Iklasi Insects: imizekelo, iintlobo, iimpawu

Izinambuzane, imizekelo kunye iimpawu ngoku simele sicinge - iqela elikhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphila kulo mhlaba. Liquka malunga ne-80% yenani lilonke iintlobo zezilwanyana. iintlobo ngaphezu kwesigidi unalo iqela ezifana izinambuzane. Imizekelo nesayensi - hayi zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo endalweni. Mhlawumbi kangangoko kodwa esinokuzifumana. Wachaza oluninzi entsalela kunye neentlobo isetyenziswayo abangekaphuhli of ecacisa ngendaleko kweeyunithi namhlanje 29, apho yahlulwe izinambuzane. Imizekelo yeentlobo mihla eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Uninzi iifosili fanele ku Lower Carboniferous (million 345. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). Ngeli xesha amahlathi enkulu Amathafa sele umiwe inyakanyaka enamaphiko.

izilwanyana ukuyo

Naxa lulwandle izinambuzane. Imizekelo yezi ntlobo, Noko ke, zimbalwa. Abanye babo bahlale phezu kwamanzi, ngoxa abanye zifumaneka kwindawo kwamaza, kunye neentlobo kwelinye ohlala komile. Kodwa naphi angena zonke ezinye izilwanyana, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuvela khona nezinambuzane - mhlawumbi njengendlela free-form okanye izinambuzane ezinye izinto. Izinambuzane, Kakade ke, - uhlobo lubalaseleyo yobomi kuseloko kwaba Arctic ukuya ikhweyitha. Abanye babo bahlala phantsi qhwa, enye - ezinkqantosini, kunye nabanye - emachibini ityuwa kunye nemithombo eshushu. Izinambuzane nto zahlukahlukene kakhulu. E Southern California, akukho nokuba impukane (Psilopa petrolei), ngubani ichitha elona xesha lakhe izadunge zeoli. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili ukwenzela ukuchuma nezinambuzane - ukukwazi kwabo ukubhabha.

Ukukwazi ukubhabha

Ngaphandle kwe eziliqela ngeendlela nobu-, izinambuzane uninzi lihamba ngokukhululekileyo emoyeni, ebavumela ukuba baphonononge zokuhlala ezintsha, balekela amarhamncwa, fumana amahlakani kunye ukufumana ukutya lula ngaphezu baziphetheyo nezalamane zabo ukundiza ezingenamqolo. Abanye babo bade ukubamba amaxhoba emoyeni. Nangona izinambuzane yayo nempumelelo kwaye kufuneka ukubhabha, umlinganiselo ubunzima bomzimba kwindawo iphiko kukuba isondlo akufuneki ukuba ukubhabha. Enyanisweni, izihlunu amaphiko azo ukuvelisa nokuthengisa amandla ngesantya kakhulu. lima frequency High ihlawula deficiency lift.

Amacala izinambuzane kunye nendima yabo elichumayo yendaleko

Ubukhulu izinambuzane kwakhona siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni ukuchuma kwabo. Xa sebevele nje malunga 350 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwiimeko zentlalo na embhoxo yangoku. Izinambuzane wawazi kwada ivideo yayigcinwa eziphilayo. Oku kuchaza ubungakanani elincinane ngokwentelekiso yabo (oohlabamanzi eyaziwa kuyavunywa zokubasa kunye namaphiko cm ukuya kwi-76), ukuba unako ukuphila nande kulo kweemeko ezingentle izilwanyana ezinkulu.

izinambuzane bakudala

Kukholelwa ukuba izinambuzane baka yookhokho, amasongololo ezifanayo, abona ahluka kakhulu ubukho izibini ezithathu kuphela amalungu omzimba. isibini ngasinye iqhotyoshelwe ingxenye eyodwa nencum (indawo ephakathi lomzimba). Eyona abangekaphuhli yeefom mihla - ezi zinambuzane, imizekelo ezibandakanya ngezigaba ezine emanyeneyo phantsi kwegama Apterygota. Bonke abanye amaphiko zibizwa ngokuba Pterygota. Springtails kunye protura yenzekile, mhlawumbi ukusuka abantu ezifana diplura, kodwa omabini la maqela ekhulisa kumacala ahlukeneyo. Kuba springtails lubonakala ifolokhwe ekhethekileyo esiswini, kuba izenzo nanjengendawo ephuma kwaye ivumela ezi zilwanyana ukutsiba kakuhle. Protura akukho zeepali, kwaye eminye imisebenzi yazo yemilenze.

Amaqela eziphambili kunye namaqela inyakanyaka enamaphiko

Inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwemvelo uphuhliso ukuyilwa amaphiko izinambuzane kunye nokukwazi ukubhabha. iiyunithi ezimbini - mayflies kunye oohlabamanzi, ogama abameli akwazi ukubeka amaphiko emqolo ngexesha lokuphumla, bamanyene Palaeoptera Iqela (drevnekrylyh). Izinambuzane kokuba le ukukwazi ukwenza iqela Neoptera (novokrylyh). amaqela ezisixhenxe ingqalelo kakhulu abangekaphuhli ka Neoptera. Bona lubonakala ngokuba mouthparts ibonakala ngcono. Ukongeza, ukuba izinambuzane ikakhulu herbivorous. Imizekelo: I earwigs (ingasentla), iintubi, amaphela, kunye UMntanezulu et al stoneflies kwecala - isebe osecaleni kunye iimpawu ezininzi lwakudala .. Ngezigaba klopopodobnyh izinambuzane zibonisa ukuphucuka kancinane le mouthparts. Yena bakudala kwaye unspecialized kwi psocoptera (eliboniswe ngezantsi) okanye uphuhliso lihlaba-owanyayo bugs nayo.

Nezinye ii-odolo ze izinambuzane (Neuropteroidea) bafumana inzuzo ebalulekileyo phezu nezalamane zabo abangekaphuhli ngakumbi ngokuphucula umjikelo yophuhliso.

Izinambuzane noguqulo ezingaphelelanga kunye epheleleyo

Ngokubanzi, zonke iindidi Palaeoptera Neoptera kwaye yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini, kuxhomekeke kumjikelo yophuhliso. Izinambuzane kunye olukhulu engaphelelanga (imizekelo kuzo Hemimetabola kunye Apterygota) luphawulwa kukuba iqanda baqulunqa abatsha (Oophunguphungu) kusikhumbuza abadala. Kamva, emva kokutyhutyha uthotho molts, Oophunguphungu baba abadala senziwe ngokupheleleyo. Xa izinambuzane kunye olukhulu kakhulu (Holometabola) ukuqanduselwa ukusuka umbungu yeqanda alibonakali kanje umntu omdala.

Eli nqanaba (ezinqunquthayo okanye umbungu-ezifana kwindawo) ludla ngokutya ukutya eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ezidla iba nguphunguphungu, apho kuhlala kukwinqanam yokuphumla ngexesha iinyanga ezininzi kwaye ngoko nge milo (tissue yokwakha) uguqulwe sisinambuzane abadala. Umahluko yokuphila phakathi kuyo kunye abadala ukwenzela ukuba axhamle indawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngu Holometabola inikezela 84% yenani lilonke iintlobo zezinambuzane, kwaye uninzi lwabo zinokubaluleka ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho.

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera - iqembu olubanzi, nto leyo ihlabathi izinambuzane. Bona luphawulwa into yokuba isakhiwo esisiseko zesicwangciso babe utshintsho kancinci okanye. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zilwanyana zahluke kakhulu kwezinye izinambuzane kunye olukhulu kakhulu. Le iqela noko zodwa, kodwa uhlobo lophuhliso amaqanda olukhulu, yena esondela unomadudwane.

Apha naphaya ukuze okusingqongileyo

Kuba Coleoptera - iyunithi likhulu izilwanyana - luphawulwa kuphuhliso maphiko nzima, nesigubungelo ngasemva ngeembadada amaphiko membranous, ezisetyenziswa xa babengenawo. Le Amandla skeleton engaphandle kunye namakhono olulungisiweyo isicwangciso umzimba esisiseko kwaba imibandela ephambili kuphuhliso abantu abadala zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo. Le endopterygota ezishiyekileyo amaqela ngeenxa unomadudwane kanye kakhulu kwecala.

Butterflies zibonakaliswa ngamaphiko enamaxolo kunye mouthparts ezizodwa aguqulelwe zidla umpe. Nasekusungulweni kwale qela amanye amalungu komyalelo Diptera waba ngokunxulumene olusondeleyo nasekusungulweni izityalo kweentyatyambo.

Trichoptera branched angabikho amabhabhathane yokufumana amaphiko ixhonti kwaye ukuhlafuna mouthparts. Imibungu zezi yokuphila emanzini. Diptera aphaphazele nge kwisibini phambi amaphiko, kwaye eyesibini ijikwe halters zidlala amalungu flight kuvuselele indima. Diptera ezidla umboniso mkhulu ezikhethiweyo olulungisiweyo kunabanye izinambuzane. abadala abaninzi zitya igazi, yaye oku kubangelwe indima yabo ukosuleleka zizifo ezosulelayo. Kufuphi Diptera na iintakumba, azinayo amaphiko umzimba atshabalalisa yokuxazulula. Xa kwecala iintwala eli qela woba ectoparasites izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu.

ingxaki izinambuzane

Zininzi iintlobo evolutionarily phambili izinambuzane Holometabola zisoloko zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kumntu. Ezi zinto zinokonakalisa isityalo okanye ukusasaza izifo ezinobungozi. Phakathi Hemimetabola ezinjalo izinambuzane ezimbalwa. Imizekelo (izinambuzane) - iintwala iinkumbi. Kodwa zibangela umonakalo omkhulu ebantwini. omnye kuphela iintlobo - intlango inkumbi (Schistocerca gregaria) - kunokubangela ukulambela ngaphezu kwe-10% yabantu ehlabathini. Le kwezinambuzane (eliboniswe ngezantsi) uphinda phinda ngokukhawuleza emva kweemvula ezinkulu yaye abantu abaninzi ngesiquphe, esidla yonke amagqabi endleleni.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka kuthiwe izinambuzane ezininzi phantse nabungozi. Ngaphezu koko, badlala indima yabo sele indalo.

Ngoko ke, siye ingqalelo iqela umdla yaye elikhulu enjalo izilwanyana, ezifana izinambuzane. igama Imizekelo, zokuhlela kunye neempawu zazo zanikezelwa kweli nqaku. Ngethemba, ukufunda yinto emnandi kwaye luncedo kuwe.