Bodwa Reproductive - linyathelo lokuqala ekudalweni nasekusungulweni kweentlobo

Ngenxa bodwa okuzala kwemiphakathi uhlobo olunye luqala, siyaqhubeka iziphelo igqunyiwe ngokupheleleyo, ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha nawuphi ephilayo emhlabeni. bodwa Reproductive - alpha kunye omega ye nasekusungulweni eziphilayo emhlabeni.

theory wedwa

Panmictic izityalo kunye nezilwanyana (abo ukuzala ngokwesini) ingqiqo "imbono" idibanisa iseti eziphilayo ezifanayo ngeendlela ezininzi, uhlala kwindawo ethile kunye nesakhono nokuzala ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuthetha hybridization simahla nenkangeleko nenzala otyebileyo. bodwa Reproductive - isithintelo iyonke okanye inxenye kwi kwibhulorho free. Nje phantsi exclusion enxulumene kunye nenkqubo lokuzala, baqonde baze badlale nenzala wawuqalekisa gqith.

Ukuhlelwa nokwambathisa eziphilayo

Namhlanje, izazinzulu ezahlukeneyo - zazivelela banika iindidi ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zokuhlela, iintlobo kunye neendlela amakheswa eziphilayo. Kukho iindlela, ethatha njengesiseko ixesha factor, okanye hetiseka na akuvelanga ukuwela. Mandithathe njengesiseko lo mgaqo lixhaphakileyo systematization kolwazi malunga wedwa ezinikezelwa yi sebhayoloji udumileyo - FG kwindaleko Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Zonke iintlobo yokugquma ayashiyana ngokwendlela indlela ingenzeka:

• bodwa yendawo kwamanani;
• yokusingqongileyo;
• eyona eziphilayo.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngohlobo bodwa okuzala.

kwesithintelo geographical

bodwa Geographic lokuzala - Kwenza kwibhulorho simahla eziphilayo ebangelwa utshintsho kubunjani zejoloji (ukubonakala imiqobo ntaba, utshintsho ezibhedini emlanjeni) okanye iintlobo nokuhlaliswa kwiindawo ezinkulu. Kulo mzekelo Yindibanisela liqela eziphilayo, beesekethe isikhephe tshintshiselwano zofuzo ngaphakathi kwiqela ekwanti. Owona mzekelo idumileyo - iintaka ezincinane zikaDarwin, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lwazo uphawu siqithi nganye. Kuyinto ezi ntaka eyabangela uCharles Darwin ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural".

indawo yokwambathisa neemeko zokuhlala

Ukuba imiba yokusingqongileyo ezisisiseko bodwa eziphilayo okuzala kwemiphakathi zohlobo olufanayo, ekhoyo kwindawo enye. Ezo ezenza mismatching ixesha zityalwe, okanye iimpawu feed ngabanye. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba le fom ayikho into bodwa okuzala. Esi sithintelo ubuso ingakhokeleli nakwenzeka lomnqamlezo-zizalele nakuzo. Nangona, izimvo izazi, imizekelo ezikhoyo kwindalo. ubomi amathathu kunxweme weArctic iintlobo itywina. Bonke bavela kukhokho efanayo phylogenetic. Kodwa Ross seal ondle kuphela izilwanyana, nehlosi ulwandle - kakubi abazingeli yoonombombiya kunye nezinye zamanzi uyitywine Witt utya kuphela iintlanzi. Yaye musa hybridize kunye nabanye, nangona ezifana kakhulu ngembonakalo.

ngabodwa Eneneni zokuzala

Eneneni bodwa okuzala - likwimo leyo inxulumene ngqo iimpawu inkqubo okuzala. Emva koko ama dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny kunye neendlela ezithintela ukudlalwa ngohlobo lwazo.

Abanye abaphengululi baye ngokuba zonke iintlobo yokugquma zebhayoloji okanye iindlela ekuzaleni yaye ziquka ngokwezelizwe kunye ikholoji iqela bodwa dokopulyativnoy yodwa okuzala.

mechanisms Dokopulyatsionnnye

Oku iindlela zodwa ezinxulumene ne nakwenzeka ukukhwela. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu:

1. Etologichekaya ezinxulumene iimpawu zokuziphatha zesini, ikheswa okuzala. Imizekelo: a ukuziphatha wesithethe ukusukelwa iintaka, ezahlukeneyo ukuqhwanyazaemva zesingqisho kwenkanyezi kubunjani kunye nethoni kumtshato izandi amasele, umahluko kwi pheromone (imichiza yonxibelelwano) makati amakhulu.
2. bodwa ngoomatshini ngenxa umahluko kubume amalungu okuzala. Umzekelo, umahluko isakhiwo orchid intyatyambo kungakhokelela ubukho uvuvuzelo kwefom ezithile Ingcungcu. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo Sage eziqhelekileyo. Izilwanyana zinqabile. Hi xikombiso, ku Drosophila zikhwela iimazi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kukhokelela ukwenzakala okanye ukufa neqabane.
3. Akukho iiseli ukuphazamiseka intsholongwane (gametes) ekuthiwa usambathisa germline. Yangqineka ngokomfuniselo kwiilebhu kunye zoo kuphela. Kulo mzekelo, nenkunzi kuthatha indawo, kodwa hayi ivundiswe elilodwa.

iintlobo Poslekopulyativnoy yodwa zokuzala

Le ngqiqo likufutshane dokopulyativnoy wokugqibela kuthetha wedwa, kodwa kule meko kwasekwa mbungu. Noko ke, mhlawumbi owambulala nisaqala ontogeny, okanye yafa phambi ekufikiseni, okanye abantu hybrid abantu abawaziyo. Indlela ukufa kunye inzalo hybrid ezintsonkothileyo ezinxulumene gene, chromosome okanye iimpawu cytological. Imizekelo yeentlobo ngeentlobo ibhastile nto aziwa. ibhastile nto ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, njengoko i ngaphandle, ukuze ikwazi ukuzala. Kodwa ke kukho isenzeko eziphilayo yamehlo iintlobo hybrid - isizukulwana ngasinye ezilandelelanayo ibhastile nto iya isiba buthathaka kakhulu kwaye ngcembe bazale.

Ukubaluleka begazi amakheswa zokuzala

Ayizizo zonke iintlobo Ukuqhela abantu ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni kusekwe iintlobo ezintsha. Kodwa inyathelo lokuqala speciation usoloko uba bodwa buso okanye epheleleyo kwemiphakathi okanye amaqela eziphilayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa izinto Exchange sofuzo iqela evaliweyo eyahlukileyo oluhlala ntlobo ezifuzeneyo kwezinye amaqela olu hlobo, ikheswa ekuzaleni uba namandla ngakumbi kwaye iphelele. Kunye nokwanda kwenani elaneleyo umahluko kwi genomes ithi ebumba iintlobo ezintsha. Eziphilayo, asikuko elula kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kakhulu ukwahlula iqela eziphilayo a look entsha. Kunjalo, zonke ngobanjiso trawling olunzulu-ulwandle lunyusa abameli uphando ulwandle okwangoku yaziwe systematics mihla.