Ziziphi iilensi? Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo

Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba yeyiphi iilensi, apho zisetyenziselwa khona, apho zisetyenziselwa khona, kwaye ngokukodwa kwii-lens ezibonakalayo kunye noqhagamshelwano.

Uphuhliso lwesayensi

Ngamaxesha onke kwakukho abo babenomdla kwinqanaba lokwenene lehlabathi kunye neemeko zendalo. Ukuqwalasela ngokukodwa abantu kwathandwa esibhakabhakeni naseenkwenkwezini. I-telescopes yokuqala yabhalwa emva kweMinyaka Ephakathi, kwaye ukubonakala kwazo kwakubanjwe njengoluhlu lwezinto ezifunyenwe ngeenkwenkwezi. Enye into enegalelo kulokhu, njengophuhliso lweglasi, kwaye ngokukodwa, iilensi. Phantse kwiminyaka efanayo, ii-microscopes zokuqala zaqulunqwa, eziye zaphucula rhoqo kwaye zanceda abanosayensi ukuba bafunde iimfihlo ze-macrocosm. Ngoko ke ziphi iilensi, zilungiswe njani, ziphi na zindawo ziphi na zithini? Kule nto siya kuqonda.

Inkcazo

Ngokutsho kwegama lesiganeko, i-lens yincwadana yezinto ezifihliweyo kunye neendawo ezimbini ezichasayo imisebe ekhanyayo. Zenziwe ngeglasi, iplastiki okanye ezinye izinto ezifanayo. Kwakhona, eli gama linokusetyenziswa kwezinye iimpawu, umzekelo, i- lens yomoya , i- lens yolwandle yangaphantsi komhlaba , kunye nezinto ezifana. Kodwa siya kuhlalutya ii-optical. Ziziphi iilensi, sichitha, kodwa zisebenza njani?

Konke kusemhlabeni. Ukubeka nje, enye yeendawo zawo ziqokelela ukukhanya, kwaye yesibini ngenxa yesimo sayo siyayifaka. Okanye ngenye indlela. Kwakhona, kwinkqubo enjalo, macala omabini angathatha inxaxheba ngexesha elinye: enye, yamkela, idibanisa, kwaye isibini ibuthana kwinqutyana, njl njl.

Ngokuphakamisa iilensi, mhlawumbi wonk 'ubani uyazi, ingakumbi abafana, abahlala ehlobo, bawujika ube yindawo encinci kwaye ishushu. Kwaye, ngendlela, into ekhangayo: indlela efanayo yokuzalisa umlilo ichazwe kwi-Aristophanes "Ifu", ngo-424 BC. E. Ebukumkani baseRoma, ngokokuqala ngqa, indlela yokulungiswa kombono esebenzisa i-lens yayisetyenzisiwe: umbusi uNero wayebukele ekulweni kwe-gladiator ngokusebenzisa i-emcadi emerald. Mhlawumbi, wahlushwa yi-myopia. Ngoko ngoku siyazi ukuba yeyiphi iilensi.

Ukwahlula

Ngokutsho komgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenza, banokuhlulwa ngamaqela amabini-ukusabalalisa nokuqokelela. Eyokuqala yilezo eziphakathi kwendawo ephakamileyo kuneemida, kwaye okwesibini abo abajikelezileyo banomdaka kunene phakathi. Le ncazelo isebenza kuphela kwindlela yabo elula.

Ziye zibonakaliswe ngamandla abo okukhanya, okulinganiselwa kwii-diopters, kunye nobude obude. Kodwa yintoni ekujoliswe kuyo?

Ngendlela elula, le ngongoma apho imibala yokukhanya iqokelela nge-lens. Kwaye igama elithi "ubude bembali" lithetha ubude obuphakathi kwendawo yokukhanya lens ukuya kwindawo yokugxila. Ungacacisa oku kunye nomdlalo wezingane kunye neglasi yokukhulisa kunye nelanga: ukuze imitha yelokugqibela iqokelele kwindawo eshushu, kufuneka ufumane umgama ophakathi kokukhanya kunye nomhlaba. Kuyabonakala kwakhona xa ugqoke iiglasi - ukuba zisondele kakhulu okanye zingasuki emehlweni, umfanekiso uya kuphazamiseka. Ngoko ngoku siyazi ukuba i-lens igxininise.

Izicelo

Xa kufumanisa ukuba kungenzeka ukutshintsha ubude bokusasaza kwelanga (ukukhuliswa komfanekiso), uluntu lukhawuleza luqikelele ngokufanelekileyo. Konke kwaqala ngeetelesiko kunye neelaseko. Kwaye ixesha elide lokugqibela lalibonakalisa isimo somqhubi wecandelo lomqhubi okanye umphandi, kuba bebiza imali eninzi kwaye babehlala benxibe ngamatye anqabileyo kunye nezitye.

Kwaye kamva ama-microscopes yokuqala avumela ukuvula isigqubuthelo se-macrocosm. Enyanisweni, ezinye iimodeli zanamhlanje, ezisebenza ngolu hlobo olunzima, ziphantse zangekho iilensi. Kodwa ziyakuvumela ukuba wakhe imifanekiso emithathu-dimensional ne- raster yezinto ezincinci.

Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nama-lens nazo ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yehlabathi lanamhlanje: zisekhamera zeefowuni, iifoto kunye neefowuni zeekhamera, kwaneeyango eziqhelekileyo zamehlo ziqukethe iilensi. Kodwa abayisebenzisi indlela yokukhulisa, kodwa kunoko ukusasazeka kokukhanya, apho umgodi omncinci kukuvumela ukuba ubone isiteji sonke.

Kwakhona, xa kuziwa kumbuzo wukuthi yintoni i-lens optical, umntu akanakukunceda kodwa ukukhankanya iiglasi. Esi sixhobo esilula saqalwa kwi-Middle Ages kwaye satshintshana encinci, kodwa sikwenza lula ubomi babantu abanokukhubazeka okubonakalayo. Iiprototypes zazo zokuqala zazisetyenziswa nakwiiRoma zaseMandulo, kodwa ke zazingamaqhekeza eziglasi kunye ne-convex okanye i-concave shape, ezazingasetyenziswa kangangoko, umzekelo, ukufunda okanye ukufunda izinto ezikude.

Xha ga mshelana

Kodwa ziphi iilensi zokudibanisa? Umgaqo wezenzo zawo ufana neyesiqhelo, kodwa ubukhulu buncinane. Zenziwe ngeeplastiki ezithambileyo kwaye zibeke ngqo kwi-cornea yelihlo. Naphezu kweenzuzo ezingaphezu kweziglasi eziqhelekileyo, abazange bathathe indawo yabo ngokupheleleyo, njengoko abaqambi bezinto baqikelele. Iilensi ezinjalo kunzima "ukugqoka", zifuna ukunakekelwa rhoqo, kunye neengcingo ezinokuphelelwa kade kwaye zicaphukisa amehlo. Ukongezelela, ubomi babo benkonzo bingaphantsi kwamaxesha aqhelekileyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amaxabiso aphezulu.