Ukuhlulwa kwamathambo abantu kunye namalungu abo

I-Bone yinto ekhuni kunayo yonke emva kweezinyo zezinyo, ezikhoyo emzimbeni womntu kwaye ziquka uhlobo olukhethekileyo lweethambo ezixhumeneyo. Iinkalo zalo zobuninzi ziquka ubukho bomeleleyo, obunxulunxiswe ngamanzi amaminerali, i-fibrous intercellular substance kunye neeseli zeenkwenkwezi, ezixhotywe ngeenkqubo ezininzi. Ukwahlula kunye nesakhiwo samatye sivumela ukuba siqonde ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani indima yesistim ye-musculoskelet yomzimba.

Ukwabiwa kwamathambo

Ithenda ngalinye lilungu elizimeleyo elinamalungu amabini. Ingxenyana yangaphandle i-periosteum, kwaye inxalenye engaphakathi yenziwe ngamathambo adibeneyo. Iingcambu zabo ziyiziko leyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yelungu le-hematopoietic.

Ukuhlulwa kwamathambo kwimo kufaka ubukho bamaqela alandelayo:

• Ixesha elide okanye i-tubular;
• Mfutshane, okunye kuthiwa yi-spongy;
• Isitye okanye ububanzi;
• Ixubile, ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yiyinto engavamile;
• Ngomoya.

Kwisithambo eside (i-tubular), inxalenye ephakathi iyalwe, i-cylindrical okanye i-trihedral. Le nxalenye ibizwa ngokuba yi-diaphysis. Kwaye iziphelo ezinzima ziyi-epiphyses. Ubukho kwi-epiphysis ngayinye yomhlaba ophezulu, ogqutywe nge-articular cartilage, inquma amandla odibeneyo.

Kwi-tubular i-squelet of the legs, apho babizelwa khona ukwenza imisebenzi yeenqatha. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwamathambo alolu hlobo kubonelela ukuhlukana kwabo kwixesha elide nelifutshane. Iyokuqala ibandakanya ihlombe, u-hip, iphambili kunye nomlenze ophantsi. Kwesibili-metacarpal, metatarsal, iphalanx yeminwe.

Ngamafutshane amathambo (spongy), umlo ufana nekrabhu engafaniyo okanye i-polyhedron. Zifumaneka kulawo maqela omzimba, apho kudibene khona amandla kunye nokuhamba kwimibutho. Ngokuphathelele izibonda, i-tarsus.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwamagumbi omzimba kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi wokukhusela yinto efanelekileyo yamathambo asisigxina (ebanzi), afaka phakathi i-sternum, iimbambo, i-pelvis kunye ne-hivane. Iimisipha zifakwe kwiindawo zawo, kwaye ngaphakathi kwazo, njengokwimeko ye-tubular, ngumongo wethambo.

Amathambo afutshane kwisandla somntu avumela ukusebenzisa i-brush ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye kwizinzwane, iinyawo zanda ukunqandwa xa umntu emile.

Ukuhlulwa kwamathambo kubonelela ubukho kunye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi samathambo axubekileyo. Zihlukeneyo kwifom kunye nomsebenzi (i-arc kunye neentlobo zomzimba we-vertebral).

Kwiindawo ezisemoyeni emzimbeni kukho umxube obunomlenze obuthile kwaye uzaliswe ngumoya. Inxalenye yamathambo enkluza ibhekisela kule ntlobo. Umzekelo, i-frontal, latticed, umhlathi ophezulu, odibeneyo.

Ukwahlulelwa kweethambo

Isethi yonke yamathambo yakha inxalenye engapheliyo yenkqubo ye-musculoskelet, isebenza njengenkqubo, ngeendlela ezininzi, ngenxa yobukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhagamshelana, ukubonelela ngezinga elifanelekileyo lokuhamba.

Amalungu amathambo aqhubekayo kwaye apheli. Kwakhona ukwahlula uhlobo oluphakathi lwe-compound, ebizwa ngokuba yi-symphysis.

Izixhobo ezinobungqina

Ukuhlulwa kwamathambo omntu kubalulekile kumayeza okuthintela umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-musculoskelet. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlobo lweethuthi eziya kubanjiswa lukwabalulekile. Esi sici senza ukuba kube lula ukuhlukanisa i-fibrous, bone and joint joints (synchondroses) phakathi kwamalungu alandelayo. I-Fibous inezinga eliphezulu lamandla kunye nokuhamba okuphantsi. Kulo qela leemveliso, izilwanyana, izilwanyana kunye nokubhoboza ziphela. Iimpawu ze-syndemoses ziquka izibophelelo kunye neembalo ezingenanto.

Iintlobo zezitho ezinobumba

Izibophelo kwisakhiwo zixakekileyo okanye izitya ezibunjwe zizicubu ezinamaqabunga ezinobuninzi kunye nomlinganiselo obalulekileyo we-collagen fibers. Umthwalo, njengomgaqo, unikeza uxhumano lwamathambo amabini kunye nokuqiniswa kokubambisana, ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwabo. Unako ukuxhomekeka kwemithwalo enzima.

Ngoncedo lweembrane zengxubevange, i-diaphysis yamathambo e-tubular axhunyiwe, kwaye ziindawo zokuqhotyoshelana kwezihlunu. Iimbumba zeengxangxube zixhomekeke kuyo imithwalo yegazi kunye neentsholongwane.

Enye yeendidi ezinamafayili afana neentambo zekhayi, ukwahlula ngokucwangciswa kweemigodi ezihlangeneyo zibe yindawo ephangaleleyo, ekhuni kunye nesigxina. Zonke iindidi zeebhondi zinomqolo we-interlayer wezicubu ezinxibelelwano.

I-Vkolachivanie yinto ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa, ebonwe kwiinqununu zezinyo kunye nezicubu zethambo le-alveoli yamazinyo. Udonga kunye nethambo lesithambo aluchaphazeli. Zahlukaniswa ngumgca oncitshisiweyo oqukethe izicubu ezinxulumene. Kubizwa ngokuba yi-periodontium.

I-Synchondroses kunye ne-synostoses

Ukwahlula kwamalungu amathambo kunika ubungqina be-synchondrosis, apho ukukhawuleza kwenziwa ngokuncedisa izicubu zomzimba. Iimpawu eziphambili ze synchondrosis zi-elasticity, amandla.

Xa phakathi kwamathambo inqwelwana ye-cartilaginous ithathelwa indawo yesikhumba sesithambo, iholele kwi synostosis. Ukuhamba kweli phepha kuya ku-zero, kwaye izibonakaliso zamandla zanda.

Amalungu

Uhlobo oluhamba phambili lolunxulumano lwamalungu. Iimpawu zobunzima bezinto ezinqamlekileyo zikhona kubakho bendawo ekhethekileyo: ii-articular surfaces, i-articular cavity, i-synovial fluid kunye ne-capsule.

Izakhiwo ezixubushayo zimboza i-hyaline cartilage, kwaye isikhala sisithuba esicacileyo phakathi kweendawo ezixubileyo zamathambo, zijikelezwe yipopsule ye-articular kwaye iqukethe inani elininzi lamanzi e-synovial.

Ukuphuka kwamathambo

Ukuqhekeka kukuphulwa okupheleleyo okanye okukhethileyo kwethambo, okwakusuka kwintlungu yangaphandle okanye kwinkqubo yokutshintsha izicubu ezibangelwa isifo.

Igama elipheleleyo le-fracture lingasetyenziswa xa kuqwalaselwa inani leempawu, eziyinxalenye eyonakalisiweyo, apho ithambo elaphukileyo lendawo. Ukongezelela, igama le-fracture liquka uhlobo lwezinto ezibangela ukuba kwenzeke (ukuphazamiseka okanye ukugula).

Ukwahlula kweentlobo zethambo kubandakanya ngokubanzi ukwahlukana kwabo kubuncinci kwaye bafumane. Ubungqina bentsholongwane yabangelwa ngumzimba kubangelwa ukuphazamiseka ekuphuculweni kwe-intrauterine kwaye akunqabile. Phakathi kwabo, inokwenzeka ukuba yilapho ikhonkwane, iimbambo, i-collarbones, amahlombe kunye ne-hip zihlupheka. Izahluko eziye zavela ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokubeleka, ukuphuhliswa kwamanzi kwintlanano ayinayo, ngoko ke, ifumaneka kumlingisi.

Ukuphulwa kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kungabangela ingxaki kunye neentsholongwane. Ixesha langaphambili yiphumo lendlela yokusebenza kunye neendawo ezikuloo ndawo kwindawo yokubhengezwa (ngokuthe ngqo) okanye ngaphandle kwendawo (engathanga ngqo). Elinye iqela leentlobo zibandakanya ezo zenziwe ngenxa yesilonda seethambo nge-tumor okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokuvuvukala okanye ezidakisayo.

Izahlulo ezivulwe kwaye zivaliwe

Iimfucu ezivulekileyo zibonakaliswe ngengozi kwesikhumba kunye neembumba ezinamaqabunga kwiindawo zemiphumo ephazamisayo, eyabangela ukuphulwa kobugqwetha. Ukuba kukho isilonda kunye nezicubu zichithwe, oku kubangela umngcipheko wokusuleleka kunye nophuhliso olulandelayo lwe-osteomyelitis emva kokuphazamiseka.

Ngentsimbi evaliweyo, ukunyaniseka kwesikhumba akuphazamiseki.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamathambo, amaqabane abo kunye namaqhekeza avumela kakhulu ukucacisa indima yesigxina ekusebenzeni komzimba ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuthintela umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-musculoskeletal.