Sisiphi isifundo kwiMandulo yamaRashi? Iingcamango "zezifundo" kwi-Old Rus

Sisiphi isifundo kwiMandulo yamaRashi? Le ngcamango ihambelana kakhulu negama lika-Olga (malunga ne-920 - 969) - umhlolokazi waseKievani inkosana u-Igor, owabulawa kwidolophu yase-Istoriene yi-Drevlyans.

INkosana yaseKieg Igor Rurikovich

Ukuze udibanise ngokupheleleyo ingcamango "yezifundo" kuMandulo waseRussia, umntu kufuneka aqale ukujonga imbali evela kwimithombo, ukususela ekuqaleni, oko kukuthi, ukususela ekufeni kweNkosana Igor. Wayesetrone emva kokufa kwama-Varangian u- Oleg Veschy. Kuyamangalisa ukuba le ndoda ayizange ibonise yona. Amaphulo amaninzi kwiByzantium aphumelelanga. Ukongeza kwongezo kwesivumelwano sokurhweba kunye namaGrike, esayinwe nguOleg ngo-911, umsebenzi womlawuli awubonakali. Kuhlala nje isiqwenga sokudlulela okungathandekiyo.

Isenzo sika-Igor sinokubonakala singaqhelekanga. Uphetha ngokuthi, emva kokugqiba ukuqokelela umvuzo wonyaka kwilizwe labafundi bakhe, i-Druzhivniks ayihlali inelisekile ngobukhulu bayo. Emva koko induna iya kubuyela kwikomkhulu yedolophu yaseDrevlyansky yaseIstokeni (Korosten) ngenjongo yokuzalisa kwakhona. Abantu abahlubukileyo bambulala.

UMninimzi Olga - ngowokuqala umfazi etroneni

Amandla aya kumhlolokazi wesikhulu. Elizweni apho amaqhawe alawula khona, umfazi obuthathaka wayefanele abonise ubungqina bakhe kubantu bakhe kunye nabachasene noko kunokulingana nomyeni wakhe. Uqala ngokuphindezela. Kule mihla kuchazwe izinto ezi-4, ezibandakanywe kwimbali yolawulo lwakhe.

Ezi zigugu ezikhethekileyo zeDrevlyane, ezixhomekeke kumasiko omngcwabo. Ukubulawa kokugqibela kwe-Drevlyans kukutshabalalisa i-capital. Emva kokuba enze umkhosi we-Iskorosteni kunye nendodana yakhe uSvyatoslav entloko yenkampani enkulu, umthendeleko watshisa isixeko sokhuni.

Yintoni eyayibizwa ngokuthi "izifundo" kwiRashi yaseMandulo? Emva kokunciphisa i-Drevlyans, u-Olga waqala ukusebenza ukuze akhuphe izizathu zokuvukela kunye nokungaziphathi kwenkqubo yelizwe, kwaye le ngcamango yafumana ingcamango ehla kwixesha lethu.

Isimo sezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi kwiRashi yaseMandulo

Ngaphambi kokulawula kweNkosana yaseKiev, iRashiya yahlala e-Varangian. Abalawuli bayo uRurikovich benza iiprojekthi ezikude, zakhela iinqaba. Ukusuka kwimithombo yamandulo kucacile ukuba ama-Varangi ayengenalo i-statehood kwaye ayengenakukuzisa eli lizwe eRussia. Bakhawuleza baqulunqa imilambo kunye neendlela zokurhweba, kwaye banxulumene nabaphathi bendawo.

Ngokufika kwamanqaku okurhweba kwamanzi, ukukhula kwidolophu kuqalile, kwaye izibonelelo zivela. Oku kwakuyimpembelelo enamandla ekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho nezentlalo kunye nomyalelo othile. Amandla asele mandulo yaba ngumthetho kunye nomhleli wezoqoqosho. Iinkosana zithatha ulawulo lwamanzi. Urhulumente lenziwa phantsi kwegama likaKevan Rus.

Amalinge okulawula nokugxininisa: uthini "izifundo" kwi-Old Rus

I-elite ekhulayo ifumene iimali zokufumana iinjongo zabo zokubamba i-Byzantium, ivumelanisa umvuzo kwiintlanga ezithintekayo kunye ne-Novgorod: i-hryvnas 300 ngonyaka ukwenzela uxolo. I-polyudye echazwe kwiincwadi zezifundo, oko kukuthi, ukuqokelelwa kwentlawulo yi-Kiev iinkosana ngemali kunye nemveliso yemvelo, ayizange iphele ngokuqokelela impahla eqokelelweyo. Kwintendelezo yasentwasahlobo kunye nentlawulo evela kuNovgorod, eSmolensk, eChernigov nakwabanye bahlangene eKiev. Kwaye ngoJuni le nqanawa kunye neempahla zaya eConstantinople. Izivumelwano ezidlulileyo kunye neByzantium zithetha ngale nto, apho amanqaku amaninzi anikezelwa kumgaqo-mthetho wezorhwebo.

Inkosana kunye neqela lakhe kwakuphela igunya elapha iintlanga zamaSlavic. Bayibaqokeleli beentlawulo kunye nabaxhasi. Iqela lafumana inxalenye yemali nge-polyudye, inxalenye yemisebenzi kunye nemikhankaso yempi. Abemi babefanele banikeze ngexesha lokusebenza komsebenzi wabo osemthethweni. KwiRashiya yasendulo, ulawulo olukhethekileyo lolawulo lwenziwe: uhlobo lobudlelwane be-neo-feudal. Ubuninzi babemi ngamalungu asekuhlaleni (abahlali abakhululekileyo), elinye iqela liqela. Ngaphandle kokungena kwepropathi, umninimzi wafumana inzuzo kubemi, oko kukuthi, inkokhelo.

Intlawulo kwi-9th-10th Century

Ngonyaka ukususela ngoNovemba ukuya ku-Ephreli iqela lekosana lafumana inzuzo ngeendlela ezimbini:

• Ukuthutha - ukunikezelwa okugunyazisiweyo kwindlu yomthetheli wemveliso yezolimo kunye neentlanzi;
• I-Polyudye - isithwaba sevalelwa kunye nokuqokelela imali, ukutya kunye nempahla.

Abaqhubi beprojekthi yerhafu babengamadoda amancinane.

Inkqubo yokurhafisa iboniswe kwaye ayizange ihlinzekele imimiselo kunye nomyalelo ocacileyo. Imirhumo yayingavumelekanga, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha angaphezu kwesiqhelo, ebangela ukunganeliseki nokuvukela. Kuphela phakathi kwekhulu leshumi kwavela okokuqala ngqa inkqubo echanekileyo ichaza ukuba yintoni isifundo kwi-Ancient Rus.

Kwakukho ininzi yeerhafu ezichanekileyo ngendlela yentlawulo yorhwebo kunye neentlawulo:

• I-Myt yaqokelelwa ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwimida yeentaba kunye namanzi;
• Ubukhulu kunye nomlinganiselo - ngokulandelanayo ngokulinganisa nokulinganisa izinto;
• Ukuthengiswa kuthathe kubahwebi kwiimarike;
• Igumbi lokulala lahlawuliswa ukulungiselela amalungiselelo okugcina;
• UVira - isigwebo sokubulala umkhonzi.

Ukuguqulwa kweNkosana Olga

Ukufa kuka-Igor kuqhube u-Olga kwisenzo sokuqala sombuso. Iingxobo kunye nezifundo ziyaziswa. Oku ku-Rus yaseMandulo kwaphawula ukuqala komsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ngaphambi kwalo, ulawulo oluphambili lwalowo uphuhliso olululo lube ngumgaqo-nkqubo wenzondo, kungekhona ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi. "Izifundo" ezibhekiselele kwiRashiya yakudala, inkcazelo kunye nokubaluleka kweli lizwe zichazwe kwiingxelo zeNestor. UOlga akazange aphange ilizwe, kodwa wathi: "UVolga uya kunye noD druzhina, echaza imithetho kunye nezifundo." Ukuguqulwa kwayo kwakukho uxolo.

Iindlovukazi zatshintshwa zibe:

• Ukumiselwa kwesamba sembeko;
• Ukutyunjwa kwabadli - abantu abanoxanduva lokuqokelela umvuzo;
• Inkcazo yamanqaku aqinileyo - indawo ezikhethekileyo zemirhumo.

Izifundo kunye namangcwaba e-Old Rus

Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo isifundo kwi-Ancient Rus, kufuneka ufunde inqaku lesi-8 leNkqubo yeRhafu yangoku. Enyanisweni, lo kutshintshwa kwaba yinto yokuqala yokuzama indlela yokulawulwa komthetho kunye nokulawulwa komthetho. Ukutsha kwakudinga imimiselo emitsha kunye nobudlelwane. Iingqapheli kunye nezifundo kwakufuneka zilawulwe imisebenzi kwaye zikhuphe izenzo zomthetho kubunkokeli bamagunya. I-Stanovishcha kunye namangcwaba angqina ngokucaciswa kwemida kunye nokutyunjwa kwabantu abaphetheyo, kwaye ekubeni ukuqokelela intela kwenziwa ebusika, kwakufuneka amagumbi afudumele kunye namalungiselelo. Ukuphelelwa kwamabandla ecawa kwakufuna ukulawulwa komhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, isethi yamanyathelo athatyathwe ukuphuhlisa uxolo loqoqosho lwasekhaya.

Okokuqala, i-princess yabelana nomhlaba kwi-volost, amaziko ayo ayenziwe ngamangcwaba - iidolophane ezinkulu zokurhweba, emi ngasecaleni kweemilambo.

Ngoko ziziphi izifundo kwiRashiya yakudala? Inkcazo inikwe "kwi-Truth Truth", ebhekisela kwizikhulu ezibalulekileyo-i-tiunas. Baqokelela umvuzo kwiintlanga baza bafeza inkundla. Ngokuqhelekileyo inyaniso yasungulwa ngamangqina. Ukuba abazange baphenduke, i-tiunas yasebenzisa uncedo lwabahedeni ababuhedeni. Umenzi wobubi uhlawule kakuhle, kwaye xa kungathobeli kwamagunya asekuhlaleni, i-militia yabizelwa ekuhlanguleni. Igunya eliphambili lomlawuli lolawulo lisebenzise ukulawula xa ebonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlola, kwaye intlungu ibe yinto enetyala okanye ivila.

Imvelaphi yegama elithi "isifundo"

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "izifundo" kwi-Old Rus ineentsingiselo zesivumelwano, ukuthengiselana, ubudlelwane obuzuzisayo. I-etymology yekota iya kunceda ukuqonda ngokubanzi inkcukacha. Igama likhokela ngolwimi lweProto-Slavonic kwaye luvela kwingcambu eyodwa "inkulumo / ukukhawuleza", xa ulwimi lwakhiwa kwiimeko zobuhedeni nakwizenzo zesenzo. Igama elithi "umlambo" libonisa imbono ethile yehlabathi kwaye idibaniswa nobugqirha, kwaye kamva kunye nokwamkelwa kobuKristu, kunye noThixo kunye nemithetho yakhe emiselweyo eMhlabeni.

Isenzi sesiRashiya "ukufunda" ngokuvakalayo ngokuthi "ukuprofeta" kunengqiqo "ukubetha, ukwabela", isifundo - "ubugqwirha ngoncedo lwamagama". Ngempembelelo yomsindo ongcolileyo, izixhobo ezininzi ezivela "kumlambo" zivele: idwala, ukuthetha, umprofeti, ukugxeka, ukubiza, ukubambisa, isifundo. Emva koko igama elithi "isifundo" lifumana iifom ezichanekileyo kwaye ichazwa ngokuthi "umthetho, irhafu okanye intlawulo". Emva koko, intsingiselo iyincinci kwaye inentsingiselo engumfuziselo: "into efundisayo," apho sinokudibanisa "umsebenzi wesikolo", "iyure yesikolo".

Sisiphi isifundo kwi-Old Rus: isiphelo

Ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane bemali-mveliso emitsha kusekelwe kwisifundo-inani elithe ngqo lerhafu. Ukuqokelela okuqokelelwa kumhlawuli phantsi kweli nkqubo kwakungenakwenzeka. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kuqinisa urhulumente ophakathi, kwakha intlangano enesiseko yentlawulo, ichazwe imida yolawulo, yandisa iipropati zolawulo. Ubunini kunye nezinto zelizwe kunye nemali engenayo.
U-Olga akazange alandelele kuphela umgaqo-nkqubo wekhaya, kodwa wakhula ngokomoya, wenza umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ngokwamkela ubuKrestu, ekubeni ngumlawuli welizwe lobuhedeni, wenza isenzo sesibini-isenzo esingokomoya. Wanika ilizwe icandelo lezithethe zenkcubeko, elaliqhutywe kakhulu ngokuphuhliswa kwesifundo. IOrdodoxi eRashiya yasendulo yafumana amandla nokuzimela.