Izihlunu zesisu. Amaqela emisipha yamathambo. Ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wemisipha yamathambo

Imisipha - enye yezinto eziphambili zomzimba. Zisekelwe kwiisishu, iifayili zekhontrakthi phantsi kweempembelelo zentsholongwane, ezivumela umzimba ukuba uhambe kwaye uhlale kwindawo.

Imisipha ikhona kwiindawo zonke zomzimba wethu. Kwaye nangona singazi ngokuhlala kwabo, basaphila. Kwanele, umzekelo, ukuya kwindawo yokuzivocavoca okokuqala okanye usebenzise i-aerobics - ngosuku olulandelayo uya kugula nangona ezo zihlunu ongazi ukuba zikhoyo.

Banoxanduva lokungena nje ukuhamba. Ekuphumleni, izihlunu zifuna amandla ukuze zigcine zithinte. Oku kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba nanini na inxalenye ethile yomzimba inokuphendula kwisimo sengqondo sokunyakaza ngokufanelekileyo, kunokuchitha ixesha elungiselela.

Ukuqonda indlela i-muscle ehlelwe ngayo, sikhuthaza ukukhumbula izinto ezisisiseko, ukuphinda uhlengahlengiso kunye nokujonga kwisakhiwo seselula seemisipha. Siphinda sifunde ngezifo ezinokudambisa umsebenzi wazo, kunye nendlela yokuqinisa izihlunu zamathambo.

Iingcamango eziqhelekileyo

Ngokuzaliswa kwayo kunye nokuphendula okuza kwenzekayo, iifayili ze-muscle zihlulwe ngo:

• Umnqamlezo;
• Smooth.

Izisipha ze-squelettes ziyi-structures ezithengisa izibilini, inani le-nuclei kwelinye iseli elingafikelela kumawaka amaninzi. Ziqukethe izicubu ze-muscle, eziqhotyoshelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamathambo. Ukuchasana kwe-muscle ehluthwe kuncedisa ekuhambeni komntu.

Iintlobo zeefom

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwemisipha? Iifoto ezinikezelwe kweli nqaku ziya kusinceda siqonde oku.

Izisipha ze-squelet is onezixhobo eziphambili ze-musculoskelet system. Ziyakuvumela ukuba uhambe kwaye ugcine ukulinganisela, kwaye ubandakanyeke kwinkqubo yokuphefumula, ukubunjwa kwezwi kunye neminye imisebenzi.

Emzimbeni womntu, kukho izidumbu ezingaphezu kwama-60. Ngokomyinge wepesenti, ubunzima bawo bonke ubunzima be-40% bobukhulu bomzimba. Imisipha ihlelwa ngohlobo kunye nesakhiwo:

• Fusiform;
• I-lamellar yakho.

Ukwahlula kwenza lula ukufunda

Ukwahlukana kwezihlunu zamathambo zibe ngamaqela kwenziwa ngokuxhomekeka kwindawo kunye nokubaluleka kwawo kumsebenzi wezitho ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Amaqela aphezulu:

Imisipha yentloko nentamo:

• Abemi - ababandakanyeka ekumomotheni, ukuthetha kunye nokudala i-grimaces eyahlukeneyo, ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuhamba kweengxenye ezimeleyo zobuso;
• Ukukhangela - uncedo lokutshintsha isikhundla se-maxillofacial isebe;
• Izihlunu ezingenasisiseko zeengaphakathi zangaphakathi (intloko epholileyo, ulwimi, amehlo, indlebe ephakathi).

Amaqela emisipha yamathambo yesebe lomlomo wesibeleko:

• Ingqonge - igalelo ekuhambeni okutyekelekileyo nokujikelezayo kwentloko;
• Ephakathi - yakha udonga oluphantsi lwesigodlo somlomo kwaye uququzelele ukunyakaza komhlathi, ithambo le - hyoid kunye ne-carrylage ye-laryngeal;
• Inzulu yenza iimithambeka kunye nokujika kwekhanda, ukudala ukuphakanyiswa kwezimbambo zokuqala neyesibini.

Imisipha, iifoto ozibonayo apha, zijongene nesiqu kwaye zihlukaniswe zibe yimisipha yamasebe alandelayo:

• I-Thoracic - isebenza inxalenye engaphezulu yesazi kunye nengalo, kwaye isinceda ekutshintsheni isikhundla sembambo ngexesha lokuphefumla;
• Isahlulo sesisu - unikeza ukujikeleza kwegazi ngeemvini, utshintshe isikhundla sesifuba ngexesha lokuphefumla, kuthintela ukusebenza kwendlela yamathumbu, ukukhuthaza ukugoba kwe-trunk;
• I-Dorsal - idala inkqubo yemoto yamalungu angaphezulu.

Imisipha yamaphethelo:

• Ephezulu - iqukethe amathissi e-muscular yebhande lesigxina kunye nesandla esingenasentla, sinceda ukuhambisa ingalo kwipokethi ehlangeneyo kunye nokudala ukuhamba kwesandla kunye neminwe;
• I-Lower - idlala indima enkulu ekuhambeni komntu kwindawo, ihlulwe ibe yimisipha yebhanki ye-pelvic kunye nenxalenye yamahhala.

Ulwakhiwo lwesisu somzimba

Ngokwakhe isakhiwo, sinombumba omkhulu wemisipha yomzimba we-oblong kunye nobubanzi be-10 ukuya kwi-100 microns, ubude bawo buhluka ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kwi-12 cm. Iifibers (microfibrils) zincinci - i-actinic kunye ne-thick-myosin.

Iyokuqala iqukethe iprotheni enesakhiwo se-fibrillar. Ibizwa ngokuba ngumdlali. Iimbumba ezinamaqela ziquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-myosin. Ziyahlukana ngexesha, okufunekayo ukuba kuqhekeke i-molecule ye-ATP, ebangela ukuhlukana kweerhafu ezahlukeneyo.

I-Myosin kwiiseli ezihamba kakuhle zikarhulumente ohlakazekileyo, nangona kukho iprotheni enkulu, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekutyunzeni kwee tonic.

Isakhiwo sesisipha samathambo sifana nentambo yentambo okanye ucingo oluthile. Ngaphezulu kwayo yinto enqabileyo yesikhumba esisebenzayo esibizwa ngokuba yi-epimizium. Ukusuka kummandla walo ongaphakathi, amasebe anzulu eengxenyeni ezixhumeneyo, ezenza izahlulo, ziqhube ngokujulile kwi-muscle. Kuzo, "ziboshwe" izicathulo zomzimba wezicubu zomzimba, eziqukethe ama-fibrikhi angama-100 nganye. Amasebe amancinci angaphantsi angena kuwo.

Kuzo zonke iziqendu kwiimisipha zamathambo zingena kwigazi kunye neenkqubo zeentloni. Umthunzi we-arterium udlula ngaphaya kwe-perimizium-oku kuyisicu esinxulumene nesigqubuthelo seemfumba ze-muscle fibers. Ama-capillary angama-arterial and venous ahlala ecaleni.

Inkqubo yoPhuhliso

Izihlunu ze-squelettes zivela kwi-mesoderm. Ngasecaleni lentshontsho, i-somites yenziwa. Emva kokuphelelwa kwexesha, i-myotomes yabelwe kuzo. Iiseli zabo, zithatha uhlobo lwe-spindle, ziguquke zibe myoblasts, ezahlula. Ezinye zazo ziqhubela phambili, kanti ezinye zihlala zingatshintshi kwaye zenza iiseli ze-myosatellite.

Ingxenye engabalulekanga yeemyoblasts, ngenxa yokuqhagamshelana kwezibonda, kudala udibaniso phakathi kwabo, ngoko kwindawo yokudibanisa ye-plasmalemma iyahlukana. Ndiyabulela ekuhlanganiseni kweeseli, i-symplasts yenziwe. Amaseli amancinci angabonakaliyo asemasimini afanayo njengoko i-myosymplast ye-membrane ye-basal ihambela kuwo.

Imisipha yomzimba

Le mfuyo isiseko se-musculoskelet system. Ukuba unamandla, umzimba ulula ukugcina kwisimo esifanelekileyo, kwaye amathuba okuhlaselwa okanye ukuhamba nge-scoliosis anciphisa ubuncinci. Wonke umntu uyazi malunga neenzuzo zezemidlalo, ngoko makhe sijonge indima edlalwa yimisundu.

Izicubu ezinokubambisana zezihlunu ze-squeletti zenza emzimbeni womntu imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo eyimfuneko yokwenza ilungiselelo elungileyo lomzimba kunye nokusebenzisana kwamalungu awo ngamnye.

Imisipha yenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Yakha ukuhamba komzimba;
• Khusela umbane we-thermal owenziwe ngaphakathi komzimba;
• Ukukhuthaza ukunyakaza kunye nokugcinwa kokugcina endaweni;
• Uncedo lokunciphisa i-airways kunye nokunceda ngokugwinya;
• Ifom yobuso;
• Ncedisa ekuveliseni ukushisa.

Inkxaso eqhubekayo

Xa izicubu ze-muscle ziphumla, kukho njalo uxinzelelo oluthile kulo, olubizwa ngokuba ngumsindo we-muscle. Yakhiwe ngenxa yamashishini amancinci amancinci afaka izihlunu ezivela emthonjeni. Isenzo sabo sibangelwa zizibonakaliso ezivela entloko ukuya emanzini omgogodla. I-tone ye-muscle nayo ixhomekeke kwimeko yabo jikelele:

• Ukuchonga;
• Inqanaba lokuzaliswa kweengxaki ze-muscle;
• Ukucebisa ngegazi;
• Ukulingana kwamanzi kunye netyuwa.

Umntu unako ukulawula umgangatho wemisipha yomthwalo. Ngenxa yendlela yokuzilolonga emzimbeni okanye ukuxhalabisa ngokwemvakalelo kunye neentloni, i-tone ye-muscle iyanda ngokungahambelani.

Ukunciphisa imisipha yamathambo kunye neentlobo zazo

Lo msebenzi uyisiseko. Kodwa nangona, ngokulula okubonakalayo, unokulwa ngokwahlukileyo.

Iintlobo zemisipha yezivumelwano:

• Isotonic - ubuchule beethambo ezixubileyo zokunciphisa ngaphandle kweenguqu kwiimfucu ze-muscle;
• Isometric - i-fiber ifutshane ngexesha lokuphendula, kodwa ubude balo buhlala bufanayo;
• I-Auxotonic - inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwezicubu ze-muscle, apho ubude kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezihlunu zenziwa kutshintsho.

Cinga le nkqubo ngokubanzi

Okokuqala, ubuchopho buyathumela i-pulse ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-neuronal, efikelela kwi-motoneuron ecaleni kwesikhwama semisipha. Ukongezelela, i-neuron esebenzayo ingabonakali kwi-vesicle, kunye ne-neurotransmitter ikhishwa. Idibanisa kunye nama-receptors kwi-fiber muscular sarcolemma kwaye ivula isradidi yesitrasi, ekhokelela ekugqibeleni i-membrane, ebangela ukuba isenzo senzeke. Inani elaneleyo le-neurotransmitter likhuthaza ukuveliswa kwee-calcium ions. Emva koko idibanisa ne-troponin kwaye ivuselela ukunciphisa kwayo. Kananjalo, ukulibazisa i-tropomezin, ukuvumela i-actin ukuba idibanise ne-myosin.

Emva koko uqala inkqubo yokulahla i-actin filaments ngokumalunga ne-myosin, okubangelwa ukunciphisa imisipha yamathambo. Umfanekiso weskimu uza kunceda ukuqonda inkqubo yoxinzelelo lweemisipha ezixhasayo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwemisipha yamathambo

Ukusebenzisana kwenani elikhulu leemisipha likhuthaza ukunyuka kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Umsebenzi wemisipha yamathambo ungenzeka ngale ndlela:

• Ama-muscle-synergists asebenza kwelinye icala;
• Abaxhasi bamathambo banegalelo ekuphunyezweni kweentshukumo eziphikisayo ukubonisa ukuxhatshazwa.

Isenzo esichasayo sesisu sisinye seziganeko eziphambili kumsebenzi we-musculoskelet system. Ekuphunyezweni kwezenzo, kungekhona nje kuphela iifayile ze-muscle ezenzayo, kodwa nabachasayo. Ziba negalelo ekuchaseni kwaye zinike ukunyakaza kwekhonkrithi kunye nobubele.

Imisipha ye-squelet-striped cross-striped under the influence on the joint isenza umsebenzi onzima. Ubume balo bunqunywe yindawo yendawo yokubambisana kunye nesimo esifanelekileyo sesisundu.

Eminye imisebenzi yemisipha yamathambo ayilungelekanga, kwaye ayisoloko ethetha ngaso. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye zeempahla zisebenza njengeqhenqa ekusebenzeni kwamathambo emasipha.

Ukusebenza kwemisipha kumgangatho wamaselula

Isenzo samasipha omzimba sisenziwa ngamaprotheni amabini: i-actin kunye ne-myosin. Ezi zixhobo zikwazi ukuhamba zihambelana nomnye.

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kakuhle kwezicubu ze-muscle, kuyimfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, equlethwe kwizibophelelo zeekhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo. Ukubola kunye ne-oxidation yezinto ezinjalo zivela kwiimisipha. Kukho imimoya, kwaye amandla anikezelweyo, i-33% yento yonke isetyenziswe ekusebenzeni kwezicubu ze-muscle, kwaye i-67% idluliselwa kwezinye iisculi kwaye isetyenziselwa ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba.

Izifo zengxube yamathambo

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukungaqhelekanga ekusebenziseni izihlunu kubangelwa kwiimeko zentsholongwane yeengxaki zesifo senzwa.

Izifo ezixhaphakileyo eziqhelekileyo zezidumbu zegazi zi:

• Iimfampu ze-Muscle - ukuphulwa kwe-electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluid ezungeze i-muscle kunye ne-nerve fibers, kwakunye neenguqu zengcinezelo ye-osmotic kuyo, ngakumbi ukwanda kwayo.
• Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-tetanic - ukungabandakanyeki kwe-tetanic yemisipha yamathambo, yabona xa ukuxinwa kweCa2 + engaphezulu kwe-40% kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo.
• I-dystrophy yama-muscular ibonakaliswe ukuhla kweyunyuko yamagciwane kunye ne-myocardium, kunye nokukhubazeka kwe-muscular, oku kungaholela ekufeni ngenxa yokuphefumula okanye ukukhubazeka kwentliziyo.
• I-Myasthenia gravis iyisifo esingasigxina esingagqirhayo apho i-antibodies kwi-nicotinic ACh-receptor yenziwa emzimbeni.

Ukuphumula kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemisipha yamathambo

Isondlo esifanelekileyo, indlela yokuphila kunye noqeqesho oluqhelekileyo kuya kunceda ukuba ube ngumnikazi wemisipha enempilo kunye nenhle. Akuyimfuneko ukubandakanya ukuxilonga nokukwakha imisipha. Uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo lwe-cardio noqeqesho lwe-yoga.

Musa ukulibala malunga nokugunyazwa okugunyazisiweyo kwamavithamini kunye neemaminerali ezibalulekileyo, kunye nokutyelela rhoqo kwii-saunas kunye neebhafu kunye nemifula engakwazi ukucebisa i-oksijini kunye neethambo zomzimba kunye nemithambo yegazi.

Ukuzihlaziya okucwangcisiweyo kwandisa ukwandisa nokuveliswa kwemisipha. Kwakhona, igalelo elifanelekileyo kwisakhiwo nokusebenza kwezihlunu zamathambo kubonelelwa ngokutyelela kwi-cryosauna.