I-Anatomy yowesifazane. I-Anatomy yabantu (i-Biology, iBakala 8)

Indlela amalungu atholakala ngayo emzimbeni, umgaqo womsebenzi wabo kunye nesakhiwo sesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo kufuneka saziwe kubo bonke abafundi. Yingakho i-anatomy yabantu ifundiswa kwibhentshi yesikolo.

Emva koko, imigaqo-siseko yezolimo-mpahla (oko kukuthi, indawo yezitho zangaphakathi) zibaluleke kakhulu. Nokuba uqonde ukuba yiliphi ilungu elibuhlungu kunye nentlungu, kufuneka ukwazi.

I-Human Anatomy eSikolweni

Iingcamango zokuqala zobuninzi bezitho kunye neenkqubo zabo zinikezelwa kwisigaba sokuqala semfundo, kwibakala lesi-4 (izifundo ze "Ihlabathi elijikelezayo"). Nangona kunjalo, ngokucatshulwa ngokubanzi kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kwimibuzo yesakhiwo somzimba womntu kuhanjiswe kwixesha elide lokufunda abantwana-ibanga lesi-8.

Ngaphambi koko, abafana sele sele baqwalasele isakhiwo sezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ngoko baya kufunda isifundo se-anatomy lula, nangona kunzima, izinto ezininzi ezikwinqanaba lomntu.

Olu qeqesho luqulethe iinjongo ezininzi eziza kuvunywa ekupheleni konyaka ngabantwana ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona, ukufundwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kule nzululwazi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa, ngakumbi ngokucacileyo.

Iifayili, iislayidi zezinto zokubonisa okanye imidwebo ekhoyo kunye nemifanekiso (okanye bhetele - bonke ndawonye, kwinkimbinkimbi) kufuneka ibe khona. Isifundo sokwenziwa kwe-anatomy akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalokhu, njengoko kunokuqondwa kuphela ngokujonga ngokubonakalayo. Ukuqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo kwindlela yokucwangcisa ngokucwangcisa uhlawulelwa kwisakhiwo, ukusebenza kunye nokubaluleka kweenkqubo zesondo kunye nezobuchule. Ngoko, umzekelo, phantse ekupheleni konyaka wesikolo, xa abantwana bekhula ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye banokuqonda ngokwaneleyo izinto eziphathekayo, ubunzima bomfazi kunye nendoda iyaqala ukufundiswa. Ingqwalasela ngokukodwa ihlawulwa kwimibandela yowesifazane, njengoko inxulumene neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo - ukukhulelwa nokubeletha, i-embbryogenesis yomntwana.

Iimpawu zokufunda i-anatomy yowesifazane

Ngethuba lonyaka wonke wezifundo, isifundo somntu sifundelwa. Abasetyhini bahlelwe ngendlela efanayo namadoda, ngoko ke xa sicinga ukujikeleza, ukuphefumula, iinkqubo eziphazamisayo, i-GNI, abahlalutyi, akukho mfahluko wobulili. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuziwa kwisakhiwo senkqubo ye-genitourinary, kubonakala.

Kukho iingongoma ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya eli candelo le-anatomy:

1. Ukufundwa kwendlela yokwenziwa kunye nomsebenzi weentlanzi ze-mammary.
2. Ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezikhethiweyo zethambo le-pelvis.
3. Ukufumanisa iindlela zokusebenza kunye nesakhiwo senkqubo yokuzala yowesifazane, equka izitho zangasese zangaphandle nezangaphakathi.
4. Ukufunda ngokuhamba kweenkqubo kwinkqubo yabesifazane kunye nendima yabo.
5. Ukufakela umquba, ukubunjwa kwembungu kunye nophuhliso lwama-embryonic ngexesha lonke lokukhulelwa.
6. Ukubeleka kunye ne-ongeny ye-fetus.

Ubunzima bomfazi bubaluleke kakhulu kwaye bunzima, ubunzima. Kodwa ihlala ibangela umdla okhulayo kubantu abaselula. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuyigcina nokuyihlakulela ngokubonisa, okulungileyo kunye nebonakalayo yezinto eziphathekayo.

Izilonda zamathambo

Ukubunjwa okubiniweyo kumzimba wesetyhini, ube nenxalenye yangaphandle nangaphakathi. Iyokuqala iyilungu elikhutshwe ngesikhumba elineendlela ezahlukeneyo (ezijikelezweyo, ezenziwe ngopini, ezantsi, kunye njalo). Isisindo kunye nevolumu ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwabameli besifazane abahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba elincinci lenkomo yesifuba kukho intshontsho - isakhiwo esikhethekileyo apho umkhiqizo weengcungcuthe eziqhekezayo zisuswe - ubisi. Ejikelezileyo liyingxube, inxalenye emnyama - i-orola, okanye isangqa seengono. Lo mmandla unemibala eyahlukeneyo, exhomekeke kubuhlanga bowesifazane kunye nokuba ingaba ibhinqa elisebenza. I-Areola ihlanganiswe ngemibhobho emihle, ngaphakathi iqukethe imisipha epholileyo kunye nengqamlezo, i-sebaceous and sweat glands. Ngalo kunye neengono zidlula inani elikhulu leengqungquthela ezinamanzi ezivula iingcambu zawo ngaphandle.

Ingxenyeni yangaphakathi yebhokhwe yowesifazane imelwe ngala macandelo alandelayo:

• I-Adipose tissue. Ngokuqhelekileyo 2/3 yesibalo sonke sebele siwela kuso.
• Izabelo ezinamaqela amancinci amancinci. Izakhiwo ezizalisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yendawo yangaphakathi yebele. Ingqikithi kukho malunga ne-20 kubo, bonke babhaptizwa kwisixhakaxhaka esifanayo se-adipose tissue. Ngaphakathi kuqukethe i-alveoli ezininzi, iinqanawa, i-vesicle, ukuvelisa ubisi. Zifumaneka nge-radially malunga nentshontsho nganye.
• Imithambo ye-Lymphatic negazi inikezela ukunikezelwa kwebele kunye nemveliso yabo, yenza isondlo seengcambu zentsikazi.
• Isihlunu se-thoracic isakhiwo apho isifuba ngokwaso sinamathele ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

I-physiology kunye ne-anatomy yeentlanzi ze-mammary zijoliswe ngokukodwa kumsebenzi omnye-ukuveliswa kunye nokugqithisa ubisi ngokusebenzisa iidonsi ezikhethekileyo nge-ingono ukuya ngaphandle. Kwisinye isikhonkwane kunokufikelela kwiimingxuma ezili-9 apho ikhefu leqhekeza khona.

I-Topography yezigulane zamathambo: ezikwe eludongeni lwe-thoracic lwangaphakathi phakathi kwezibambo ze-3 kunye ne-7, ezilinganayo kunye kunye ne-bone central. Phakathi kwamabele kukho isono esahlukanisayo.

Inatomy ye-pelvis encinci yowesifazane

Uhlobo oluphambili phakathi kwendoda neyesetyhini, ngokuqinisekileyo, akukhona nje kuphela ekungabikho okanye kubukho beentlanzi zamathambo. Enyanisweni, indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yintsika yeeplavis ezincinci kunye namalungu ayo. Siza kuziqwalasela ngokubanzi.

I-anatomy ye-pelvis yamabhinqa imelwe yizakhiwo ezine zethambo ezisisiseko:

• Ngamathambo amabini e- pelvic ;
• Sacral;
• Coccygeal.

Abadibeneyo badibaniswa kunye nezidumbu kwaye badlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yesizukulwana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kungekhona nje encinci kodwa i-pelvis enkulu i yabelwe. Itholakala ngaphezu kweyokuqala. Ukuzaliswa kwesisu, kubeka ukuba i- pelvis yebhinqa inkulu ngaphezu kweyindoda, nangona kunjalo, iqukethe amathambo alula kwaye anqabileyo.

Inxalenye encinci ineendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

• Ukungena;
• Umgudu;
• Isiphumo.

Umnyango wenziwa ngumbumba we-sakac kunye ne-pubic-pubic bone, uhlukanisa ubukhulu obuthathu. Umgudu wepilvis uyakhiwa yinxalenye ebanzi kwaye incinci. Le yilapho izitho ezisemgangathweni zikhona: isondo sangaphakathi, isantya kunye ne-rectum.

Ukuphuma kwepilvis kuvaliwe ngesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-muscular - iplasvic. Yilo lwakhiwo oluqulethe izibilini ezibaluleke kakhulu nezibalulekileyo, ngenxa yomsebenzi apho amalungu angaphakathi angama-pelvis amancinci agcinwa ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokuwa ngaphandle. Kwakhona, zibalulekile xa ususa umntwana ekuzalweni kokubeletha.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-pelvis encinci yakhiwa, yintoni isakhiwo esisiseko, ngokubhekiselele kulokho i-anatomy yowesifazane ehlukileyo. Iifoto zamalungu akhe nezangaphakathi zingabonwa ngezantsi.

Inkqubo yokuzala yequmrhu lomfazi

Oku kubandakanya izicwangciso ezininzi eziphambili:

1. I-genitalia yangaphandle (i-pubis, i-labia enkulu kunye encinci, i-clitoris, i-vestibule, i-hymen).
2. Ngaphakathi (ubulili, isisu, iibhulophu, ama-ovari).
3. Izixhobo zokusebenza.

Ukuvelisa le nkqubo kubizwa ngokuba ithatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo yokuchumisa, ukulingana nokuphuhliswa komntwana kunye nokuzalwa. Cinga ngalunye iqela ngolwazi, ukutyhila injongo kunye nesakhiwo.

Izitho zangasese zangaphandle

I-anatomy yomfazi ibonisa ukuba, okokuqala, kubakho ukungafani kwangaphandle ngokwezesini. Ukusuka kwizitho zangasese zomzimba ezibandakanya ezo zinto zibandakanya izilonda ze-mammary, kunye nakwezinye iinxalenye ze-pelvis encinci - ezi zakhiwo ezilandelayo:

1. Lobok. Ingqungquthela yesinxantathu, ehlanganiswe ngeenwele (kwiminyaka yobudala obuvuthiweyo), isiseko sayo sisithambo. Unomthombo oqinileyo weethambo ezinamafutha olawulo lokushisa kunye nokushisa kunye nokukhuselwa kumbane. Umsebenzi: ngumkhuseleko okhusela izitho zangaphandle zangaphandle.
2. Lebia enkulu. Iifama zesikhumba, ngokwemvelo enamafutha angaphantsi. Ngaphambili nangemuva zichazwe ngeepikhi. Phakathi kwabo kukho ukubunjwa kwesibonda, esibizwa ngokuba ngumlo wesondo. Kwisakhiwo esifanayo iimbumba zeBathoholin, ezithe zenze i-secretal alkaline eyimfihlo. Ngaphandle komzimba uhlanganiswe ngeenwele.
3. Ezincinci. Kukho ngaphakathi kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo kunye nomnye umnye, okwenza ulwaphulo lwesondo luvalwe. Umsebenzi, njengabangaphambili, ungumkhuseli.
4. I-clitoris. Iqumrhu elincinci elincinci eline-plexus yeentsholongwane kunye nemithambo yegazi kunye nama-capillari. Ebucayi kakhulu, ekhangelene nelabi ezinkulu kunye ezincinci.
5. Isango lomfazi. Isakhiwo esandulela ukungena ngqo kumfazi. Iidonti zeengqungquthela ze-bartholin zivula apha, i-urethra iyaphuma.
6. I-hymen yinkomfa engqabileyo ekhusela ukungena kwisini. Liyilungu elivela kwizicubu ezinxibelelwano. Esi sisakhiwo esinika umfazi wesimo esingazinzileyo. Amalungu angaphakathi kunye angaphandle ahlukaniswe ngoncedo lwawo kuphela ukuya kwintlobano yesondo yokuqala, emva kokuba i-papillae ehlaziyayo ihlala kwindawo ye-hymen.

Zizo zonke izitho ezingaphandle zangaphakathi kwezixhobo zesini zesinikazi.

Ezitho zangasese

Bambalwa, kodwa abanako ukunyanzeliswa. Zizo zakhiwo eziye zenzelwe ukubunjwa kunye nokuthwala kwe-fetus, ukubunjwa kweeseli zesini zesini kunye nokususwa komntwana ngaphandle.

1. Uterus. Siza kuqwalasela lo mzimba ngokwahlukileyo.
2. Ibhinqa. Le nxalenye yenye yezona zinto ziphambili, ezimelela ubunzima bomfazi. I-muscular organ kunye nefom ye-cylindrical form (tube) ukuya kwi-10 cm ubude. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba uhlala u-hydrated. Kwakhona kukho i-microflora yayo, equka ibhaktheriya eneentonga, iiseli kunye ne-mucus. Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlaziywa rhoqo, kwaye idala iyakususwa ngendlela yokukhutshwa. Zine-acidic reaction reaction, i-milky emhlophe, imbala eguquguqukayo kunye nefuthe elimpawu. Ekubeni iindonga zesini ziyimisipha, iyakwelula kwaye inkonkontrakthi, eyona nto imfuneko kwinkqubo yesizukulwana. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-tube bhulo ezine zeli lungu zenziwe. Ingxenye yangaphambili yelungu inomsila, kunye nengxenye engezantsi-ukuya kwi-rectum.
3. Amaqanda. Iqela elibiniweyo, eliyingcambu yokungena kwangaphakathi. Kufumaneka kumacala ombhobho. Iqukethe i-cerebral substance, izicubu ezixhunywayo, ezixutywe ngegazi kunye neempahla ze-lymphatic. Iindonga zixutywe nge-cortical layer, i-membrane emhlophe kunye ne-epithelium yangaphandle. Ngaphakathi kwamanqanda, ukwakheka kwenyanga kwamaqanda aqolileyo. Kwakhona, zivelisa i-hormone ezithile ezijongene nokuphuhliswa kweempawu zesondo zesibini kwizesini zesini. Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ii-ovari zivelisa izinto ezongezelelweyo zeenjongo ezizodwa.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, zonke izitho zeeplavis ezincinci zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezibonakalayo, ezenziwa ngumfazi wesifazane. Imifanekiso, ephakathi kwamanani amaninzi akhoyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokufunda, iinkcukacha ezaneleyo kunye nokubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo isakhiwo kunye negrafu.

Uterus

I-organ engxenyeni engummangalisa iyimimiselo yesigxina. Iqukethe iindawo ezintathu eziphambili:

• Umgca wesibeleko (inxalenye engezantsi yentantathu inxantathu kwisiseko);
• Isthmus;
• Neck.

I-anatomy yomfazi ithatha isisu njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzalweni nasekuthwaleni komntwana. Isakhiwo ngokwayo sineziqendu eziliqela zee cell, ezi zilandelayo: i-membrane ye-mucous, i-muscular middle and serous yangaphakathi, igubungela isibeleko kwaye ihlule kwi-peritoneal.

Intamo yombele idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni iziqulatho zomzimba zangaphakathi kwiingozi ezinobungozi zesisu, njengokuba kuhlanganiswe kwezi zakhiwo zombini. Imele ityhubhu encinci egcwele i-mucus, ephazamisa ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kunye nezidalwa.

Iibhubhu ze-Fallopian zifakwe ngeendlela ezibiniweyo ezisuka kumacangca wesibeleko. Yenziwe ngamacandelo afanayo njengesibeleko. Ubude babo bu malunga no-12 cm.

Isixhobo esisigxina sisakhiwo esikhethekileyo esisebenzela ukuxhasa i-uterus nama-ovari. Iqulethwe kwezi zixhobo ezilandelayo:

• Ujikeleze ngeenxa zonke;
• Igalelo lomnini wee-ovari;
• Voroncotazovye;
• Wide.

Ngokubambisana, ezi zakhiwo zakha indawo ezinzileyo ye-uterus nama-ovari.

Umjikelezo wexesha

Le nkqubo yenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwendlela yokwenziwa kobugqwetha, okumele kuxoxwe kunye negazi kunye neengqungquthela ezifileyo, iiseli kunye nama-microorganisms.

Lo mjikelo ulungiselelwe ukulungiselela umzimba wesetyhini ngokukhulelwa nokubeletha. Kukho iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihamba kunye nemveliso yeehomoni ezikhethekileyo.

Ukukhulelwa

I-anatomy yowesifazane okhulelwe iguqulwa kakhulu. Emva koko, umntwana okhulayo ekhula ukhula. Oku kukhokelela kwingcinezelo kuzo zonke ezinye izitho zangaphakathi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kubandakanya utshintsho kwindawo yabo. Isibindi senziwa ngokusemgangathweni, sikhokelwa kunye nesisu. I-rectum ingaphantsi kwengcinezelo, edla ngokubangela ukumbathisa kumfazi. Ingqungquthela iphakanyiswa kwaye ikhusele kwesi sikhundla, esinika impembelelo yokuphefumula kunye nobunzima bokuphefumla.

Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lubonelela yonke imiba yenguqu, ngoko ke iimeko ezinjalo zibhekwa njengesiqhelo. Ixesha lokugaya lingamaviki angama-40. Inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kunzima kakhulu, apho umntwana edlula kwi-canal yokuzalwa. Ixesha liyehluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimimiselo ethile yomzimba wesetyhini.