Yintoni na ke iliso ebantwini? Indlela emayenziwe ngayo iliso

imiba yokwakheka zisoloko umdla ethile. Ngapha koko, ezikuchaphazela ngamnye kuthi ngqo. Phantse wonke ubuncinane kanye, kodwa wayenomdla koko emehlweni. Yinto - ingqiqo ilungu kakhulu-ethe. Oku kuya amehlo, abangaboniyo, sifumana malunga ne-90% ye ulwazi! Kuphela 9% - encediswa kwetyala. Ne-1% - ngamanye amabhunga. Kaloku, ubume eye - ngokwenene yeyona esinomdla isihloko, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele oko iinkcukacha ezininzi.

khumba

Kufuneka uqale nge kwamagama. Iliso lomntu nesithandwa ilungu bakhubazeke enomthwalo yemisebe magnetic kuluhlu woqondo of zamaza.

Luquka inwebu ejikeleze engundoqo zombilini. Ntoleyo, nayo, iquka uburharha zolwelo, crystalline lens umzimba vitreous. Kodwa oku - kamva kancinane.

Ukuthetha ngento na emehlweni, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe iqokobhe layo. Ezintathu. Lokuqala - lwangaphandle. Zamahlathi, ezinezikhondo, oko izihlunu yangaphandle lweliso lakho iqhotyoshelweyo. Eliqokobe la engenamsebenzi olukhuselayo. Kodwa ke yena lowo kugqiba imilo iso. Ebandakanywa inwebu kunye sclera.

Tunica ebizwa yegazi ngakumbi. Lunoxanduva kwiinkqubo pathways, inika isondlo amehlo. Luquka iris, umzimba ciliary kunye choroid. Xa iziko lo umfundi.

Kwaye ke iqokobhe engaphakathi idla ngokuba net. I-receptor iso, kwaye apho kukho imbono kokukhanya ukudluliselwa kolwazi CNS. Ngokubanzi, njengoko unako ubalise ngokufutshane. Kodwa ke, ekubeni icandelo ngalinye umzimba kubaluleke kakhulu, kufuneka ngamnye kuchaphazela ingqalelo ngamnye kubo. Ngoko ukufumana ukuqonda ngcono oko emehlweni.

inwebu

Ngoko ke le - le nxalenye khaxa lweliso lakho, icandelo le-inwebu engaphandle, kwakunye ukukhanya-refracting ngaphaya medium. Inwebu ifana khaxa-phakathi lens.

ingxenye main Its - a nokuqina ijwabu stroma. inwebu Front ogqunywe epithelium wakubo. Noko ke, amagama enzululwazi ilula kakhulu ngokubhekiselele mbono, ngoko ke kungcono ukuba uchaze isihloko zithandwa. Eyona engundoqo iimpawu inwebu - a sphericity, specularity, elubala, ubuntununtunu kunye nokunqongophala imithambo yegazi.

Zonke ezi zinto zingasentla kunye "injongo" yale yinxalenye yomzimba. Enyanisweni, lo inwebu - kuyafana ilens kwicamera yesuntswana. Nkqu isakhiwo ayefana kuba kokubini kunye enye lens eqokelela kwaye lujolise reyi nokukhanya kwelo cala. Nguwo lowo umsebenzi refracting eliphakathi.

Ukuthetha ngento na iliso, ngeke kodwa kuchaphazela ingqalelo kunye neempembelelo ezimbi, aye ukujongana. Inwebu, umz, ukuba sengozini ezenzeka ngaphandle. Ukuze sibe ngaphezulu ngqo - eluthulini, utshintsho izibane, umoya kunye nokungcola. Kamsinya nje itshintsha into kokusingqongileyo, ngoko kukho ukuvalwa iinkophe (odanyazayo), photophobia, kunye iinyembezi baqala ukuba iqukuqele. Ngoko ke, singatsho ukhuseleko isebenze umonakalo.

yokuvikela

A amagama ambalwa kufuneka athi malunga iinyembezi. Le - ulwelo zendalo eziphilayo. Yena wavelisa le ndlala lacrimal. Eyona uphawu - a Opalescence encinane. Le meko enombala, ngalo ukukhanya iqala uthothe obukhulu, nto leyo echaphazela umgangatho komfanekiso kunye kwimbono yokusingqongileyo. fluid Lacrimal yi-99% yamanzi. Enye ekhulwini - kodwa into ezingaphiliyo nto wemagniziyam carbonate, sodium chloride, yaye omnye phosphate calcium.

Iinyembezi babe iipropati antibacterial. Yahlanjwa yeso. Ke ubuso bawo oko uhlala ayakhuselwa kwimiphumo uthuli, izinto zangaphandle kunye nomoya.

Enye ingxenye iliso - lo ngeenkophe. Kwi ijwabu eliphezulu inani yabo malunga 150-250. Phezu komhlaba - 50-150. Kwaye ke umsebenzi ongundoqo ngeenkophe iyafana naleyo iinyembezi - zokhuselo. Bona ukukhusela ukungena kokungcola nomphezulu iliso, isanti, uthuli, yaye kwimeko izilwanyana - nkqu nezinambuzane ezincinane.

iris

Ngoko ke, lo ngasentla baxelelwa ukuba, ukusuka apho engaphandle ukutyabeka iso na. Ngoku ke baxelele avareji. Ngokuqhelekileyo, siza kuthetha malunga iris. Yena a kovalo nobugcisa kwaye ezihambayo. Le esemva inwebu kunye iliso phakathi iikhamera - nje phambi lens. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba cishe ayithethi ukukhanya.

Iris yenziwe zombala ezibonakalisa umbala wayo, kunye nezihlunu setyhula (ngenxa yabo ukuvala umfundi). Hi ndlela leyi, le yinxalenye iliso nazo zibandakanya zikhabane. Kuphela ababini kubo - mesodermal kunye ectodermal. Eyokuqala unoxanduva umbala yamehlo, njengoko iqulethe melanin. Umaleko yesibini iqulathe sombala iiseli fustsinom.

Ukuba umntu amehlo aluhlaza, ngoko ectodermal yakhe umaleko okubi kwaye iqulethe melanin encinane. Le nombala sisiphumo kwelifu kukhanya stroma. Ke kaloku, ephantsi ingxinano wayo - ayegcwele ngakumbi na umbala.

Amehlo Blue abantu abane kuguquka kwi HERC2 zofuzo. Baye zavelisa ubuncinane-bala lintsundu. stromal ezinoxinano kulo mzekelo ingaphezulu kwimeko yangaphambili.

bala lintsundu emehlweni kakhulu eluhlaza. Ngendlela, xa lokusekwa umbala ludlala indima ebalulekileyo lezakhi iinwele ezibomvu. Umbala oluhlaza Pure inqabile kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba kukho ubuncinane "ngapantsi" thunzi, zibizwa ngolo hlobo.

Ukanti uninzi bala lintsundu equlethwe emehlweni brown. Anciphisa lonke ukukhanya. Njengoko kunye ezitsho eziphezulu nezisezantsi. Ukukhanya kubonakala inika umthunzi emdaka. Hi ndlela leyi, ekuqaleni, kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, bonke abantu amdaka.

Kukho omnyama. Amehlo umbala siqulathe bala lintsundu kangangoko ukuba bonke ekungeneni kwabo ukukhanya ako ngokupheleleyo. Waye endleleni, amaninzi "elithi" kubangela ukuba nombala nombala lweliso lakho.

choroid

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ingqalelo, ndixela oko emehlweni oluntu. Sikhoyo ngaphantsi nje sclera (protein iqokobhe). main osemqoka Its - indawo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela ukutshintsha amandla zokunganyangeki. Simple yokuhlala umzekelo izicacele: Ukuba sifuna ukufunda oko kubhaliweyo kumqulu woshicilelo ocoliweyo - singajonga kwaye ukwahlula amagama. Kufuneka ukubona into mgama? Nathi ukukwenza oko. Lo msebenzi, kuba amandla ethu ukuqonda ngokucacileyo izinto akhiwe kwi kude.

Kakade ke, sithetha ntoni ngoko iliso ebantwini, asingekhe silibale ngayo umfundi. Kwakhona kunokuba yinxalenye "zeentshukumo" kuyo. Ubukhulu be umfundi azifani, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo valiweyo banzi. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba umsinga ukukhanya engena iliso kulawulwa. Umfundi, ukuphakama ubukhulu, "wazinqumla" eqaqambileyo kakhulu imitha yelanga ngemini ingakumbi ecacileyo, kwaye ivumela abantu abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka xa imozulu yinkungu okanye ebusuku.

kufuneka bazi

Kwindawo imangalisayo iso njengokhozo, kufuneka ingqalelo. Oku mhlawumbi owawungekhe kwisihloko phantsi kwengxoxo. Kutheni? Hayi noko, ngenxa yokuba lo impendulo yombuzo eyenza umgaqo njengokhozo lweliso, nto - ngenxa nto. Enyanisweni, yiyo! Ngapha koko, lo umfundi - umngxuma ancedisana lweliso lakho. Kodwa oko ecaleni kulo izihlunu ezikuvumela ukuba enze umsebenzi okhankanywe ngasentla. Oko kukuthi, indlela ukukhanya.

umsipha Unique i sphincter. Esisingqongileyo isahlulo ngohlangothi iris. Sphincter iqulathe kwimicu edibene namanye. Sekunjalo dilator khona - na umsipha elinoxanduva ekwandiseni umfundi. It iqulathe iiseli epithelial.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ingqalelo kwenye okunika umdla. I-avareji iliso iqulathe izinto eziliqela, kodwa umfundi - kakhulu-ethe. Ukuba uyakholwa manani zonyango,-20% yabantu sihlangene ngezifo ebizwa anisocoria. Meko apho abafundi befundiswa nobukhulu obahlukeneyo. anokukwazi ukuba zikhubazekile. Kodwa asingabo bonke aba-20% uphawu libizwe. Inkoliso Andazi nokuba malunga anisocoria ebusweni. Abantu abaninzi baye baqonde kuphela emva kotyelelo kagqirha, apho abantu isigqibo, imvakalelo luzizi, iintlungu, ptosis (zibhetyebhetye kuzo ijwabu eliphezulu), njl Kodwa abanye diplopia kwenzeka - .. "umfundi Double".

retina

Le - inxalenye kufuneka ukuba kuqatshelwe ingqalelo eyodwa, sithetha ngento na emehlweni oluntu. Le retina inwebu obhityileyo, ngokusondeleyo ezikufutshane umzimba vitreous. Ntoleyo, nto, nto lizele 2/3 lweliso lakho. Vitreous inika iliso lasekunene kunye nefomu lecebo. Kananjalo refracts ukukhanya ngokungenisa kwiretina.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, iliso lenziwa amaqokobhe ezintathu. Kodwa ke - kuphela isiseko. Ngapha koko, ezininzi zomaleko 10 retina! Kwaye ukuba ngqo, inxalenye yayo ezibonwayo. Kusekho "iimfama", apho akukho ziiphotoreceptor. Le nxalenye sahlulwe le ciliary kunye iris. Kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba babuyele maleko ezilishumi. Eyokuqala emihlanu: sakhi, fotosensorny kunye angaphandle (inwebu, granular kunye spletenievidny). Lo maleko aseleyo amagama afanayo. Oku ezintathu yangaphakathi (kwakhona granular, spletenievidny kunye inwebu), kunye ababini, omnye apho wenziwa luvo, kunye nezinye - ukusuka iiseli ganglion.

Kodwa yintoni kanye linoxanduva acuity olubonakalayo? Iindawo ezenza iliso - oko umdla, kodwa singanqweneleka ukwazi eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba acuity olubonakalayo idibana fovea usembindini retina. Libizwa ngokuba "yechaphaza elimthubi". Ine- seqanda kwaye ibekwe phambi umfundi.

ziiphotoreceptor

Interesting enezivamvo - amehlo ethu. Yintoni na - Imikhuba ngasentla. Kodwa ke akukho nto yathi malunga ziiphotoreceptor. Kwaye, ukuba ngqo ngakumbi, malunga iintonga kunye cone akhiwe kwiretina. Kodwa ke nayo ibaluleke.

Baya igalelo kwinguqu isivuseleli ukukhanya ulwazi uzayo CNS ka Imicu luvo optic.

Ibhumbulu sensitive kakhulu ukuba ukukhanya. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba isiqulatho iodopsin. Le - kombala olunika umbono umbala. Kukho rhodopsin, kodwa akukho - umahluko epheleleyo ukuze iodopsin. Ekubeni le sombala onoxanduva ngombono ebusuku.

Umntu umbono elungileyo 100 ekhulwini, kukho malunga 6-7 million cone. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukuba kangako ekukhanyeni (apho kufuneka kube kubi malunga 100) ngaphezu intonga. Noko ke, ukuqonda ngcono ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Ngemisimelelo, ngasendleleni, ngakumbi - malunga nezigidi ezili-120. Baya nje bafumana rhodopsin ngumzekelo.

Ncangathi ukunika amandla olubonakalayo yabantu ebusuku. Ibhumbulu ebusuku azenzi kwaphela - kuba kufuneka basebenze ubuncinane eyayinethombo ubuncinane photons (ukukhanya).

imisipha

Kufuneka kakhulu ukuba ukuthetha, bexoxa iindawo ezenza iliso. Izihlunu - oku oko kuvumela ilungiselelo ngqo apile kwi kwisokethi emehlweni. Bonke sivela ashinyeneyo amakhonkco zeethishu nokuqina notorious. Izihlunu engundoqo zibizwa ngokuba elibhalwe ngokumileyo, kuba ziqhotyoshelwe yeso kwi-engile.

Thread kungcono ukuba uchaze ngolwimi olulula. Zonke intshukumo lweliso lakho kuxhomekeke izihlunu ngayo apha. Simele sikhangele ekhohlo, ngaphandle sakujika intloko yakhe. Oku kungenxa yokuba intshukumo kwezihlunu ngqo ziyafana kumgama elinikiweyo ukusuka moya tyaba ukhozo lweliso yethu. Hi ndlela leyi, bathi cwaka, libambisene kunye elibhalwe ngokumileyo ukunika amathuba setyhula. Yeyiphi kuquka ukusebenza iliso nganye. Kutheni? Ngenxa kulo msebenzi ibandakanya zonke izihlunu iliso. Kwaye sonke siyazi; ukuba omnye okanye ezinye uqeqesho (akukho nto na kuwo enxulumene) wanika nemiphumo emihle, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenza kwicandelo ngalinye lomzimba.

Kodwa oku, Kakade ke, asizizo zonke. Kukho izihlunu longitudinal eziqala ukusebenza ngelo xesha, xa sijonga kude. Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu abo umsebenzi enxulumene noko icomputer okanye umsebenzi onzima, uziva intlungu emehlweni akhe. Kwaye kuba lula, xa kuzanywe, ndazikhamela amehlo akhe povraschat ndithule. Yeyiphi le nto kukho intlungu? Ngenxa uhlobo kwezihlunu. Abanye babo isebenze lonke ixesha, ngoxa abanye ukuphumla. Oko kukuthi, ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo ukuba buhlungu izandla zenu, ukuba umntu ephethe into enzima.

lens

Ukuthetha ngezinto iindawo iqulathe amehlo, umntu akakwazi kodwa kuchaphazela ingqalelo kunye "isiqalelo". Ilens, leyo sele ikhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, liqumrhu ngaphaya. Le - lens zebhayoloji, ukuba uwubeke ngolwimi olulula. Kwaye, oko, eli candelo ibalulekileyo refractor ukukhanya izixhobo ocular. Hi ndlela leyi, nkqu ilens ikhangeleka ngathi lens - oko lenticular, ngeenxa kunye neemeko ngeemeko.

Yena isakhiwo ebixhamla ubuncwane kunene. Ngaphandle lens thinnest philisi wayityabeka elikhusela ukusuka iimeko zangaphandle. ubukhulu wayo mm 0,008 kuphela.

Ilens bayaboniswa bachazelwe kangangoko zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Esisinda - cataract. Kule sifo (iminyaka, njengoko umgaqo) umntu ubona ihlabathi buthuntu, kufiphale kancinane. Yaye kwiimeko ezinjalo, lens replacement kunye zokufakelwa entsha. Ngethamsanqa ke, iliso lethu kwindawo yokuba uyakwazi ukutshintsha, ngaphandle echaphazela eminye iinxalenye.

Ngokubanzi, njengokuba ubona, isakhiwo ilungu yethu engundoqo sensory kunzima kakhulu. Eyes ezincinane, kodwa kuquka inani elikhulu lweziqalelo (khumbula iinkuni ubuncinane 120 million). Kwaye ingaba ixesha elide ukuthetha kumacandelo zayo, kodwa ke ezininzi ezingundoqo lokubhengeza.