India yaMandulo: indalo kunye nabantu. Inkcazelo, iimpawu, nangokodidi ekuhlaleni

India yamandulo - yenye impucuko yamandulo engaqhelekanga. Nokuba ngaloo mihla bathetha ngayo njengokuba "ilizwe yaseZiyon." India yamandulo waba ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo zombini namazwe Arab kunye nehlabathi mandulo, kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lwabo. A lot of ababhali kunye zobulumko lidala wazama ubuncinane kanye ebomini ukuya kutyelela India ukuze ukutyebisa inqubo yabo.

Abantu bokuqala in India

Kwaye ngenxa yesizathu elungileyo - uhlobo kunye nabantu of India bamandulo usaqhubeka ukuba izazinzulu umdla bezinto zakudala. ummandla wayo wawuhlala kumaxesha amandulo. Isizwe wokuqala belimiwe kummandla India mihla baba Dravidians. Waza weza endaweni Dravid nabanye abantu, ngubani kakhulu kwahluka enye kwenye endleleni yobomi kunye nezithethe. ezimbini Izixeko inkulu Indiya yakudala, leyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yaba liziko yezopolitiko - it Mohenjodaro kunye Harappa.

I engalindelekanga lokufumanisa zakudala Sahni

impucuko lokuqala Harappan yafunyanwa ngama abembi abanomdla yendalo kunye nabantu India yamandulo, yaye sele apho ekhaya India. Ekuqaleni, injongo Indian zakudala R. Sahni kunye noogxa bakhe R. Banerjee yaba kokufunyanwa indawo of the Old Shiva Temple. Noko ke, kunokuba emanxuweni engcwele yamandulo abaphandi bazisa izidumbu iziseko ibloko yamandulo isixeko. Kanye kule ndawo, apho zamaqula ezenziweyo, baba ezimbini kunye nokwakha zokuhlala esinemigangatho emithathu-ezitratweni bema lo mfanekiso. Esi sixeko ihonjiswe ezineegadi, iibrorho kunye neepaki, yaye phantse zonke yeekota kwaba kakuhle.

Ilivo, ukuqinisekisile izibakala

Emva kwakhe le ndawo, izazinzulu abanomdla kakhulu yamandulo Indiya, ubume kunye nabantu ababekade inxalenye yimpucuko yamandulo. Sahni wagqiba ukuthatha olunye uhambo. Eli xesha ke waya kumgama 600 km ukusuka kwindawo apho yenziwa ukufunyanwa yokuqala. Intuition zakudala, kwakunye namabali abahlali balapho abazange ukubaphoxa ngabaphandi. Nkqu negama yenduli apho xa British wanyula sokwakhiwa kaloliwe izitena, eziphefumlelweyo iyamangalisa eyimfihlakalo. Eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "Moenjodaro", apho uza kuthumela i uhambo Sahni, lithetha "zokusonjululwa kwabafileyo."

Legend, osixelela bendawo, kamva kungqinwa ngokupheleleyo iziphumo Sahni. Legend yokuba kumaxesha amandulo kwisiza, apho induli Mohenjodaro, lo mzi. nomlawuli walo bamqumbisa amagunya awongamileyo yobomi bakhe kunyeliswa, noothixo bagqiba ukuba bayitshabalalise le impucuko. Eneneni, ngexesha zamaqula Sahni afumaneka kwi kummandla yenduli umzi omkhulu, owayephila ngexesha eYiputa yamandulo.

izifundo phambili

Sahni kunye ngohambo lwakhe baqhubeka yokufumanisa ukuba ukunika ingcaciso engaphezulu malunga bebunjani ubume kunye nabantu India yamandulo. Bona afumaneka kwindawo efanayo kwizixeko ezimbalwa elikhulu, kwakunye ngokomyalelo amawaka zokuhlala ezincinci. impucuko Found kwathiwa Harappan. Kuba ubukhulu awo izihlandlo ezine ngaphezu yaseSamariya.

Xa abembi baye bafunda iintsalela ifunyenwe, bagqiba ukuba impucuko Harappan wavela malunga 3300 BC. e. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba yokuba abemi malunga nezigidi ezi-5 ngexesha ngexesha layo. Inani labemi wesixeko Mohenjo-Daro esasidibanisa beentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Uninzi abemi kwakukho Dravidians, abo bacinga ukuba baye Australoids. Kwakhona kwi kwintsimi mpucuko Harappan omiweyo ngabameli abavela yaseSamariya, imbonakalo yaseYurophu Mongoloid.

Izazinzulu kwinkqubo eyombiweyo kunye nemephu zeteknoloji zabuya. Indalo kunye nabantu India Ancient, kubonakala ukuba ngokuvisisana kunye nabanye. izitrato City Harappan impucuko Zinokuxutywa imiyezo, abazahluli ukusuka kwindalo. Ngokutsho kwesitrato sawo indawo bafana mihla ngeendlela ezininzi. ububanzi wabo malunga ezilishumi eemitha. Broad Street luqhakamshelene iindawo elimxinwa.

Iinzuzo yamaNdiya endulo

Kodwa ke imizi eningayakhanga kwaoko. Indalo kunye nabantu India Ancient, ngokufutshane esichazwe imibhalo ekubhekiselelwe zakudala, luhlobo ngokuncedisana. Zokuhlala yokuqala, ziphantsi iinkulungwane 6-4 BC. e., waza waba baso Indian le mpucuko yamandulo. Indawo ukuba bahlale phakathi North Balochistan nentlambo iGanges River yanika izinyanya amaNdiya kunye yamanzi, umbona, ibunzi. Ezihlanjeni eenkomo weebhokhwe zasendle kule ndawo - zonke iimeko zibe negalelo kuphuhliso kwezi nkalo yezolimo kunye nokulima.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba abameli Indian le mpucuko yamandulo wasebenza ikakhulu kunye Sumerians. Le nyaniso kwakhona kuboniswe yi-ngqangi bamaSumeri. Kwintsimi, apho kwake yokulifumana impucuko Harappan, izixa ezikhulu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo asemzini zifunyenweyo. Le cotton ngelaphu, amaso, izacholo kunye lukhule.

Ukuhla le mpucuko Proto-Indian

Kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha ukuhla le mpucuko Harappan iwela ku-1800 BC. e. Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba oku kubangelwe ayehlasela Aryans - abahlaseli nengoophuma ntshonalanga. I 'bendlela "liguqulelwe ulwimi yamandulo Indian lithetha' nengqondo". Zizo ezo izizwe amadlelo, ngubani Sizibandakanye iinkomo ukuzala kwalusa ikakhulu iimveliso zobisi. Kwixesha elizayo, inkomo amaIndiya wafumana iwonga isilwanyana engcwele. Indalo kunye nabantu India Ancient, ngaloo sasesiwuyeka ababevela ngaphandle, "oothixo."

Kwezinye iinguqulelo izazinzulu

Okokuqala kwiindawo izixeko ezikhulu yatshabalala. Izakhiwo ezininzi wawa kwamazinyo, yaye ukuba kwakhiwe izindlu ezintsha kusetyenziswa izitena ubudala. Indalo kunye nabantu Indiya yakudala, isifundo ezinye zakudala, akasayi ngokupheleleyo ilingane ibe ingcamango obanzi uphando Sahni. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba nesizathu sokuhla le Harappan impucuko abazange kuphela ngesinyanzeliso, kodwa komgangatho wemo engqongileyo. Olu tshintsho kwizinga emgangathweni wolwandle, nto leyo eyabangela izikhukula kunye nokusasazeka izifo ezoyikekayo. It is hhayi ngaphandle kwaye kwinguqulo ikhokelele lunengxaki izivuno ezisezantsi, owabakhoyo ngenxa yokwanda lomhlaba.

Indalo kunye nabantu India yaMandulo: Indian ngokuphathelele

Eluntwini amandulo Indian zibe kwisahlulo iindidi evela ehlabathini BC nenkulungwane yokuqala. e. Imfuneko kuye ngenxa nje kuphela iinkolelo zonqulo, kodwa inkqubo yezopolitiko. Inyaniso kukuba ukuya ngokuphathelele liphantsi bonke abantu abachaphazelekayo, leyo yoyiswa bahlaseli-Aryans. Xa uninzi iindidi eliphezulu le Terms - ababingeleli, azizange ababenza yezandla enzima. Belikhona ngokuncama yimibingelelo.

Iziphumo zale nkqubo nangokodidi ekuhlaleni kuluntu

uphose Okulandelayo, awanyakazela ngayo Brahmans zidla kuphawulwa ungquzulwano - it okulwa okanye Kshatriyas. Phakathi kwabo, badla abakwazi ukwabelana amandla. Kuba Kshatriyas balandela vaisyas - abalimi nabafuyi. Le ngokuphathelele eliphantsi baba Sudras. Ngu Sudras awabaphatha ngayo abakhonzi abaye bafeza umsebenzi emdaka. Ngokuphathelele amafa. Abantwana Terms abakwazanga Terms kuphela, Sudras abantwana - Sudras. ezithile ngokwezinga okunjalo uluntu kwakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi abanetalente bokufa antshwenyile ekuhluphekeni, leyo Kyea uphuhliso lonke uhlanga.

Kuyo ixesha zombiwe imfihlelo Harappan impucuko sayo, kunye nezinye izazinzulu. Phakathi kwazo, yaye zesayensi abanomdla yamandulo Indiya, ubume kunye nabantu ababehlala e Mohenjo-Daro. Ke bazenzela umfanekiso rough ummeli awayedla yempucuko Harappan. Ngokusekelwe kumbiwa, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba abantu ezimnyama-iinwele, nemnyama, amehlo kunye nesikhumba emnyama. Awase kwisebe xhaxhe ngayo uhlanga abaseAfrika.

Indalo kunye nabantu India yaMandulo: yenkqubo yokwakha imizi

imizi emikhulu impucuko Harappan zaye yayisakhiwa ngendlela enkulu. Izitrato ezininzi ngathi vu uluhlu ikhaya - efanayo kunye geometrically echanekileyo. Xa ifomu, kwikhaya amaIndiya amandulo wakhangela njenge bhokisi ze izonkana eziyolisa intliziyo. Kule mizi, abantu ithuba lokonwabela zonke aluncedo. Sasivela kwizitrato misele ebizwa ngokuba, apho kwindlu nganye anikezela ngamanzi.

Le labhalwa-Indian nabayili genius

Mother Nature kunye nabantu of India yamandulo (ugrade 5 aqalile aqhelane kunye nenkcubeko kunye namasiko eli lizwe kwimeko ukufunda imbali yakudala) baye bafunda ukuphila yimbumba egqibeleleyo. Le ngokuncedisana nga kubethelela ezinye zibakala iingcali kakhulu ukuqonda. Kuyimpumelelo emangalisayo xesha amdaka. Nokuba ngaphandle kokuba nakancane ukuba zanda ngokukhawuleza ngokukodwa kumaqondo obushushu efudumeleyo, lo ke abakhi wathabatha zaqaqamba zesigqibo sayo ixesha. nemibhobho ephantsi komhlaba zibekwe ngezitena apho zonke ubumdaka ukuba kuboniswa ngaphandle komzi. Oku kwenza ukuba siphile eninzi yabantu indawo elinganiselwe.