Yintoni zivunywa? Iintlobo zivunywa (itheyibhile)

Enye yeendlela eziphambili izinto zazivelela ukongeza yemfuza, ukufuduka kunye nenguqu isakhi zivunywa. Iintlobo zivunywa ithetha utshintsho ezinjalo kweejini, leyo ukwandisa amathuba umzimba ngayo ukuphila nokuzala. Evolution kaninzi kubonwa nje ngenxa yale nkqubo, nto leyo kunokubangela ukusuka umahluko kwi okusinda iintlobo, irhafu ukuzalwa, isantya sophuhliso, impumelelo ukusukelwa okanye nayiphi na enye inkalo zobomi.

ukulingana imvelo

ezitsho gene kuhlala rhoqo ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, ukuba akukho zinto ephazamisayo eziphazamisana imali eseleyo yendalo. Ezi ziquka yemfuza wokuthuthwa (okanye flow gene), kokushenxa yemfuza random zivunywa. Ngokuguqula imizila - utshintsho yazenzekela ezitsho sofuzo kwabemi, esibonakala yi ngexabiso eliphantsi yophuhliso. Kulo mzekelo, umntu uhamba ukusuka labantu omnye komnye, yaye emva koko ilungiswe. Random drift genetic - utshintsho ethunyelwayo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye random ngokupheleleyo.

Zonke ezi zinto Ukutshintsha amaza kwaye ngaphandle zofuzo ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa amathuba okuphila ye ephilayo kunye nokudlala emva yayo yemvelo. Bonke bephela iinkqubo random. A zivunywa, iintlobo ukhetho yemvelo eliphakathi imiphumo sisiphazamiso ezi nkqubo, ekubeni zande nezihlandlo ziphile kwizizukulwana ezininzi nokuphelisa components eziyingozi.

Yintoni zivunywa?

Ukukhetha Natural kunegalelo ekulondolozweni ezo amaqela eziphilayo ukuba apha engcono neemeko emzimbeni yezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo. ngayo
isinyathelo kwezinto heritable phenotypic kwaye usebenzisa uxinzelelo uyakhetha zingachaphazela nawuphi na umba okusingqongileyo, kuquka ukhetho ngokwesondo kunye nokhuphiswano kunye namalungu zohlobo olufanayo okanye ezinye.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba le nkqubo isoloko ngqo kunye nemveliso izinto zazivelela ngendlela encomekayo. Ukukhetha Natural, iintlobo ukukhethwa yendalo xa iyonke, kukukhokelela ekupheliseni Ukrainian lunee ntlobo ngaphantsi kufanelekile.

Imidlalo ngaphakathi bakuyo yonke eziphilayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba zofuzo kwi genome ye luyinto eyodwa, kunye nenzala bayo ilifa ezinjalo zofuzo. Kule ubomi genomes basebenzisane bume. Ngenxa yoko, inani labantu uguquguquka.

Ingcamango zivunywa

Ukukhetha Natural yenye yeentsika eziphilayo mihla. Esisebenza phezu phenotype, zofuzo enika uncedo lokuhlola ukwanda ephakamileyo abakhoyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le nkqubo kunokukhokelela ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu (nakuba hayi kuphela) inkqubo yokuzivelela ngaphakathi labemi.
kanye umqondo laliqulunqwe yaza yapapashwa ngo-1858 yi-Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace kwi komphuta odibeneyo amaxwebhu ngokuphathelele imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Eli gama uye wachazwa nelo ukuya ukhetho ngumntu, okt inkqubo apho izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye imikhwa ethile ingqalelo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa ukuzala sizale. Igama elithi "zivunywa" ekuqaleni yaphuhliswa kungekho kwethiyori ilifa. Ngexesha lokubhala imisebenzi yakhe Darwin inzululwazi kwafuneka kodwa ukuphuhlisa kwithiyori imizila yemfuza mihla. Ukudibanisa kwemvelo yemveli kaDarwin kunye eziye zafunyaniswa ezilandelayo izakhi classical ezinto ibizwa njini yendaleko mihla. 3 iintlobo ukhetho zendalo kuhlala ingcaciso ephambili ukuba zazivelela ngendlela encomekayo.

wenza njani zivunywa?

Ukukhetha Natural - indlela ngawo umzimba isilwanyana akufundisayo kwaye uguquguquka. Xa ezingundoqo zalo, eziphilayo ngamnye ukuba zivunywa kokusingqongileyo asinde lukwavelisa ngakumbi ngempumelelo, evelisa imbewu ochumileyo. Emva imijikelo ezininzi yokuzala iintlobo ezinjalo lubalaseleyo. Ngoko uhlobo okucoca kakubi apha naphaya abantu ukuze kuxhamle bonke abemi.

Le yindlela elula kakhulu ukuba ebangela amalungu utshintsho oluthile yoluntu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Eneneni, oko yaphulwe ibe amanyathelo ezintlanu ezingundoqo: Ukwahluka, ilifa, ukhetho, ixesha kunye nokuziqhelanisa.

Darwin of zivunywa

Ngokwemfundiso yokukhethwa yendalo Darwin siquka namacandelo amane:

1. Nguqu. Izinto ngaphakathi labemi ukubonisa umahluko ngamnye inkangeleko nokuziphatha. Olu tshintsho ubungakanani umzimba, umbala iinwele ziquka, amatshatshazi phezu kobuso, iimpawu nelizwi okanye inani sazala. Kwelinye icala, ezinye izinto hayi ezinxulumene iiyantlukwano phakathi kwabantu, njengenani amehlo kwindawo ekuyo.
2. Zilandelana. Ezinye iimpawu thotho zidluliselwa ukusuka kubazali kwinzala. mpawu azuze, lo gama omnye iphenjelelwa ngamandla iimeko zokusingqongileyo, yaye ilifa buthathaka.
3. I eliphezulu Izinga lokukhula yabemi. Ubuninzi izilwanyana ukuvelisa inzala qho ngonyaka inani elikhulu kunokuba kuyimfuneko ukwenzela usasazo olulinganayo lwezibonelelo phakathi kwabo. Oku kukhokelela kukhuphiswano interspecific, kunye nokufa kwaphambi kwexesha.
4. Umahluko lokusinda kunye nokuzala. Zonke intlobo yokukhetha endalo abantu abashiye ngasemva ezo izilwanyana bayakwazi ukukhuphisana izibonelelo zasekuhlaleni.

Ukhetho Natural: iintlobo zivunywa

imfundiso Darwin yendaleko ngokupheleleyo zatshintsha ulwalathiso ikamva ingcamango zenzululwazi. Sesazulwini sayo yinkqubo yokhetho yendalo, nto leyo eyenzeka phezu izizukulwana ngezizukulwana, kwaye ichazwa genotypes umehluko yokuzala. Naluphi na utshintsho kokusingqongileyo (umz, ukutshintsha umbala ngesihlahla) kunokukhokelela lithathelwe yasekuhlaleni. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo yokukhethwa zendalo (jonga itheyibhile inombolo 1):

Ukukhetha gulwa

Ngokufuthi nezihlandlo yemfuza kwi DNA kwezinye iintlobo iphezulu ngokweenkcukacha ngaphezu kwezinye. Olu hlobo ukhetho zendalo kunegalelo ekupheliseni naziphi ukuzinkcinkca kwi phenotypes ezininzi apha naphaya ukulungiselela imeko abantu abakhoyo. Oku kunciphisa iyantlukwano phakathi olulodwa lwento. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba bonke abantu bafumana ncam ngokupheleleyo.

Ukukhethwa yendalo ekuzinziseni iintlobo zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane achazwe avareji okanye nokuzinziswa, apho abemi bomzi ngakumbi. Ubukhulu becala impembelelo obala iimpawu polygenic. Oku kuthetha ukuba phenotype kulawulwa yemfuza eziliqela, kwaye kukho uluhlu olubanzi kweziphumo kunokwenzeka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezinye izakhi zivaliwe okanye ezigqunyiweyo zezinye, ngokuxhomekeke kukhubazeko evumayo.

iimpawu zabantu ezininzi zibangelwa yale ukhetho. Ubunzima umntu ngexesha lokuzalwa - ayikho nje uphawu polygenic, oku kwakhona ilawulwa ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo. Kubelekwa kunye yimilinganiso avareji ekuzalweni kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba baphile kunokuba encinane kakhulu okanye ebanzi kakhulu.

Kulawulwe zivunywa

Le meko idla iqatshelwe iimeko, eziye zatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, umzekelo, imozulu, imozulu okanye ukutya kunokukhokelela ukhetho zemiyalelo. ukubandakanyeka kwabantu kwakhona yokukhawulezisa inkqubo. Abazingeli badla abulale izilwanyana ngakumbi inyama okanye ezinye iindawo enkulu zokuhombisa okanye luncedo. Ngenxa yoko, abemi baya badla ROOTN kubantu ezincinane.

Le carnivores ezinkulu xhela udle intlanzi okucothayo labemi, kokukhona kuya kuba ouschestvlyatsya ngokumileyo kubantu nabameli ngempumelelo ngakumbi kwaye fastest oluntu. Iintlobo yokukhethwa yendalo (itheyibhile ngemizekelo № 1) ingaba wabonisa ecace usebenzisa imizekelo indalo.

UCharles Darwin wafunda ukhetho zokukhomba, xa i-zeGalapagos Islands. Ubude ezi ntaka basekuhlaleni kumlomo zatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha ngenxa yokuba imithombo esele amandla. Ukuba akukho lokusinda izinambuzane ezi ntakana zinemilomo ezinkulu elide, nto leyo yanceda ukuba badle imbewu. Ekubeni aba nemilomo ngakumbi usebenzisa intaka ukhetho zokukhomba kancane kancane izinambuzane ezincinane ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Iimpawu lweentlanga ezahlukeneyo (mbuso) Ukukhethwa

Ukukhetha ephazamisayo - uhlobo ngokukhethwa zendalo, oko kuchasene avareji iintlobo iimpawu abakhoyo. Le nkqubo yeyona ezinqabileyo, xa sichaza iintlobo zivunywa ngokufutshane. Divesifikatsionnaya ukhetho kunokukhokelela speciation lweemo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu iindawo utshintsho elibukhali kwi bume. Njengoko ukhetho zemiyalelo, le nkqubo ukuze behlisa ngenxa impembelelo etshabalalisayo umba yoluntu kunye ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

Omnye umzekelo best-bafunda ngokukhethwa ephazamisayo kunjalo amabhabhathane eLondon. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, phantse bonke abantu babe umbala ukukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, la mabhabhathane efanayo kwakumnyama kakhulu kwiindawo zoshishino. Kwakukho iimeko avareji umbala ngamandla. Oku kungenxa yokuba ibhabhathane mnyama bafunda ukuphila aze abaleke kumarhamncwa kwiindawo zoshishino kwiindawo ezisezidolophini. ibhabhathane Ukukhanya kwiindawo zoshishino zifumaneka lula kwaye badla amarhamncwa. Lo mfanekiso eyahlukileyo wazibona kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Butterflies avareji umbala ngobunzulu zibe lula zibonakala kwiindawo omabini, ngoko ke kufuneka encinane kakhulu.

Ngenxa yoko, intsingiselo ukhetho intshukumo phenotype eyonakalisayo kukuba ngokugqithileyo, oyimfuneko ukuze ukhuseleke lweentlobo.

Ukukhetha Natural kwemvelo

Ingcamango olusisiseko le ngcamango yokuzivelela kwezinto kukuba zonke iyantlukwano iintlobo ngokuthe ngcembe zisusela iintlobo ubomi obulula ezibe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-amathathu eyadlulayo (sothelekiso, le ubudala Umhlaba yi-4.5 billion ubudala). Iintlobo Ukukhetha zendalo kunye imizekelo iintsholongwane ukuya abantu bokuqala mihla yadlalwa kuqala kuphuhliso yendaleko lwe indima ebalulekileyo.

Eziphilayo eziye kakuhle yimidlalo bume zisencinane ukuze ziphile kwaye zande. Oku kuthetha ukuba yofuzo mancinane amathuba nokunikezelwa kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Indlela eya iyantlukwano yemfuza akufunekanga kulahleka, kwakunye nokukwazi kwinqanaba zeselula ukuphendula kwiimeko etshintsha.