Retina: Umsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo. umsebenzi amehlo semehlo

Ukukwazi ukucima kunye nombono ocacileyo - inkalo ekhethekileyo abantu kuphela kodwa izilwanyana. Esebenzisa le yokuqhelaniswa ithatha indawo kwisithuba kunye nokusingqongileyo, isixa esikhulu solwazi, siyazi ukuba ngoncedo umzimba womntu ifumana ukuya kwi-90% kuzo zonke iinkcukacha malunga izinto nokusingqongileyo. Isakhiwo ezizodwa kunye nokwakheka zeselula retina kuye livunyelwe nje ukuqonda umthombo wokukhanya aphazamiseke, kodwa ukwahlula phakathi iimpawu zazo ecacicleyo. Makhe sijonge indlela yokwakha retina, imisebenzi yayo kunye neempawu lombutho neuronal. Kodwa intetho malunga nesakhiwo sayo akayi kuba ngokwembono nohlangatyezwa ngumntu ethwele impahla ulwazi lwenzululwazi, kodwa ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa kuthelekiswa nommi.

umsebenzi amehlo semehlo

Masiqalise kunye amagqabantshintshi. Impendulo yalo mbuzo, yintoni le misebenzi iphambili retina elula ngokwaneleyo. Okokuqala kwaye kwephambili imbono isivuseleli ukukhanya.

Ngobume bayo, yinto iliza magnetic kunye rhoqo ethile oscillation, nto leyo ebangela imbono retina imibala eyahlukileyo ukukhanya. Ukukwazi lokubona - inkalo eyodwa nasekusungulweni ezanyisayo. Ngoncedo lwesayensi, izixhobo zale mihla, iikhompawundi ezintsha ezibengezelayo chemical ukwazi ukujonga nzulu isakhiwo amalungu yombono, ekucaciseni iinkqubo hormone siqonde ngcono indlela retina ukusebenza izixhobo zokusebenza. A njengoko kuvela, abaninzi, yaye unique ngamnye.

Retina Iliso: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba iretina ibekwe ngaphakathi iliso kwaye zingaphakathi eqokobheni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba isakhiwo sayo iqulathe ebizwa ngokuba yi-iiseli photosensitive. Ngqo ngawo kwaye lenza umsebenzi photoreception retina.

kwafika igama labo, yintoni fomu iiseli. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli intonga ezibusazinge ngokuba "izinti", yaye iiseli ezifanayo inkonkxa yemichiza ebizwa ngokuba "bulb" - wafumana igama "cone".

Iintonga kunye iikhowuni kwahluka enye kwenye iimpawu kuphela lobume histological. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo nje indlela bebona ukukhanya kunye neempawu zayo ecacicleyo. Sticks banoxanduva kwimbono wobhobhozayo ezikhanyayo ngongcwalazi - ". Bonke neekati grey 'ngexesha, njengoko isitsho njalo intetho, Kodwa cone banoxanduva umbono imibala.

iimpawu esebenzayo cone

Phakathi cone ihlaba iiklasi ezintathu eziphawulekayo: cone banoxanduva kwimbono iinxalenye oluhlaza, obomvu, kunye noblowu spectrum ngokulandelelana. cone nganye kunegalelo ukuyilwa yombono umbala, ilens kuqhutywe umfanekiso eqikelelweyo. Xa ekupeyinteni ukuyilwa umbala lokugqibela luxhomekeke olinganise apho Ipeyinti ekuqaleni ukutsalwa umculi. Ngokufanayo, retina edlulisela ulwazi ngeempawu ecacicleyo yokukhanya: Kuxhomekeka ngendlela pulses obhobhozayo iikhowuni ngamnye amaqela siye ehamba umbono umbala othile.

Ngokomzekelo, xa sibona umbala oluhlaza, cone alahlwayo kakhulu kakhulu, onoxanduva kummandla oluhlaza spectrum. Kwaye xa ubona obomvu - ngoko, ngokulandelelana, kuba obomvu. Ngenxa yoko, retina imisebenzi iliso yabantu azamkelekanga kuphela kwimbono wobhobhozayo ezikhanyayo, kodwa kuvavanyo lokuqala iimpawu zayo ecacicleyo.

Esicwangciswe retina, yaye kutheni zifuneka

Mhlawumbi umntu ucinga ukuba ngoko nangoko emva ukukhanya lensi ubetha ngqo iintonga kunye cone, yaye yena eqhagamshelwe luvo optic ukuthwala ulwazi engqondweni. Enyanisweni akunjalo. Phambi kokuba afikelele iintonga kunye cone, ukukhanya eziyimfuneko ukoyisa esicwangciswe kwiretina (kwaye woyibala 10), yaye kuphela emva koko wenze iiseli ukukhanya-sensitive (iintonga neziqina).

Umaleko angaphandle i inwebu mbala retina. Injongo yakhe kukugcina ilayithi. Lo maleko i iiseli sombala mkhaya camera black umboniso ikhamera (oko kukuthi umbala omnyama akudali ilitha, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba lo mfanekiso upholile ngakumbi, ukukhanya ukukhanya shwaka). Lo maleko iqinisekisa ukuyilwa umfanekiso elibukhali usebenzisa eendaba woqondo iso. Kufutshane kakhulu umaleko iiseli ulwehlo iintonga ezisecaleni kunye cone, kwaye oku osemqoka kwenza kube lula ukubona kabukhali. Kubonakala ukuba maleko semehlo na, ngathi umva. Umaleko gumbi ngumaleko leeseli ezithile, owathi ngenxa umlamleli iiseli maleko eliphakathi iphathwa ulwazi engenayo evela kweentonga kunye cone. Le axons ezi seli ndawonye bevela kulo lonke phezu retina kwaye ushiye yeso nge kwindawo ebizwa njalo-blind.

Kweli nqanaba, akukho iintonga ukukhanya onovakalelo kwaye cone, kwaye ukusuka lweliso lakho phandle luvo optic. Ngaphezu koko, nanga iimpahla ezibonelela trophism retina. Imeko umzimba kuchaphazela imeko retina, nto ke leyo neenqobo lula kwaye ethile ngenxa uxilongo izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Kwasendaweni kwizinti kunye cone

Nature ekujongwe ukuze kweentonga kunye iikhowuni zimalunga edyokhweni phesheya kumphezulu retina. Xa fovea (best kwindawo mbono) ineyona mithamo iphezulu cone. Oku kungenxa yokuba lo mmandla inoxanduva umbono bha. Njengoko kumgama lunciphisa inani cone le fossa engundoqo, inani yeentsasa - ukunyuka. Ngenxa yoko, kwimiphetho indlela iretina umelwe izinti kuphela. Olu phawu ngesakhiwo usinika umbono ocacileyo kumanqanaba ukukhanya eliphezulu kwaye inceda ukwahlula kucacile yezinto a elisezantsi.

umbutho semehlo neuronal

Ngoko nangoko emva umaleko kweentonga kunye iikhowuni ezikhona ngeengcamba ezimbini iiseli zemithambo-luvo. It layers disorder kunye neeseli ganglion. Ukongeza, kukho kusekho (ophakathi) maleko wesithathu iiseli tye. Eyona njongo iphambili yale qela yeyona nkqubo iphambili neemvakalelo afferent, ophuma kweentonga kunye cone.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga isakhiwo retina

Ngoku siyazi ukuba kwiretina. Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kuyo, sele ngazo. Kufuneka ikhankanywe kwakhona malunga iinkcukacha umdla ezinxulumene nalo mxholo.

Ukuze kufikelelwe umaleko sakhi, umntu ukukhanya kucanda phakathi kwayo yonke esicwangciswe iiseli zemithambo, ukungena iintonga kunye cone ukufikelela umaleko mbala!

Enye inkalo isakhiwo retina mbutho ukuqinisekisa umbono ocacileyo ngexesha lasemini. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kule fovea cone nganye ibonisa iseli yayo ganglion, njengoko umgama ukuya kwimiphetho na iseli enye ganglion iqokelele ingcaciso evela ngeentonga eziliqela kunye cone.

izifo semehlo kunye isifo yazo

Ngoko ke yintoni na umsebenzi retina? Kakade ke, olu luvo yokumpompoza ezikhanyayo, oluthi luqokelelane refracting eendaba iso. Ukophulwa kwalo msebenzi ikhokelela sanctions nombono ocacileyo. Zamehlo, kukho izifo ezininzi semehlo. Esi sifo, ngenxa yeenkqubo sisiba mandundu kunye nezifo ezo zisekelwe iinkqubo sisiba mandundu kwaye tumoral, delamination, legazi.

Olusisiseko kunye neempawu eziziiprayimari asenokubonisa izifo semehlo, kukho ukuphazamiseka acuity olubonakalayo. Kwixesha elizayo, kusenokubakho izangqa enombala, ilahleko kwamabala ezibonwayo kunye iintlobo nezinye iimpawu. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kukho ukuhla acuity olubonakalayo kufuneka kwaoko andibhekisanga zamehlo, niwele uviwo kuyimfuneko.

isiphelo

Umbono - isipho esikhulu endalo, yaye umsebenzi kwiretina nesakhiwo sayo - olungiswe salungelelaniswa isakhiwo kwaye zisebenza lweliso lakho.

yokubonisana ngexesha leemviwo othintelo yi zamehlo kuya kunceda ukuchonga analyzer obonakalayo isifo kwaye uqale unyango kwangexesha. Ngethamsanqa, yesilungu uye iiteknoloji ezizodwa ukuze ngokoqobo imizuzu 20-30 ukuphelisa iingxaki ezibonakalayo kwaye aphinde ukukwazi ukucima umbono. Ke ukwazi oko umsebenzi retina, kuyenzeka ukuba ukubuyisela kuyo.