U-Indigirka ngumlambo ongasempuma-mpa yeYakutia. Inkcazo, ukutya, iintlawulo

U-Indigirka ngumlambo ohlala ngasentla kummandla waseAsia waseRashiya. Yona inkulu kwiRiphabliki yaseSakha (eyayiyiYakutia), yesithathu inkulu eSiberia. Ubude bomlambo buyi-1,726 km, buhamba ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya ngasenyakatho, inqanawa - uLwandle lwase-East Siberian. Oku kuthetha ukuba u-Indigirka ungowomgcini we-Arctic Ocean. Ummandla womlambo wamanzi omlambo ungamaekhilomitha amawaka angama-360. Abamelwane kuwo wonke umda wamanxweme ngobuqaqawuli babo: iintaba ngakwelinye icala lifanekisela isibindi, amathafa kwelinye - ukuthobeka kunye nobume obuhle.

Igama kunye noMthombo

U-Indigirka ngumlambo, owuthiwa igama lawo kubantu baseTiberia baseTungu. Ngokwemilo yabo, i-hydronymium iguqulelwe ngokuthi "inja yeenja".

U-Indigirka uthatha isiqalo sakhe kwindawo apho imilambo emibili yeentaba ezincinane zidibana. Umthombo wemifudlana uhlala kumntla we-Khalkan Range. Ukuqala komlambo ufumaneka kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-792 m ngaphezu kweqondo lolwandle.

Iimpawu zomlambo

Ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo yeseshini, intlambo kunye nejubane langoku, i-Indigirka ngumlambo, onokuhlulwa zibe zimbini: iintaba kunye neentaba. Ubude bendawo engaphezulu kwentaba ngu-640 km, ithafa eliphantsi li-1,086 km. Ukushiya ukusuka kumntla ongasentla weKhalkan Range, umlambo uhambelana nomda ophantsi we-Oymyakonsky Highlands, ukusika iintaba: Chemalginsky kunye neChersky. Ukuhamba phambili, ukujikeleza iMoma's Ridge, i-Indigirka ivela kwindawo ephantsi yokulala. Umbhede womlambo kweli candelo lugqityiweyo, kukho amacandelo amancinci omlambo kunye neebhloko ezinqamlekileyo zeematye ezisuka emhlabeni, ezibizwa ngokuthi ukuthuthumela.

Isantya sokunyuka kwamanzi kule mimandla yi-2-3 m / s. Xa i-Indigirka iwela i-Chemalginsky Range, isantya sanda kwi-4 m / s. Kulo mhlaba umlambo udala i-rapids, uhamba phakathi kweengingqi ezinzulu. Le ndawo yinkimbinkimbi kwaye iyingozi, ngoko ayifanelekanga nokuba i-rafting.

Kulo maphafa, u-Indigirka (umlambo) uhamba nge-Yano-Indigirskaya nase-Abyyskaya. Intlambo iyakhula, idala inani elikhulu leebhosi, i-chaki kunye nemikhono. Ububanzi bomyinge bomlambo kule ndawo bubangama-500 m. Indigirka apha ibuhlungu kakhulu.

Ekufuphi kwidalta, ububanzi bentlambo buyanda ukuya kuma-600-800 m, kwaye umlambo uhlula phakathi: inqanawa yaseRussia, umkhono weKolyma, umkhonto ophakathi-enkulu kunazo zonke. Iimikhono ezili-130 ukuya elwandle, kwakhona, zenza i-delta enkulu, indawo yalo engaphezu kwama-5 500 square metres. Km. Umlambo womlambo udlula umda we-permafrost, ngoko iibhanki ezinqabileyo kunye namaqabunga amakhulu e-icebo ziimeko zesimo se-Indigirka.

Kodwa phakathi komlomo nolwandle kwakhiwa ibha engacacanga (ulwandle olunxwemeni lolwandle nolwandle lwamanzi).

Ukutya, ukucwina kunye ne-glaciation

Ukutya komlambo we-Indigirka ungumhlobo odibeneyo. Inxalenye enkulu iyenziwa yimvula kunye namanzi aqingqiweyo. Kwaye phantsi kokukhethwa kokugqibela kufuneka kuguqulwe libe yiqhekeza leqhwa, iqhwa kunye neqhwa. Uluhlu lubonakaliswe nguhlobo lwaseburhulumenteni baseMpumalanga yeSiberia. Kwixesha elifudumele kukho izikhukhula. Ihlala kwiintsuku ezingama-70 ukuya kwii-100. Kodwa i-ice ihlanganisa umlambo sele uvele ngo-Oktobha, kwaye eli xesha lihlala kude kube ngoMeyi-Juni. I-icebreaker ithatha malunga neveki ukusuka kwixesha elide. Umjikelo wamanzi unyaka malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-58, ininzi yawo ihlobo (50%), entwasahlobo - 32%, ekwindla - 15%, kwaye ebusika ngaphantsi kwe-1%.

Urhulumente we- Indigirka River unzima gqitha kangangokuba umlambo uthathwa njengobanda kakhulu kwihlabathi, oku kuyingqayizivele. Iimvumba apha ziqhwala kwaye zibuhlungu. Ngokomgangatho wokushisa womoya (ngaphantsi kwe-40-50 degrees Celsius), umlambo kwezinye iindawo ukhululeka ukuya ngasezantsi. Kwidolophana. I-Oimyakon, ehlala kufuphi ne-confluence yomlambo. I-Nera e-Indigirk, amaqondo ashushu aphantsi kakhulu abhalwe kwiNorthern Hemisphere. Imhlaba ephantsi kweyonke imvelaphi.

Indawo kunye nemozulu

Eminye imifula yaseRashiya (Indigirka, phakathi kwezinye) ihamba ngokukhawuleza kuyo yonke intsimi yaseRiphabliki yaseYakutia. Oku kuthetha ukuba umzimba wamanzi kwisicwangciso sesityalo uhamba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendawo. I-Taiga kunye nehlathi le-taiga ziwela umlambo kwindawo ephezulu (iiflethi zimelelwa ngamahlathi amancinci, amahlathi emisedare kunye ne-alder wood), kunye ne-forest-tundra kunye ne-tundra kwiindawo ezisezantsi (ezimele i-shrub ne-lichen). Intlango yaseArctic iyimpawu yokuhamba kwe-delta. Phantse yonke indawo iibhanki zitshintshiwe.

Imozulu yinkalo ephakamileyo. Iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo ngoJanuwari lingaphantsi kwe-40 ° C, iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo ngoJulayi linama-14 ° C. Ukuthotywa komoya kungama-70%.

Iintlanzi

Iingqungquthela zoMlambo we- Indigirka zifumaneka zombini kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye nasezantsi. Ngomda ophezulu ukuya kumlambo adjoin: ngakwesobunxele - imilambo engu-Elgi, Kyuente, Kuidusun, ngakwesokudla-i-Indigirka-r. INera (196 km). Emngceleni ongaphantsi ngakwesobunxele - amaqhosha a-Uyandin, Allaikh, Selenni, Berelekh; Ilungelo - imilambo yakwaBadyarikha neMoma.

Ukongeza kwii-large summitaries, i-Indigirka inamacinci - imilambo uSarylakh, Talbikchan, Arga-Yuryakh, Achchygy-Chagachannah, Atabyt-Yuryakh kunye nabanye. Ukungena, njengo-Indigirka ngokwalo, kukhishwa ngamanzi kunye namanzi aqhotyoshelweyo.

Uphuhliso lwemimandla

Ukuphuhliswa kwendawo yamanzi kwaqala kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, xa i-Cossacks yaseTobolsk ifika eSiberia. Ukuhlala kuqala kwibhankini ye-Indigirka River yasungulwa ngo-1639 yi-Cossack Postnik Ivanov-Zashiveri Ostrog. Ukuhlaliswa kwahlala kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweXesti yeXIX. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwesifo sengqungquthela, i-settlement yaphela. Ngoku ayisabikho, kodwa kukho isikhumbuzo sedolophu.

Ukuphuhliswa kweentlanga zabantu kwaqala kwisiqingatha sokuqala seXVIII inkulungwane. Kwinqaba lomlambo kwakukho indawo enkulu kunazo zonke eziselunxwemeni - umlomo waseRussia. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX kwakuneendawo ezingama-29 kwiindawo ezisemantla.

Ngoku kummandla wonxweme we-Indigirka kukho izindlu ezincinci ezi-5: i-Ust-Nera (abantu abayi-6,000), i-Chokurdah (abantu abayi-2,100), i- Belaya Gora (2,000), i-Oimyakon (abantu abangama-500), i-Honuu (abantu abayi-2,500. ). Idolophana yaseChokurdah iyisango elisenyakatho yeRashiya.

Ukongeza kubemi bendawo, abantu bakhangwa kule ndawo ngegolide idiphozi. Kwiibhanki zomlambo, igolide ichithwe. Umlambo waseMoma uqubise amalahle.

Zezilwanyana

U-Indigirka ucebile kubameli be-ichthyofauna. Iintlobo zeentlobo zeentlanzi ezingama-30 zathola ikhaya labo emanzini omlambo. Kulokuloba oludumileyo emlonyeni. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zentengiso yezilwanyana zasemanzini i-Indigirki: i-rylad, i-omul kunye ne-chir. Ukongezelela kulaba babameli, abanye bayaziwa: muxun, whitefish, burbot.

Ukongezelela, emanzini ase-Indigirka kukho iintlobo zeentlanzi ezisengozini, ezinye zazo zidweliswe kwiBlack Book. Oku, umzekelo, iSurgeon yaseSiberia - ummeli usongelwa ukuphela. Inani lenani leentlanzi e- Nelma, i -vendace yaseSiberia yancipha kwiimimiselo eziphambili. Kungekudala, ukuvinjelwa kweentlanzi zeentlobo ze-muscular kwaziswa.
Ixesha lokuhlalisa i-salmon yase-Indigirka delta delta: i-salmon kunye ne-chum salmon.

Kwixesha lehlobo lelo xesha ukususela ekuhlaleni kwe-Honu umlambo uhamba ngomkhumbi. Ngeli xesha umlambo uba yindlela ehamba phambili yokuthuthwa kwamanzi enyakatho-mpuma yeRashiya.

Ukuhamba

Ukuhamba nge-Indigirka River akuyona into elula yokusebenza, indawo eyingozi. Kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke ziqhube ulawulo olushushu lokushisa. Apha abafundi beziko lendawo bahlala beza kuphando, kuba ininzi yonxweme ye-Indigirka ingazange ifundwe.

Kodwa abaqhubi baneleyo yonke indawo, kwaye kwiindawo ezisezantsi zomlambo zenziwa nge-kayak rafting, kayaking. Kwaye kukho indawo ezifanelekileyo zokuloba nokuzingela.

Kwizinto ezibonakalayo ezikulo mmandla zinokuthiwa yi-Chersky. Kubizwa ngokuba ngu-I.D. Chersky. Ingongoma ephezulu yeso sixeko soNqoba (3.003 m.). Yona nto yokugqibela yendawo ye-geographical item on the map of Russia. Kwafunyanwa kuphela ngowe-1926 ngumphandi S.V. Obruchevym.

Ukuwa kunye nentlambo yomlambo

Ukuwa kwe-Indigirka River (kunye nayiphi na enye) ibalwa ngokubhekiselele kumgama phakathi komthombo kunye nomlomo wamanzi. Enyanisweni, eli gama libonisa umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ngokwezinye iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni, i-drop is approximately 1 thousand meters. Isibalo sinomgangatho ophakathi kweminye imilambo yaseRashiya.

Umthamo weNayile ye-Indigirka ulingana no-58 m / km. Le nombolo ifumaneka ngenxa yesilinganiselo sokuwa kwixabiso lentengiso. Ngokomgaqo, isibonakaliso asikho sikhulu kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, esasemlambo, umntu kufuneka aqikelele.