UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: engobomi emfutshane, impumelelo, ezifunyaniswe

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - an yezibalo obalaseleyo Russian, eminyaka emine - i Umphathi Kazan University, lomzabalazo of Education, umseki non-Euclidean geometry.

Lo mntu amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe waza esingaqondwayo bexesha lakhe.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas azalwe ngoDisemba 11, 1792 kwintsapho lemivuzo ephantsi igosa ezincinane Ivana Maksimovic kunye Praskovya Alexandrovna. Kuzalwa yezibalo UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-9, emva kokufa kukayise wakhe, yena ithuthwa kunina e Kazan kwaye 1802 waza wamkelwa esikolweni ephakamileyo asekuhlaleni. Emva kokuphumelela kwakhe ngo-1807, Nicholas waba ngumfundi elisandula kusekwa Kazan Imperial University.

Phantsi kogcino M. F. Bartelsa

uthando olulodwa le ngqondi ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neeSayensi zeMathematika elizayo likwazile ukubethelela Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - utitshala abanetalente, kakhulu wayesazi kwaye emthanda umsebenzi wakhe. Ngelishwa, ekupheleni kuka-1806 ngenxa bengavani kubunkokheli weyunivesithi "ukutyhileka ngumoya wemvukelo kunye ukungavumelani," yena wokugxothwa enkonzweni eyunivesithi. Iikhosi kwimathematika baqalisa ukukhokela Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - utitshala kunye umhlobo odumileyo Karla Fridriha GAUSS. Ufike ngo 1808 e Kazan, wathabatha phezu iivoti ophumelelayo kodwa ulihlwempu.

utitshala ezintsha ezivunyiweyo inkqubela Lobachevskian ukuba sele efunde phantsi kweliso imisebenzi odidi ezifana "Number Theory" uKarl GAUSS kunye 'ubucukubhede yasezulwini "we-nzulu French Pierre-Simon Laplace. Ngenxa yokungathobeli, inkani, kunye iimpawu ukungahloneli kunyaka esiphezulu phezu uNikolay iyasondela amathuba ezibanjwayo. Ukuba ukhuseleko Bartels negalelo ngamaqashiso ingozi umfundi esondelayo onesiphiwo.

ubomi Kazan University Lobachevsky

Ngowe-1811, emva kokuba egqibe eyunivesithi, Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane nto leyo umdla wokwenene isizukulwana esitsha, wamkelwa iNkosi kwemathematika yemvelo, egqibela esikolweni. izifundo ezimbini lwezenzululwazi - in algebra nezixhotyana, ngo-1814 (ixesha elidlulileyo), yakhokelela ekwakhiweni kwayo uprofesa (docents). Okulandelayo Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich, impumelelo oya kuvavanywa kakuhle inzala, waqalisa ukufundisa, ngokwenyusa kancinane isangqa kwezifundo kubo (zemathematika, ngeenkwenkwezi, inzululwazi) kunye ukucinga nzulu malunga ngokutsha imigaqo zezibalo. Abafundi bathanda kwaye kakhulu Lobachevsky mfundiso emva konyaka wawongwa kwisihloko unjingalwazi ngokungaqhelekanga.

oda New Magnitsky

Ukulungiselela injongo abathintela iingcamango abakhululekileyo mood sokulwela inguqu kuluntu urhulumente Alexander I yayisekelwe ngcinga unqulo neemfundiso zayo eyimfihlakalo zamaKristu. Nokuhlolwa ngokulinganayo yokuqala iiyunivesithi ukufumene. Ngo March 1819 iziko lemfundo ephakamileyo kunye uphicotho Kazan wafika ML Magnitsky - ummeli zikolo yeBhodi elawulayo, ukunyamekela kuphela malunga yimisebenzi yabo. Ngokutsho iziphumo zeetshekhi yayo imeko kwiYunivesithi ibidanisa kakhulu: yokungabikho kwabafundi inkxaso yeziko lwabandakanya umonakalo kuluntu. Ngoko ke, iyunivesithi kwakufuneka ukuba atshabalalise (atshabalalise esidlangalaleni) - ngenjongo ngumzekelo sifundisa abanye.

Noko ke, Alexander I, kwagqitywa ekubeni kulungiswe le meko ezandleni uhlolo efanayo, kwaye Magnitsky ngenzondelelo ethile baqalisa ukuba 'imiyalelo ngqo' ukuya iindonga lwesibonelelo: 9 kumiswe umsebenzi oonjingalwazi, wazisa ukuhluza engqongqo kunye enqabeni ende indlela ubuso.

imisebenzi Lobachevsky ebanzi

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha uchaza ixesha nzima kusekwa kwi-University of lenqubo-amapolisa, eyathatha iminyaka 7. Nyamezela iimvavanyo nzima yanceda ukunyanzela umoya ogwilikayo kunye nexesha ngokupheleleyo kwesi ingcali yenzululwazi, angazishiyi naliphi na umzuzu ixesha free.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, owashiya iindonga ze-University, bafundisa kuzo zonke iikhosi yemathematika, nabo nesigxina ofisi ebonakalayo ufunda esi sifundo, wafundisa abafundi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye geodesy de I. M. Simonov waba ukhenketho yehlabathi. Umsebenzi omninzi sele imali kuzo ngokubeka ukuze elayibrari, ingakumbi ngokuzalisa inxalenye yakhe ngokwasemzimbeni kunye zemathematika. Endleleni, sezibalo UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, njengoko usihlalo wekomiti yokwakha, ukubongamela ukumiswa kwesakhiwo yunivesithi kunye nexesha elithile usesikhundleni umphathi-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

Non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky

Inani elikhulu kwemicimbi ekhoyo, imfundiso jikelele, yolawulo kunye nophando umsebenzi ingabi ngumqobo ubuchule IMathematika: ukusuka usiba yakhe iincwadi 2 kwizikolo eziphakamileyo - "Algebra" (enetyala ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo metric) kunye "Geometry" (ishicilelwe ). Ngomhla inxalenye Magnitsky UNikolai Ivanovich wabekwa phantsi kweliso elibukhali, ngenxa ngokubonakala isibindi kunye waphula umthetho nemimiselo lusekiwe. Noko ke, kule meko, yokusebenza ehlazisayo isidima sobuntu, Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich wasebenza nzima phezu ulwakhiwo olucokisekileyo iziseko geometry. Isiphumo yomsebenzi onzima ngolo izazinzulu yaba ukubhaqwa geometry entsha, egqibeleleyo iindlela uhlaziyo olukhulu iingqiqo ngexesha of Euclid (kwinkulungwane III BC. E.).

Ebusika 1826, ingcali yezibalo Russian iye yenziwa ingxelo ngokusekelwe zejiyometri ezosulela ukuba ngokutsha iqela oonjingalwazi baziincamisa. Noko ke, le ngxelo kulindeleke (nokuba ngaba intle okanye negative) sifunyenwe, kwaye bengekafiki ngqangi yengxelo exabisekileyo maxesha ethu. Le Isazinzulu elayibrari zibandakanyiwe umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala "Ngenxa geometry", epapashwe ngo-1829-1830 gg. kwi "Journal of Kazan." Ukongezelela inkcazo yezinto ezibaluleke zejiyometri, UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky wachaza inkcazelo ethe shinyi lwe umsebenzi (delineating ngokucacileyo ukuqhubeka yalo kunye differentiability), ngokuphosakeleyo kuthiwa sezibalo German Dirichlet. Izazinzulu ziye kwakhona kwenziwe uphando olunzulu lwe thotho netrigonometri, kuqikelelwa eminyaka ezimbalwa kamva. A yezibalo onesiphiwo Ungumbhali indlela isisombululo wokwamanani kwizibalo kunye kwexesha ngokungafanelekanga baqamba "Graeffe indlela".

Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich: Interesting Facts

NoMphicothi Magnitsky, siwagxobhagxobhe izenzo zakhe iminyaka embalwa, ulindele ukuba kukho ishwangusha yaseXhora: ngokuhlukumeza ezininzi ezichongiweyo kuphicotho uthumo olukhethekileyo, wasuswa post yakhe, wamthuma ekuthinjweni. Enye yemfundo iziko trustee wamiselwa uMikhail Musin-Pushkin, owaba nako ukuqonda i UNikolai Lobachevsky esebenzayo nekucetyiswa ngenxa isithuba Umphathi University Kazan.

Iminyaka 19, ukususela 1827, Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich (photo lesikhumbuzo e Kazan 'yabona. Ngaphezu) wasebenza nzima kule ndawo, ekufezekiseni ekuqaleni umntwana yakhe ayithandayo. Ngenxa Lobachevsky - ukuphucuka ecacileyo kwinqanaba imisebenzi yesayensi neyokufundisa ngokubanzi, ulwakhiwo inani elikhulu izakhiwo ofisi (ofisi ngokwasemzimbeni, ithala leencwadi, ilabhoratri lwekhemikhali, Astronomical Observatory kunye nemagnethi, sokuhlaziya, zocweyo mechanical). Ngqonyela naye ngunozala kwijenali engqongqo yenzululwazi "Oosonzululwazi leenowuthsi Kazan University," ukutshintshwa "Kazan Bulletin" kwaye yapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1834. Ngaxeshanye kunye Umphathi iminyaka 8 nikhokelwa kwithala UNikolai, owenza umsebenzi wokufundisa, ukubhala umyalelo ootitshala lwemathematika.

Yi ukufaneleyo Lobachevsky akunakwenzeka ukuba asidlulisele inkxalabo ngokunyanisekileyo entliziyweni malunga yunivesithi kunye nabafundi bayo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1830 wakwazi ekwahluleni kwindawo zokufunda ukuqhuba kweentsholongwane obucokisekileyo ukonga abasebenzi sorhudo bhubhane iziko. Ngexesha umlilo eyoyikekayo e Kazan (1842) ikwazile ukugcina phantse kuzo zonke izakhiwo zemfundo, izixhobo ngeenkwenkwezi imathiriyeli yethala leencwadi. Kwakhona, UNikolai wavula kwinginginya utyelelo ivideo iilayibrari eyunivesithi kunye olondolozo lwembali liye laququzelela udidi ezithandwayo zobuninzi.

Ngenxa yemigudu okukhulu Lobachevsky linegunya, kuqala-class, kakuhle oxhobele Kazan University lelinye lamaziko emfundo engcono eRashiya.

Ukungaqondi kunye alahle iingcamango sezibalo Russian

Lonke eli xesha, izibalo akupheli kuphando oluqhubekayo ajolise kuphuhliso geometry entsha. Ngelishwa, izimvo zakhe - nzulu kunye fresh, njengoko ibivela ukuba saziwe iyinto eyamkelekileyo ukuba ababephila zindishiyile, mhlawumbi akazange afune ukuba siqonde imisebenzi Lobachevsky. Ukungaqondi kunye kunokuthiwa ezinye ubungakanani ukuxhatshazwa kwabafundi ngabanye akayekanga UNikolai Ivanovich: - ". Ukusetyenziswa geometry wentelekelelo kwezinye integrals" ngo-1835 wapapasha "geometry ngengqondo ', kunye nonyaka kamva Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ihlabathi wabona lo msebenzi ngokubanzi "New Ukuqala geometry wokuvukela ngokupheleleyo ngaxeshanye", linegama emfutshane, ecacileyo kakhulu izyasnenie izimvo zalo eziphambili.

Ithuba nzima ubomi imathematika

Musa ukufumana ukuqonda kwabo ilizwe labo lokuzalwa, Lobachevsky wagqiba ukuba abantu abafana-nye amazwe. Ngowe-1840 Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich (bona ifoto. Xa review) lapapasha umsebenzi wakhe ezichazwe ngokucacileyo iingcamango ezingundoqo ulwimi waseJamani. Enye ikopi yale nguqulelo yanikezelwa GAUSS, ngubani wasebenza ngasemva emfihlekweni we geometry non-Euclidean, kodwa akazange nabuganga bakuthetha esidlangalaleni ngeengcinga zakhe. Ekubeni ngomsebenzi imisebenzi oogxa Russian, i-German yacebisa ukuba ukhethe umlingani Russian ukuya Royal Society of Göttingen njengelungu incwadi. Laudatory malunga Lobachevsky, Lo wathetha kuphela kwidayari yakhe esangqeni amadoda kakhulu omthembileyo. Election Lobachevsky babesaba nayo; kwathi ngo 1842, kodwa imeko sisazinzulu Russian, akukho ukuphucula; yena kwafuneka ukuba asebenze kwi-University of emi-4.

I-Government of Nicholas Ndandingafuni ukuvavanya iminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha kwaye ngo-1846 wamshenxisa kuye emsebenzini eyunivesithi, ogama ngokusesikweni unobangela: ebukhali ngezimvo zempilo. Ngokusemthethweni, i Ngqonyela owayesakuba kokunikelwa kwisikhundla oncedisayo mafa, kodwa ngaphandle ukubekela umvuzo. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ukugxothwa nasekusweleni isitulo professorial Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane kwaye namhlanje ifundwa ezikolweni, kucetyiswa utitshala esikhundleni Kazan yokuzilolonga A. F. Popova, ngokugqibeleleyo wayekhusela idizeteyishini yakhe zobugqirha. UNikolai wacinga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunika indlela echanekileyo ebomini ubuchule izazinzulu abaselula 'ukufumana yaye engafanelekanga ukubamba esitulweni kwiimeko ezinjalo. Kodwa, baphulukene zonke kanye kanye ngendlela ezingeyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo ngokwabo izikhundla, Lobachevsky walahlekelwa ithuba ukukhokela kuphela eyunivesithi, kodwa ngandlel 'ithile ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yeziko.

Kubomi bentsapho Lobachevskii UNikolai Ivanovich ukususela 1832 kokuba utshate Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. Xa lo mtshato kwazalwa abantwana-18, kodwa wasinda ezisixhenxe kuphela bonke.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngenkani ukususwa kwimeko ubomi bakhe, ukungaphumeleli geometry entsha, abangenambulelo rough koogxa bakhe, ukwehla okukhulu yobume bemali (ngenxa ungonakala kwilifa sibini ziye makuthengiswe ngalo ngenxa amatyala) kunye yeha lomtshato (ilahleko 1852, unyana omdala) Deplete sichaphazele impilo emzimbeni nasengqondweni yezibalo Russian: yena ngokubonakalayo exazalala waqala ukuphelelwa emehlweni akhe. Kodwa tameke UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky akazange ayeke ukuya iimviwo, beze iziganeko festive, inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zemfundo yaye waqhubeka ukusebenza ukuze kungenelwe yenzululwazi. Umsebenzi ophambili sezibalo Russian "Pangeometriya" eyayibhalwe abafundi ababhali tameke Lobachevskian ngonyaka phambi kokufa kwakhe.

Lobachevskiy uNikolay Ivanovich, kwafunyanwa geometry leyo eyaxatyiswayo kweminyaka elishumi kuphela kamva, asiyiyo ngumphandi kuphela lemathematika ezintsha. Isazinzulu Hungarian Janos Bolyai, ngaphandle koogxa Russian, nabo kuqaliswa iNkundla ngo-1832, umbono wakhe non-Euclidean geometry. Noko ke, imigudu yakhe abazange nok bexesha lakhe.

Ubomi sesayensi obalaseleyo, azinikele ngokupheleleyo ukuya Science Russian kunye neDyunivesiti Kazan, laphela Februwari 24, ngo1856. Lobachevsky wangcwatywa, kwaye azinakanwa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, e Kazan, kwi Arsk emangcwabeni. Kuphela emva kwamashumi ambalwa imeko lesayensi litshintshile kakhulu. A indima enkulu kwi ukuqatshelwa nokwamkeleka imisebenzi UNikolai Lobachevsky wadlala isifundo Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. Ukuqonda ukuba geometry Euclidean wabonakala enye epheleleyo-epheleleyo yempembelelo ebalulekileyo ihlabathi yenzululwazi kunye kunika inkuthazo kwezinye iingcamango nesibindi zenzululwazi ngqo.

Indawo kunye nomhla wokuzalwa UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky eyaziwa abaninzi ababephila, ezinxulumene iinzululwazi ngqo. Imbeko Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo igama wentaba eNyangeni. Igama sisazinzulu enkulu IsiRashiya ilayibrari uphando lweYunivesithi e Kazan, lowo lanikezela lesiqa enkulu ebomini bakho. Kwakhona izitrato Lobachevskian kwizixeko ezininzi eRashiya, kuquka eMoscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.