Inkqubo yeeMetric yamanyathelo: itafile, iiyunithi kunye nemigangatho. Inkqubo yokulinganisa iMetric kunye ne-International System of Units

Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe isakhiwo esekelwe ekusebenziseni izalathisi zobunzima kwiikhilogram kunye nobude kwiimitha. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, kukho iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwabo kwakukhethwa izikhokelo eziphambili. Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iiyunithi zemilinganiselo kwinkqubo ye -SI. Kuyo, izinto zifana nazo zonke iindawo (ngaphandle kwe-United States, eLiberia, eBurma). Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo-ukusuka kwimihla ngemihla ukuya kuphando lwezesayensi.

Izixhobo

Inkqubo yemetriki yamanyathelo yiseti ekhethiweyo yeerameters. Oku kukwahlula ngokuphawulekayo kwiindlela ezidlulileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zokuchonga ezo okanye ezinye iiyunithi. Ukubonakalisa nayiphi na ixabiso, i-metric system of measures isebenzisa isalathisi esisodwa esisisiseko, ixabiso elingahluka kwiinqununu ezininzi (eziphunyezwe ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezongezelelweyo ezongezelelweyo). Inzuzo enkulu ngolu hlobo kukusetyenziswa okulula. Oku kuphelisa inani elikhulu leeyunithi ezingafaniyo (iinyawo, iikhilomitha, amasentimitha kunye nabanye).

Iiparitha zexesha

Kwixesha elide, iinzululwazi eziliqela ziye zazama ukunikela ixesha kwiiyunithi zamatriki. Kwacetyiswa ukuba ukwahlukana nosuku zibe ngamaqela amancinci - i-millisecond, kunye neembombo-ukuya kuma-grads angama-400 okanye ukuthatha umjikelezo opheleleyo we-1000 milliovorotov. Emva kwexesha, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni, kwafuneka ndiyinqabe le ngcamango. Namhlanje, ixesha kwi-SI libonakaliswe ngamasekhondi (ahlanganiswe ngamamillisecond) kunye nama-radians.

Imbali yokuvela

Kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yamatriki yanamhlanje yazalwa eFransi. Ngexesha elivela kwi-1791 ukuya ku-1795, inani elithile lezinto ezibalulekileyo zomthetho zamukelwa kweli lizwe. Babejoliswe ekumiseni isimo semitha-enye yesigidi sesigidi sesigidi se-meridian ukusuka kwi-equator ukuya kwiNtla. NgoJulayi 4, 1837 bamkela uxwebhu olukhethekileyo. Ngokwam, ukusetyenziswa okugunyazisiweyo kwezinto, apho i-metric inkqubo yamanyathelo yenziwe ngayo, yavunywa ngokusemthethweni kuyo yonke intsebenzo yezoqoqosho eyenziwa kwintsimi yaseFransi. Kwixesha elizayo, isakhiwo esamkelweyo saqala ukusasaza kumazwe angummelwane aseYurophu. Ngenxa yokulula kunye nokulula, inkqubo yeeetriki ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha indawo eninzi yelizwe elisetyenziswe ngaphambili. Inokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwi-US nase-UK.

Xabiso e siseko

Kwiyunithi yokulinganisa, abasunguli beenkqubo, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, bathatha imitha. Isalathiso sesininzi sisigragram - ubunzima besigidi esisodwa semitha yamanzi kwizinga eliphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwesimo esilula ngakumbi kwiiyunithi zenkqubo entsha, abadali baye bafumana indlela yokubenza bafikeleleke ngakumbi - ngokwenza imigangatho kwisitye. Le mizekelo yenziwe ngokuchaneka ngokufanelekileyo kwexabiso lokuvelisa. Kuphi imilinganiselo yenkqubo yemetri, iya kuxutyushwa ngezantsi. Kamva, xa usebenzisa le mizekelo, abantu baqaphela ukuba ukuthelekiswa kwexabiso elifunwayo kunye nabo kulula kakhulu kwaye kulula ngakumbi kunokuba, umzekelo, ngekota ye-meridian. Ngelo xesha, xa uqikelele ubunzima bomzimba ofunwayo, kwacaca ukuba kulungele ngakumbi ukuyihlola ngokubhekiselele kunomlinganiselo ofanayo wamanzi.

"Isampula"

Ngesigqibo seKomishoni yamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1872, imitha eyenziwe ngokukhethekileyo yamkelwa njengomgangatho wokulinganisa ubude. Ngelo xesha, amalungu ekhomishini anqwenela ukuthatha iikhilogram ekhethekileyo njengomlinganiselo wokulinganisa ubunzima. Yenziwe ngama-alloys weplatinum ne-iridium. I-"archival" imitha nekhilogram zigcinwa ngokusisigxina eParis. Ngomnyaka we-1885, ngomhla we-20 kaMeyi, kwintetho ekhethekileyo yasayinwa ngabameleli bamazwe asixhenxe. Kwisakhelo salo, inkqubo yokumisela nokusebenzisa imigangatho yokulinganiswa kwiphando yesayensi kunye nomsebenzi ilawulwa. Oku kwakufuna imibutho ekhethekileyo. Ezi zibandakanya, ngokukodwa, i-International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Kwisakhelo sombutho osandululweyo, ukuphuhliswa kweesampuli kunye nobude bexesha, kwaqala ukuhanjiswa kweekopi zazo kuwo onke amazwe athatha inxaxheba.

Inkqubo yeeMetric yamanyathelo eRashiya

Amazwe amaninzi asetyenziswa iisampuli ezamkelweyo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko, iRashiya ayinakukunyamekela ukuvela kwenkqubo entsha. Ngako oko, uMthetho kaJulayi 4, 1899 (umbhali kunye nophuhliso - D. I. Mendeleev), wagunyaziswa ukusebenzisa ngendlela ekhethiweyo. Kwaba yinyanzeliso kuphela emva kokumkelwa nguRhulumente wexesha eliqhelekileyo lomyalelo ofanayo we-1917. Kamva, isicelo sazo sagqitywa yisigqibo seBhunga lamaKhomishana akwaBantu base-USSR ngoJulayi 21, 1925. Ngenkulungwane ye-20, amaninzi amazwe ashintshela kumlinganiselo kwinkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe e-SI. Inguqu yokugqibela yayo yaphuhliswa kwaye ivunyiwe yiNgqungquthela Yonke ye-XI ngo-1960.

Ixesha le-Post-Soviet

Ukuwa kwe-USSR kwahambelaniswe ngethuba lophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweekhompyutheni kunye nezixhobo zasemakhaya, umveliso oyintloko ogqitywa kumazwe ase-Asiya. Ubuninzi bempahla yaba bavelisi baqala ukungeniswa kwintsimi yaseRashiya. Ngelo xesha, amazwe ase-Asia abazange bacinge ngeengxaki kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuxhaphazwa kwempahla yabo ngabantu baseRashiya kwaye banikezela ngemveliso yabo ngeyonke (ngokubona kwabo) ngesiNgesi, besebenzisa imilinganiselo yaseMelika. Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukutyunjwa kwamanani kwisetriki kwatshintshwa ngamacandelo asetyenziswa eUnited States. Ngokomzekelo, ubukhulu beediski zekhompyutheni, i-diagonal and other components ziboniswa kwiintshi. Ngelo xesha, ekuqaleni iiparameters zala macandelo baboniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpawu zetriki (ububanzi beCD kunye neDVD, umzekelo, lilingana no-120 mm).

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe

Okwangoku, eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwiPlanethi yomhlaba yindlela yemetri yeenkqubo. Itafile yezizwe, ubude, ubude kunye nezinye iiparitha kwenza kube lula ukuguqulela ezinye izikhombisi kwabanye. Amazwe, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile azange aguqule kule nkqubo, ngamnye unyaka uninzi kwaye uncinci. Amazwe anjalo, aqhubeka nokusebenzisa iipameters zawo, afaka i-United States, iBurma neLiberia. IMelika isebenzisa kumasebe enkqubo yesayensi kwinkqubo ye-SI. Amapharamitha aseMelika ayetyenziswe kuzo zonke ezinye. UBukumkani baseUnited Kingdom neSaint Lucia abazange batshintshe kwi-system ye-SI. Kodwa, kufuneka kuthathelwe ukuba le nkqubo inesigaba esisebenzayo. Iyokugqibela yamazwe ekugqibeleni aguqule kwi-metric system ngo-2005 yayingu-Ireland. I-Antigua neGuyana zivelisa kuphela utshintsho, kodwa ijubane lincinci. Iimeko zaseTshayina zinomdla, ezithe zagqitywa ngokusemthethweni kwinkqubo yeetrikri, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela aseTshayina yamandulo aqhubeka kwintsimi yawo.

Iiparitha zokuhamba

Inkqubo yemetriki yamanyathelo iyaqatshelwa phantse kwihlabathi. Kodwa kukho amashishini athile angayifumani. Isithuthi sisasebenzisa inkqubo yesilinganiselo esekelwe kwizinto ezinjengeenyawo kunye nemitha. Ukusetyenziswa kwele nkqubo kule ndawo kuye kwaphuhlisa imbali. Isikhundla soMbutho weeNkcukacha zoPhuhliso lweZiko loLuntu-jikelele aluhambelani - ukuguqulwa kwamanani emitha kufuneka kwenziwe. Nangona kunjalo, kuphela amazwe ambalwa ahambelana nezi ngcebiso kwifomu yazo ecocekileyo. Phakathi kwabo yiRashiya, iShayina neSweden. Ukongezelela, isakhiwo solawulo lwe-civil Federation yaseRussia, ukuze kuphephe ukudideka ngamaziko olawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngo-2011 kwamkelwa ngokwemigangatho yenkqubo yamanyathelo, iyunithi eyisiseko apho unyawo.