Kweentonga ezo neziqina. cone abuthakathaka. Ubume retina - scheme

Umbono - yenye indlela yokufunda ngehlabathi yaye hlengisa ngokwabo esithubeni. Nangona isibakala sokuba ezinye izivamvo nayo ibalulekile kakhulu, ngoncedo iliso lomntu kuthatha malunga ne-90% yabo bonke ingcaciso evela kokusingqongileyo. Xa ukwazi ukubona oko okungeenxa zonke kuthi, sinako onokumxelela malunga iziganeko, ukwahlula izinto ukusuka omnye komnye, kwaye kananjalo wathi nobungozi. zilungiselelwe emehlweni abantu kangangokuba ukongeza izinto ngokwabo, solo ukwahlula kunye nombala, nto leyo ipeyintiweyo kwihlabathi lethu. Lijongene le zeeseli ezincinane ezikhethekileyo - iintonga kunye cone, aba bakhoyo kwi retina ngamnye kuthi. Enkosi kubo, safumanisa ukuba uhlobo lolwazi okukufutshane luyasuka engqondweni.

Ubume idayagramu iliso

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iliso ithatha indawo encinane kunjalo, iquka kukho ezininzi izakhiwo yokwakheka, sibonga ngalo thina sikwazi ukubona. Umbutho emehlweni edityaniswe phantse ngqo ingqondo, yaye ngoncedo ophthalmologists eyodwa yokufunda ukubona ekudibaneni kwe-luvo optic. Yeso ngokumila ungqukuva kwaye ibekwe elitywinwe ekhethekileyo - orbit, oluthi luqokelelane yi kwethambo ukakayi. Ukuze uqonde into efunekayo umzimba ezininzi isakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi isakhiwo eso. Lo mzobo ubonisa ukuba iliso kubandakanya amaqumrhu afana i vitreous, lens, cipande kunye namagumbi ngomva, luvo optic kunye iqokobhe. Ngaphandle kwe umzimba obugubungele sclera - amehlo iqokobhe olukhuselayo.

amehlo shell

Le sclera unalo umsebenzi ukukhusela ukhozo lweliso umonakalo. Yeyona lwangaphandle kwaye ubambe malunga 5/6 wobuso umzimba. Inxalenye sclera, ophezu ngaphandle kwaye iya ngqo kokusingqongileyo, ebizwa ngokuba inwebu. Zimpahla semvelo ukuba uyakwazi ukubona ihlabathi ngokucacileyo. Eyona iphambili nazo - elubala, reflectivity, ukufuma, behanahanisa kunye nesakhono Kwathi kwaye refract imisebe. Intsalela ingubo yokwaleka ye iliso - le sclera - ibandakanya sikhokelo kwizicwili ashinyeneyo. Ngezantsi oko umaleko elandelayo - nemithambo. Umyinge iqokobhe imelwe kumaqumrhu ezintathu series: i, iris umzimba ciliary (ciliary) kunye horeoideya. Ukongeza, umaleko nemithambo kuquka umfundi. Iluphawu umngxuma encinane, engakhankanywanga kule iris. Ngalinye kula unawo umsebenzi walo, apho kuyimfuneko ukunika umbono. Umaleko lokugqibela - retina. Kuba xa udibana ngqo ebuchotsheni. isakhiwo semehlo inzima kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba kucingwa umzimba ibalulekileyo kweqokobhe.

Ubume retina

umzimba esingxotyeni kwangaphakathi yinxalenye usemthethweni weZiko Medulla. Yena imelwe kweengqimba luvo, leyo ababomvu ngaphakathi iliso. Ngenxa retina, sifumana umfanekiso konke okungeenxa zonke kuthi. Wagxila zonke imitha refracted kwaye aqulunqwa kwisifundo ecacileyo. Iiseli zemithambo -luvo zeretina zidlulela luvo optic ngawo iinkcukacha ifikelela ingqondo. Ngomhla ngaphakathi iliso inendawo ebomvu encinane, nto leyo embindini kwaye unawo amandla aphezulu umbono. Le ndawo kuthiwa macula. Le ndawo ezibonwayo iiseli - iintonga kunye cone amehlo. Bona zisinika imini kunye nobusuku umbono bobabini ehlabathini.

Umsebenzi kwizinti kunye cone

Ezi seli zifumaneka retina iliso kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuze ubone. Iintonga kunye Ibhumbulu transducers abamnyama kunye nombono emhlophe kunye nombala. Zombini ezi ntlobo iiseli kuvela iliso of nezamkeli photosensitive. Cone bebesenjenjalo igama ngenxa ukwakheka kwalo etsobhileyo, ukuba unxulumano phakathi retina kunye nenkqubo luvo. Owona msebenzi wabo - a iminqweno uguqulelo ukukhanya afunyenwe kwi-bume ibe imiqondiso yombane (pulses) ukuba zilungiswa yi ebuchotsheni. Ingakumbi yokuqaphela emini bobabo iikhowuni kuba ziqulathe ebala - iodopsin. Le nto iye ngeentlobo ezimbalwa iiseli ukuba ukuqonda inxalenye ezahlukeneyo zazo. Oloba abaqaphela ngakumbi ekukhanyeni, ukuze umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko nzima ngakumbi - ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala ngongcwalazi. Baya nayo sombala - into rhodopsin into eyome kunye kwelanga.

Ubume kweentonga kunye cone

Igama ezi seli efunyenweyo ngenxa ukwakheka kwalo - zezindlu kunye etsobhileyo. Ngemisimelelo, ngokungafaniyo cone, ebekwe ngaphezulu kwimiphetho kwiretina kwaye phantse njengongekhoyo esikolweni macula. Oku kungenxa yokuba umsebenzi wabo - ukubonelela ngombono ebusuku kunye namasimi olubonakalayo neuropathy. Zombini ezi ntlobo iseli babe isakhiwo esifanayo kwaye ziqulathe ezine izahlulo:

1. ingxenye engaphandle - kodwa iintonga mbala lokuqala okanye iikhowuni zizele iqokobhe. Rhodopsin kunye iodopsin zibe kwimigqomo ezikhethekileyo - Recordable diski.
2. Cilium - yinxalenye esiseleni, enika Uqhakamshelwano phakathi ziqwempu nomphandle wocango.
3. Mitochondria - kubalulekile ukuba ukutya amandla. Ukongeza, ukuba ibekwe EPS kunye nee-enzayim eziyimfuneko ukuze kuyondelelaniswe inamacandelo cellular. Konke oku ingxenye engaphakathi.
4. kwalapho.

Ubungakanani receptors ukukhanya-ethe kwiretina iyahluka kakhulu. iiseli Rod- zenza ukuya malunga nezigidi 130. Cone retina ungaphantsi kakhulu kubo ngenani, umlinganiselo wabo, kukho malunga nezigidi ezingama-7.

Iimpawu adlulisela pulses ukukhanya

Iintonga kunye iikhowuni bayakwazi ukuqonda imveliso ukukhanya ayidlulisele kwindlela luvo. Zombini ezi ntlobo ze iiseli bayakwazi ukusebenza ngexesha lasemini. Umahluko kukuba uvakalelo of cone iphezulu kakhulu iinkuni. Imiqondiso yokudlulisa ifunyanwa nge interneurons, nganye ajoyine nezamkeli eziliqela. Association of iiseli ezininzi intonga-ezimile ukwenza iziko ezibuthathaka le mbono mkhulu kakhulu. Le meko ke yaziwa ngokuba "ukuhlangabezana". Uyasinika ngoshwankathelo eziliqela amasimi ezibonwayo, kwakunye nokukwazi ukuba zifake iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo eyenzekayo emhlabeni.

Ukukwazi ukuqonda imibala

Zombini ezi ntlobo ze receptors semehlo ziyimfuneko kuphela ukwahlula phakathi imini kunye nombono ebusuku, kodwa ukukhangela imifanekiso umbala. Ubume iliso yabantu ivumela izinto ezininzi: thatha indawo enkulu ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo, ukuze ubone ngalo naliphi na ixesha lemini. Ukongeza, siye sibe omnye bobuchule umdla - Umbono binocular, ukuvumela ukwandisa ngokutsha kakhulu. Iintonga kunye cone inxaxheba entsa phantse yonke umbala spectrum, khon 'ukuze abantu, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, ukwahlula zonke imibala zehlabathi. umbono Umbala ukunika izixhobo ngezinga elikhulu ezo iintlobo ezi-3 (elifutshane, eliphakathi kunye kwamaza elide). Noko ke, izinti nabo ukukwazi ukuqonda yinxalenye encinane zazo.