Iipropati lwemichiza alkanes

IMethane kunye homologs zalo ngokuba umda (ifumile) hydrocarbon paraffinic okanye alkanes. Izinto eziphilayo yokugqibela-egama (ukuba umchiza indlela jikelele CnH2n + 2, nto leyo ibonakalisa Ukwanda ezo molekyuli, athom eziqhagamshelwe ngeentambo covalent elula carbon-hydrogen okanye carbon-carbon) uphathiswe ngokungqinelana ne-International nokuhlelwa of iikhompawundi chemical. Baye Imithombo ezimbini eziphambili: oli ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo. Iimpawu alkanes kwi sothotho homologous kunye nokwanda kwenani molecule athom carbon yaguquka rhoqo.

Amalungu ezine zokuqala kuthotho homologous ngokwembali ziseke ngamagama. Hydrocarbon, emva kwabo zibonakaliswe yi Amanani Greek ophela iphindwe. Ubunzima molekyuli isalamane of ezizizembiwa ngalinye ezahlukeneyo kowangaphambili ngu 14 amu Iipropati Physical of alkanes, ezifana nendawo yokunyibilika (Ukuqinisa) nokubilisa (amafu), loxinano kunye zokunganyangeki isalathisi ukwanda nge ukwandisa ubunzima eziphilayo. Nge methane butane - iigesi kunye pentane kwi pentadecane-ulwelo, ilandelwa yi the eziqinileyo. Zonke amafutha alula ngaphezu kwamanzi yaye akumele kubenze kuyo. Kuba alkanes ziquka:

• CH4 - methane;
• C2H6 --methane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octane;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane njalo njalo.

Iipropati lwemichiza alkanes babe umsebenzi ophantsi. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla relative the non-polar C-C kwaye esezantsi-C-H bonds, yaye Ukwanda ezo molekyuli. Zonke atom idityaniswe enye σ-bonds ekunzima ukutshabalalisa ngenxa polarizability yabo. Uqhekeko kubo zinokuphunyezwa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezi radicals akhiwa, leyo la amagama khompawundi paraffinic Ukuvalwa replacement. Umzekelo, propane - propyl (C3H7-), methane - ethyl (C2H5-), methane - imethyl (CH3-) njalo njalo.

Iipropati lwemichiza alkanes ithi inertness ezi zinto. Abanako zokudibanisa ngayo. Kwafana ezi yokusabela kufakwe. Igcwala (yomlilo) kwenzeka kuphela hydrocarbon paraffinic kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo. Zingakotshwa oxidized ukuba alkoholi, aldehydes kunye asidi. Ngenxa kreginga japan (inkqubo cleavage thermal of hydrocarbon) alkanes eliphezulu kwiqondo le-450 ukuya 550 ° C ungase okroqiweyo hydrocarbon ezinobunzima esezantsi eziphilayo. Ngongeniselo lobushushu yokubola thermal kuthiwa pyrolysis.

Iipropati lwemichiza alkanes azixhomekekanga kuphela inani athom kwekhabhoni molecule, kodwa kwakhona kubume. Zonke paraffins yesiqhelo enokwahlulwa (enye C atom na enxulumene akukho athom ngaphezu ezimbini carbon) kunye ISO-isakhiwo (C-atom bangathungelana kwezinye C-athom ezine kule molecule na isakhiwo lwendawo). Umzekelo, pentane,-2,2-dimethylpropane babe ubunzima efanayo ezinto eziphilayo kunye C5H12 indlela kwemichiza, kodwa iikhemikhali kunye neempawu ngokwasemzimbeni ezahlukeneyo: indawo yokunyibilika thabatha 129,7 ° C no thabatha 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C Iodine no 9,5 ° C, ngokulandelelana. Isomers kulula ukungena ekudibaneni kwemichiza ngaphezu isakhiwo eziqhelekileyo hydrocarbon kunye nenani elifanayo athom C.

Iipropati gumbini lwemichiza alkanes - a reaction endaweni, eziquka halogenation okanye sulfonation. Indlela chlorine neparafini yi kwindlela olukhulu phantsi kwempembelelo ubushushu okanye ukukhanya eyenziweyo methane ikhlorini: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane kunye carbon tetrachloride CCI4. Xa alkanes sulfonation phantsi ukukhanya UV, kloride sulfonyl lufumaneka: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-Cl + HCl. Ezi izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso lunezinto.