Engineering yeselula

ephilayo zonke eziphilayo yabhalwa eziseleni: yibhaktheriya ukuya ezanyisayo eziphezulu. eziphilayo Higher kuquka amalungu, amalungu luqulathe izicwili, tissue iqanjwa iiseli. Zonke iimpawu nayiphi ephilayo zigqitywa ufuzo wayo, into kwiseli (kulo naliphi na iiseli eziphilayo).

Ngokutsho kwezinye data, kwigeno- zizibawu eziqhelekileyo abantu kwiikota ezintathu efanayo. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kulo. Isiseko zofuzo - deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA - uthwala lonke ulwazi malunga nokwakhiwa zonke iiprothini, kwaye ngamachiza kwe kumzimba, lo gama isabelo "ukubonakala", ubungakanani kunye ubunzima ndlovu lweentlobo, kuyabonakala ukuba, unikwa hayi kangako. Ngokufutshane, Darwin unguYe ekunene, nokuba kwemvelo i links ethile lweeNkcukacha luyanyuka kunye nendoda. Kwaye le unqulo ayiziphikisi, ekubeni oluyigcinayo kuphela isibakala sendalo ubomi nguThixo, kodwa hayi ukulawula ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo.

Gene kunye Cell Engineering (ingqiqo enye) ojongana ubudlelwane phakathi isixhobo DNA kunye neempawu ilifa eziphilayo. Kakade ke, oko bexhobele ngeendlela ezinjalo, ezisetyenziswa, umzekelo, ngexesha Mendel, yaye akazange abe nobuganga eliphupha.

indlela iseli engineering okwangoku ukuba iingcali iingceba DNA evela eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kwaye bafaka kwi-DNA ye ephilayo ekhethiweyo into yokufunda. Le ndlela ulwimi iinzululwazi ezifana isigama, ubizwa ngokuba amazwi DNA sathi. Njengoko isixhobo kuthathwa ungqingqwa enzyme - enzayim ezithile bacteria ekwaziyo ohlaba DNA. Zibizwa liphuzu - iimela eziphilayo.

Ukuba sofuzo (transgene) eziqokelelwe amaqhekeza bathi, uyifake ibe zinemoletyhule DNA, ebizwa kumda wesangqa waza wasifudusela zibe ziiseli apho replicates (iphindaphindeka) wedwa okanye emva yokudibanisa kunye chromosome "lweenkobe". Apha kukho iingxaki ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo, kuba izinto kuyimfuneko ukungena kwiseli ngemikroskopu ngenkani, kodwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ingqibelelo yayo. Kuba oku kukho ezininzi iindlela obuphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iindlela zendalo ukwenza oku akunakwenzeka. Kakade ke, akukho mfihlakalo, nje ngendaleko akasinikanga nto ngokuchasene noko, ndafaka iqela imiqobo zivunywa.

Eyona njongo lithwala a lobunjineli iseli: iziyobisi ekufumaneni, ukupheliswa kwiintlobo ophezulu umgangatho izityalo ezilinyiweyo, ukudalwa iintlobo ezintsha zezilwanyana, yaye njengoko indawo ephezulu - ndahlukane impucuko yethu zonke izifo. Abo ukuphikisana (abafuni ukubabiza obscurantist) kufuneka ikhunjulwe into yokuba omnye kuphela insulin eyenziweyo lukusindisile kwaye ndiya kubasindisa izigidi seswekile kunye kongeza ubomi babo eminyaka!

Iinkxalabo malunga zobunjineli genetic efunyanwe ukusuka ekuzalweni kwayo ngo-1972, xa kukho iqela P. Berg (USA) ukufaka i-DNA yokuqala, sathi ukusuka SV40 ntsholongwane oncogenic neemfene E.coli. Last - yi E. coli, ngaphandle apho umntu akakwazi aphile. Kwaye wakha intsholongwane ebangela umhlaza. Izazinzulu ngokoqobo kukoyika yaye abazange bade kuqhubeka ukusebenza ngelo xesha. Kwakukho ixesha elide isicwangciso yophando phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo karhulumente, leyo efana nolawulo lomsebenzi izixhobo zenyukliya.

Ngethamsanqa, ubunzima kunye neendleko imisebenzi sofuzo eziphilayo enokuthelekiseka neyamanye ukuntsonkotha kunye neendleko zophando-atom, ngoko abanakukwazi abanqolobi ezinokwenzeka.

Enyanisweni, lo ubunjineli yeselula - ikrele kabini mbini - oko kunika umntu iminyaka emininzi kangaka wobomi njengoko afuna yena, kodwa zidala ibhadi inkwantyisayo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Musa bathi, kuveliswe okungokunye, yaye "ixabiso umba" uyaziwa. Konke kuxhomekeke kabani ecocekileyo okanye ngezandla ezimdaka i zobunjineli zeselula. Kwaye, ngenxa yezizathu njongo, oko akukho ukukhanyela okanye ukutyhala phambili. Uphuhliso yesayensi ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yayo lwasekhaya.