Isakhiwo somlenze weplasma ngokubanzi

Iiseli zezityalo, iifungi kunye nezilwanyana ziqulethwe ezi zinto zintathu njenge-nucleus, i-cytoplasm kunye ne-organelles kunye ne-inclusions ezifakwe kuso, kunye ne- plasma membrane. I-nucleus inoxanduva lokugcina izinto eziphathekayo kwi-DNA, kwaye ilawula zonke iinkqubo zeseli. I-cytoplasm iqukethe i-organoids, nganye enemisebenzi yayo, njengomzekelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuphefumula kwamaselula, ukutyalwa kwamagqabi, njl njl. Ikota yokugqibela iya kuxutyushwa ngokubanzi kwinqaku.

Iyintoni imbrane kwi-biology?

Ngendlela elula, eli ligobolondo. Nangona kunjalo, ayisoloko isingenakwenzeka. Phantse rhoqo ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezithile kwi-membrane kuvunyelwe.

Kwi-cytology, iimbumba zingabelana ngezigaba ezimbini eziphambili. Iyokuqala i-plasma membrane ehlanganisa iseli. Okwesibini yi-membranes ye organoids. Kukho ii-organelles ezinomlenze omnye okanye ezimbini. Isakhiwo seGolgi, i- endoplasmic reticulum, i-vacuoles kunye ne-lysosomes yile membrane. Iiplastids kunye ne-mitochondria zingezantsi ezimbini.

Kwakhona, iimbumba zingaba ngaphakathi kwi-organoids. Ezi ziqhelekileyo zivela kwiimbumba zangaphakathi ze-membrane organels.

Iimbumba ze-organoids zidibene njani?

Iiplastids kunye ne-mitochondria zineembumba ezimbini. Iimbumba zangaphandle zombini zombini zihamba kakuhle, kodwa iimbumba zangaphakathi zenza izakhiwo eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwe-organoid.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-membrane ye-mitochondrial ine-projection ngaphakathi kwe-cristae okanye kwi-crests. Ziyimijikelezo yeempendulo zamakhemikhali eziyimfuneko yokuphefumula kweselula.

Iimvelaphi zembumba zangaphakathi ze-chloroplast ziyi-sack-shaped-bags - thylakoids. Bahlanganiswa kwiipilisi ze-granules. I-granules nganye idibene kunye namaziko amade asele lamellae, ayenziwe nakwiimbumba.

Isakhiwo seembrane ze-membrane organels

Iimbumba ezinjalo zinomlenze omnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo igobolondo epholileyo iquids lipines kunye nama-proteins.

Izixhobo zesakhiwo se membrane yeplasma yeseli

I-membrane iqukethe izinto ezifana ne-lipids kunye nama-protein. Isakhiwo se membrane yeplasma sinika ubuninzi be-nanometers 7-11. Ubuninzi bomlenze lenziwe ngeepids.

Isakhiwo se membrane seplasma sinika ubume bezinto ezimbini. Iyokuqala i-phospholipids ephindwe kabini, kwaye okwesibini luluhlu lwamaprotheni.

Lipids ye membrane ye plasma

Iipilids ezenza i-membrane ye-plasma zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amathathu: i-steroids, i-sphingophospholipids kunye ne-glycerophospholipids. I-molecule yecandelo elilandelayo liqulethwe kwi-resiyidric alcohol residu ye-glycerol, apho i-athomu ye-hydrogen yamacandelo amabili e-hydroxyl athatyathwa ngamaketanga e-fatty, kwaye i-athomu ye-hydroxyl ye-hydrogen i-athomu yindawo ehlala kuyo enye intsalela ye-nitrogen.

I-molecule ye-glycerophospholipids ingahlukaniswa zibe zimbini: inhloko kunye nomsila. Intloko i-hydrophilic (oko kukuthi, iyancibilika emanzini), kwaye imisila i-hydrophobic (ihlaziye amanzi, kodwa ichithe kwi-solvents). Siyabulela kwesi sakhiwo, i-molecule ye-glycerophospholipids ingabizwa ngokuthi i-amphiphilic, i-hydrophobic, ne-hydrophilic kanyekanye.

I-Sphingophospholipids ifana nesakhiwo seekhemikhali kwi-glycerophospholipids. Kodwa bahluke kulabo bachazwe ngasentla ngokuba banalo intsalela ye-sphingosine utshwala endaweni ye-glycerol. Iimamolekyu zabo zineentloko kunye nomsila.

Kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi, isakhiwo se membrane seplasma sibonakala ngokucacileyo.

Iiprotheni zeplasm membrane

Ngokuphathelele iiprotheni ezibumba isakhelo seplasma, ezi zi-glycoprotein kakhulu.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwendawo ekhethiweyo, zinokuhlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: i-phonipharal and integral. Eyokuqala yilezo eziphezu komlenze, kwaye ezi zilandelayo zizo zonke i-intmeate ze-membrane kwaye ziphakathi kwe-lipid layer.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngama-protein, ingahlukana ngamaqela amane: i-enzymes, isakhiwo, isithuthi kunye ne-receptor.

Zonke iiprotheni ezisesigxina se-plasma membrane azikho iikhemikhali ezinamathele kwiiphospholipids. Ngoko ke, banako ukuhamba ngokukhululekile kwisigxina esiphezulu sembrane, bahlanganisane ngamaqela, njl. Kungoko isakhiwo se membrane yeplasma yeli cell asinakubizwa ngokuba yi-static. Iyanamandla, njengoko iguqula lonke ixesha.

Iyiphi indima eyenziwa yile membrane yeseli?

Isakhiwo se-plasma membrane sivumela ukuba sihlangabezane nemisebenzi emihlanu.

Iyokuqala kunye neyokuqala-umqobo we-cytoplasm. Siyabulela kule nto, iseli sinomfanekiso kunye nobukhulu obuqhubekayo. Lo msebenzi ufezekiswe ngenxa yokuba i-membrane yeplasma inamandla kwaye i-elastic.

Inxaxheba yesibini kukubonelela nge-intercellular contact. Ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwabo, iimbumba zeplasmatic zeeseli zezilwanyana zinokwenza iindawo ezingaphandle kunye neenkcukacha kwiindibano zazo.

Umsebenzi olandelayo wesibelomnxeli yesellu isithuthi. Unikwa ngamaprotheni akhethekileyo. Siyabonga kubo, izinto eziyimfuneko ziyakuthunyelwa kwinqanawa, kwaye ezingadingekile zingasuswa.

Ukongeza, i-membrane membrane yenza umsebenzi we-enzymatic. Kwakhona kwenziwa ngeeprotheni.

Kwaye umsebenzi wokugqibela usayine. Ngenxa yokuba iiprotheni eziphantsi kweemeko ezithile zingatshintsha isakhiwo sendawo, i-membrane ye-plasma inokuthumela iiselingi.

Ngoku uyazi yonke into malunga neembumba: yintoni imbrane kwi-biology, yintoni efana nayo, indlela i-plasma membrane kunye neembande ze-organoids ezilungiselelwe ngayo, yintoni imisebenzi abayenzayo.