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo physics.

Waye wachitha ixesha elininzi ekufundweni iziganeko zombane. Nangona ngenkankulu umbuzo ubukho lombane static avuswe. Imibono ezinxulumanisa ngokunxulumene lombane zombini fluid kunzima wasentsomini aqukuqela isitya umbane wayengekho ukuya ngokuthanda ngayo izinto Lomonosov. Scientific zizwana ecacisa isenzeko umbane ngendlela efanayo njengoko ekutolikeni isenzeko yokukhanya kunye nobushushu. Lomonosov wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinikelwe nasekufundweni umbane esesibhakabhakeni kunye static.

Kodwa oku kwaziwa-kakuhle imisebenzi Lomonosov hayi azikuvumeli. Singasathethi, balo theory molekyuli-kwikinetiki ubushushu, olusekelwe kwiimfundiso lombutho mba ezenziwe athom kunye iimolekyuli. Ngaphezu koko ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha emsebenzini wakhe, "Reflections on isizathu ubushushu nengqele."

mibuzo malunga uhlobo ophathekayo isonjululwe MV Lomonosov. Imisebenzi kunye nzulu zophando Physics aba yokuba ekuqaleni physics kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini iye inzululwazi okhokelayo entsimini yenzululwazi yendalo.

I sesayensi lokuqala Russian

Inzala e ezimangalisayo wavela e University kwabantwana abancinane, xa wabona umfanekiso amakhulu ngeengqimba. Wazibonakalisa njengoko ezisemajukujukwini wokuqala Russian, umseki matutu ngeenkwenkwezi zenzululwazi.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala umsebenzi yakhe njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo, uye wazisa lukhulu obafunyanwa ehlabathini kwinkalo ngeenkwenkwezi. I ndabukela intshukumo iiplanethi kwisixokelelwano solar Observatory Astronomical, wafunda sunspots, enomsila kunye nezinye izinto zasezulwini, - lase edumileyo nzulu-sesayensi Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe yezenzululwazi namhla zithandwa kakhulu phakathi uphando ngeenkwenkwezi.

Enye impumelelo ezininzi ezizodwa uMikhail Vasilyevich ngeenkwenkwezi yaba ukuchonga imozulu kwi Venus. Le eyaba yaba ngenxa kokuma lokugqibela izazinzulu amila - nokukhuthazwa Venus. ingxelo lwenzululwazi kuthiwa: "Lo mkhuba Venus kwi-Sun, ambona le St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences Maya ezingama-26 ngo-1761".

Thile emva, yena wangqinayo ukuba yokulungiselela ezi imigqaliselo kunye nokuhamba ngakumbi ngokuxhoma eSiberia ezimbini ngeenkwenkwezi. Izazi ezininzi amazwe aseYurophu bebezimisele ukucinga esi senzeko zazenziwe. Xa kujongwa ezi ziganeko, i Academy of Sciences okokuqala wathabatha inxaxheba kwisiganeko yalo yobukhulu. Lomonosov iphinde nimana ezizimeleyo Observatory yakhe.

Atmospheric Detection Venus eyayifuneka ukuze kwakhiwe ezinye kwenzululwazi astrophysical eRashiya.

Insimbi, mineralogy kunye nezimbiwa

imisebenzi ezinkulu Lomonosov, ebhalwe belilinye entabeni, sisikhokelo eyahlukileyo ukuba abasebenzi imboni.

Inyikima ePortugal, kwabulawa ngaphezulu kwe asibhozo amawaka abantu, bamsa ukufundisisa ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo neenyikima. Kwiincwadi zakhe, wabalisa inkqubo nto inzima uphuhliso kumphezulu womhlaba. iintshukumo ngequbuliso of kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, ngokwembono yakhe, inokubangelwa ngezizathu zendalo - iingcangcazela, mlilo, landslides - kunye nezinye iintlekele enamandla zendalo. Amagama imisebenzi Lomonosov lwenzululwazi ecaleni ore lisaziwa wasemgodini yonke okanye metallurgist. Umzekelo, a ezaziwayo-kakuhle "Ilizwi yokuzalwa zesinyithi emhlabeni yenyikima."

Kwiincwadi zakhe, yena systematized yaye wachaza yeengcinga ekhoyo malunga nezokukhupha nekwakunyibilikiswa zesinyithi. Kuyinto kubo ngelo ke ngexesha yapapashwa incwadi "The Iziseko yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, okanye Mining." Le mfundiso kufanele ibe isiphumo ezinzima izifundo ishishini lemigodi. Yena, nigqibelele imigaqo wayesele esaziwa kwemigodi, nokuphuhlisa oomatshini abatsha.

Lomonosov waphupha ekwenzeni imisebenzi yophando elikhulu-scale ebandakanya abameli lizwe lethu yenzululwazi kunye nezinye. Ngokusekelwe kule, izazinzulu yaqala naphi na ukuthumela iisampuli ezahlukeneyo ekrwada kunye neeminerali. Ngokufutshane, ukukhethwa iisampula ezifunekayo izifundo ezibandakanya phantse omnye elinamanci mabini mveliso Russian.

Ngelishwa, Lomonosov wasilela ukuguqulela izicwangciso zethu abalufumeneyo. Loo msebenzi wakhe yagqitywa ngempumelelo kuphela emva kweminyaka academician V. M. Severginym nezimbiwa unique kamva ogama lomonosovite imbeko discoverer yayo.

yokukhanya

Lomonosov yenzelwe kwaye yakhiwa inventions ngaphezu kweshumi entsimini ngokukhanya. Wamnika ngokupheleleyo ngokwakhe kwinzululwazi. Lomonosov akazange ayeke de kube sekupheleni imihla yabo benza imveliso izixhobo ukukhanya okubonwayo ebusuku.

Eyokuqala owadala wakha batoskop woqondo yaba M. V. Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe abangela umdla omkhulu phakathi kuluntu. Kwakhona nakuthathatha, kwaye abenze Indlela "gorizontoskopa 'zabo - isixhobo esikhulu lokubhiyozela izinto akhiwe kude kwindawo othe tye.

Technology ukuvelisa anemibala njengoko kuchaziwe M. V. Lomonosov. Iinkqubo ezi kamva isetyenziswa kushishino ekuphekeni anemibala, kwakunye ekwenziweni iinxalenye yayo. imveliso Glass iye yaba lelinye icala engundoqo University. Ukusiqonda isakramente umbandela, Lomonosov zange ndicinge ukuba ukusebenzisa iziphumo zophando lwabo inzuzo. UMikhail wayefuna ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukwabelana iziqhamo zemisebenzi yabo kunye nabantu, ukuba bawuzise kurhulumente.

A abenzi Umsunguli kunye isixhobo abanetalente, umseki ngokukhanya Russian theoretical component waba Lomonosov. imisebenzi yalo ithe yabangela ukuba kusekwe ezinye kwenzululwazi enombala eRashiya.

Ezolimi, philology

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinesibhozo, ulwimi Russian igcwele amagama eelwimi zasemzini kunye Church Slavonic, intetho buncokola. Lomonosov yengathandi ekuhlambululeni kunye nemfezeko. Ixesha elininzi wayitshabalalisa nenkcazelo izimiso zakhe zoncwadi. Iingxoxo University kwi ncwadi emenza "ubuciko" notorious, leyo ncwadi isiganeko ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko imini. Kulo msebenzi, le nzulu-ngeelwimi ekhankanywe ukuba ugcine lo mbuzo abaphulaphuli-ntsapho kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo yobudala yabafundi, isini sabo, imfundo kunye nomgangatho wemfundo. Le rhetorician yokusebenza inye kakhulu kufuneka icace, ulwazi, esixoxayo nangokweemvakalelo. "Mpendulo" lwanikelwa ngolwimi olulula yaye ilungiselelwe ukuba uluntu jikelele.

Omnye umsebenzi ezinkulu Lomonosov ebizwa ngokuba 'Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi Russian ", nguye owokuqala lwesixhobo yayo hlobo ukuze uphononongo yegrama Russian. I wokuqala wazama ukubonisa izithethe nokuzicacisa ulwimi Russian, waba uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe zazijoliswe ekwandiseni ukubaluleka kolwimi lweenkobe, xa iqela ilifa lokomoya.

Ngoxa umfundi, wabhala isincoko, "Ileta kwi imithetho versification Russian", nto leyo wachaza iziseko versification Russian, ingqalelo iintlobo ezaziwayo kwimibongo kunye nobukhulu.

umsebenzi kamva abaqolileyo, othi "Introduction kweenzuzo iincwadi zecawa kulwimi Russian" kuqwalaselwa zizazinzulu University of "iintlobo ezintathu" siquka "ezolileyo aphezulu, aphakathi kunye phantsi." Wonke umntu oza uhlobo oluthile zoncwadi:

• umbongo malunga ubuqhawe, bacule, iintetho kasabatha lihambisana "ukuzola" phezulu;
• Iincwadi zeempendulo kumabala emidlalo, iileta lobuhlobo - avareji;
• eliphantsi "umoya" ubonakalise nangoko incoko indlu, iingoma, iibhaladi.

Lomonosov ithathwa ukuba ngunozala ledatha Russian isigama lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. Izazinzulu ziye zaziswa imixube ezininzi ezintsha, wadala indlela izinto izyasneniya zenzululwazi. umsebenzi Lomonosov kwicandelo le ncwadi zahlukahlukene kakhulu; kuba umbongo, kunye bacule, wobu-, usizi ngaphezulu. lemveli enkondlo kuhlala kakhulu bacule abhalwe imbeko sesenzo okanye umntu.

Geography ne Meteorology

Ngo Lomonosov ndakuvusa umdla geography ekuqaleni umsebenzi umsebenzi. Amashumi ngamashumi eminyaka emininzi, waba nomdla kuLwandle Northern Route kunye nethuba lokuba ukufunda kuyo. Esi sikhokelo, enomxholo othi "Inkcazelo emfutshane ye uhambo ezahlukeneyo iilwandle ezisemantla kunye ukufunda elingaphesheya Siberian Ocean ukuya East India kunokwenzeka," unika inkcazelo ndima kusilungiselela nesicwangciso bayo.

Lomonosov wada wenza isithembiso ukunika amalungu kwiphulo eziyimfuneko izixhobo, izixhobo, kodwa ukuze ubone iziphumo hambo, akazange ithetha ukuba. Campaign kwenzeka ngo-1765, xa uMikhail Vasilyevich ke akasekho.

Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo e ice polar, ngokutsho Lomonosov, njalo nokuphazanyiswa 'iintaba enomkhenkce Ezilwandle nasemanzini emantla ", leyo kudala wayekhathazeke malunga sisazinzulu. Bona aba uphawu yikristale incam yezwe, echaza izinto kunokwenzeka. Ezi ngqwalasela, yaye namhlanje imele ebonakalayo. Ngokukhuthazwa ithuba lokuqonda iNorthern Sea Route, ngokuma, wazama ukuba ukuqulunqwa i-Arctic Ocean.

Uninzi ngeenkolelo bakhe kwaqinisekiswa iminyaka emibini kuphela amakhulu. Lomonosov Ridge, silindele indawo, neyathi kamva akubufumana zaphandwa. Kamva, le kummango ithiywe emva discoverer yayo.

Uye wenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu ekusekweni kazwelonke "Atmospheric Physics" Lomonosov. Iingxoxo "ngumkhuba komoya evela amandla yombane ziyenzeka 'intetho malunga nesenzeko zemozulu kunokwenzeka. Ngentlonelo okhethekileyo uMikhail wayevela ukumelana iingqikelelo, wacela imfuneko ukuze basekele kuthungelwano lwezitishi zemozulu.

indaba

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinesibhozo, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba kwandisa umdla Russian kwimbali lizwe. Indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso imfundiso zembali wadlala MV Lomonosov.

Ukuba unomdla kuphuhliso olungaphezulu karhulumente Old Russian. Ngexesha ukufunda imithombo kunye ngamaxesha wanamhla, Lomonosov mbali imibuzo kwingcinga yokuba sisiseko kwilizwe lethu wabeka ngokusemthethweni.

Lomonosov wayekholelwa ukuba njengabaphambukeli baba nokuxubana, emkhulu-karhulumente waqala nabo. UMikhail wavakalisa imvume ngokunxulumene yesibakala sokuba Russian-abathetha abantu ngaphambi kokuba eze amandla Rurik wenza ixesha elide zophuhliso kunye nokusekwa lwenkcubeko yokuqala.

Ngowe-1751 Lomonosov waya kusebenza kuphononongo elikhulu-isikali "kwimbali yamandulo Russian." Icandelo elinye wakhululwa kuluntu kuphela emva kokufa kwakhe yaye kungekudala yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi.

Ngowe-1760, esekelwe iirekhodi kunye namanye amaxwebhu ezibalulekileyo zembali, uMikhail wakhupha "Mfutshane Russian Chronicle Nge lweGenealogy", equlethe uluhlu milestones ingxolo ukususela ebukumkanini Rurik, naphambi kokufa Petra Velikogo.

UMikhail wayemthanda kwilizwe lakhe, yena ngokuhlonela wayekholelwa ngamandla kunye nomanyano lwabantu balo.

umsebenzi Lomonosov kuqoqosho

Lomonosov wayengomnye abo babona eRashiya njengelizwe intabalala inkcubeko kunye kwinqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo. Loo likarhulumente, xa ngokokubona wenguquko kufuneka utshintsho rhoqo, kufuneka rhoqo banyathela phambili, ukuba aye kuphuhliso amagunya olomeleleyo ezizimeleyo.

Umdla elikhulu wabonisa malunga yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye imboni. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Lomonosov wabonisa elininzi ingqalelo kuphuhliso kwezolimo kunye igqwetha lejaji yokukhula kwenani labantu.

Amanqaku kakuhle yokuba urhulumente Russian, ngokutsho Lomonosov, ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekwenzeni kwabo imisebenzi yayo kwezoqoqosho.

imisebenzi ezikhethekileyo uMikhail Lomonosov kuqoqosho abalufumani ugcinwe, nto leyo ebangela kubenzima kakhulu isifundo ye-Outlook kwazo kwezoqoqosho.

Ngokusekelwe izifundo ezikhoyo, sinokugqiba ukuba Lomonosov ingqalelo engundoqo mayibhekiswe isifundo yoqoqosho Russian. Ukuze kuzuze uluntu qhinga loqoqosho ngokupheleleyo karhulumente, kuboniswa iseti yezikhokelo yokusebenza iye yaphuhliswa.

Nguye, Lomonosov, sifanele sibe nombulelo inkangeleko iinkalo ezifana "geography kwezoqoqosho". Ngexesha umsebenzi ngobungcali Lomonosov walandela izithethe Russian School of Economics, enobutyebi kakhulu Wazomeleza kwindawo yayo, nangona uninzi imisebenzi ezinkulu Lomonosov akazange abe impembelelo obuyimfuneko bexesha lakhe. Noko ke, iimbono kwezoqoqosho, wazibeka umsebenzi sisazinzulu enkulu, yaye namhlanje kuxhomekeke nokutyhilwa ngakumbi.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni,

"Loud," kwisihloko University owaziwa ngokuba bonke abalandeli yentsimi yenzululwazi ethile. Kwiincwadi zakhe wawubonisa amandla, umanyano nobulumko yabantu Russian. Lomonosov wayesaziwa ngumsunguli abathe banegalelo ebalaseleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo yolwazi - yenzululwazi zendalo ukuya ngeenkwenkwezi. imisebenzi yakhe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi zaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezininzi. UMikhail wazama ukukhonza ezilungileyo ebantwini. Uninzi lwezinto bakhe kunye nezifundo walungiselela isiseko esiluqilima uphuhliso inzululwazi yanamhlanje xa iyonke.