Ulwakhiwo feudal: ivela kunye neempawu

Feudalism yaba yinxalenye ye-European Ages Aphakathi. Ngelo xesha linye inkqubo yentlalo nezopolitiko mhlaba ezinkulu gqitha igunya kakhulu kunye nempembelelo. Xhasa amandla aso ebukhobokeni kunye nabalimi namandla.

Imvelaphi feudalism

EYurophu, kwavela inkqubo feudal emva kokuwa i-Western uBukhosi baseRoma kwi V ngasekupheleni BC kwekhulu. e. Kunye yokuduka yangaphambili impucuko yamandulo eyashiya era yobukhoboka zakudala. Ngomhla kwintsimi kwizikumkani abaselula amaqaba ukuba kwavela kwisayithi ye ubukhosi, waqalisa ukuba neentlobano ezintsha kwezentlalo.

inkqubo feudal wabonakala ngenxa ukuyilwa kwempahla enkulu ifike. iingangamsha anamandla zizityebi, kufutshane ngamayelenqe ubukhosi wafumana ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye banda kuphela. Ngelo xesha linye isambuku Western zokuphila kwabantu yaseYurophu (abalimi) ekuhlaleni. Kwinkulungwane VII apho kwakukho ezithile ngokwezinga ebalulekileyo. umhlaba Common Kwadlula ezandleni zabucala. Abo báthi abangazange babe iziza, yaba lihlwempu ngenxa yenu, kuxhomekeke umqeshi wabo.

ekukhotyokisweni yabalimi belizwe

iifama Independent abanemvume yokuqala ngokuba Rage. Ngelo xesha kwakukho iimeko ukhuphiswano olungalinganiyo, xa abanini ezinkulu bacudise lentengiso kubachasi babo. Ngenxa yoko, abalimi zonakala wegqitha ngokuzithandela phantsi ukusekelwa basebukhosini. Ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe kwavela inkqubo feudal.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba zange avele gama kumaXesha Aphakathi, kodwa kakhulu kamva. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII in olululo France feudalism ebizwa ngokuba "wenkqubo endala" - ixesha ukumkani ngokwenene yezikhulu. Kamva lo gama yathandwa phakathi izazinzulu. Umzekelo, ukuba esetyenziswa yi uKarl Marx. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Capital" Wabiza inkqubo feudal ye owandulela capitalism mihla kunye rhwebo.

benefice

franc State, waba ngowokuqala apho iimpawu feudalism kubonakaliswa. Kulo neNgonyama ukuvela yonxulumano ezintsha kwezentlalo yanda ngenxa benefice. I ekuthiwa ezweni kwemivuzo evela kurhulumente servicemen abantu - amagosa okanye umkhosi. Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba ezi zorhwebo ziya obulawulwa umntu ebomini, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe ngamandla kwakhona akwazi ukulahla ipropati ngokokubona kwayo (umzekelo, thumela kulandelayo-sicelo).

Noko ke, kule IX-X iinkulungwane. yaphela ezamahala fund komhlaba. Ngenxa yale propati ngcembe yayeka ukuba intende waza waba njengelifa. Oko kukuthi, umnini ukuba ngoku kudlule iflakisi (isabelo) abantwana babo. Ezi nguqu, indawo yokuqala, ukwanda ukuxhomekeka abalimi ezivela overlords zabo. Okwesibini, yohlaziyo eyomelezile ukubaluleka esiphakathi kunye neenkosi ezincinane wobukhosi. Abanalo ixesha elide yaba sisiseko wemikhosi Western eYurophu.

Abalimi abaphelelwa Rage yabo, bawuthathayo umhlaba uNdikhoyo feudal kutshintshiselwano kwembophelelo ukwenza umsebenzi rhoqo kwi sites zakhe. ukusetyenziswa okwethutyana kwindawo elawula ogama precarium. abanini ezinkulu Ayengenamdla ukuba ukuqhubela abalimi ezweni ngokupheleleyo. Ukuseka inkqubo ngokubanika ingeniso ebonakalayo, waza waba isiseko kwintlalo-ntle yabantu basebukhosini kunye ngabafo kangangeenkulungwane.

Ukomeleza ngamandla izinduna

EYurophu, ingakumbi inkqubo feudal nangoku kwinto yokuba abanini ezinkulu ekugqibeleni wafumana ngezizathu nje kuphela, kodwa amandla ngokwenene. Urhulumente wabanika iintlobo kwemisebenzi, kuquka iijaji, amapolisa, yolawulo kunye nerhafu. Ezi oonobumba basebukhosini waba ngumqondiso wokuba ababawa ilizwe wafumana omzimba kuyo nayiphi na uphazamiseko kwi amandla abo.

Le abalimi imvelaphi yazo ungenamandla kwaye namandla. Abanini bakwazi kakubi igunya labo, bengoyiki ukuphazanyiswa karhulumente. Ngoko enyanisweni kwabakho inkqubo serf feudal, xa abalimi banyanzeleka ukuba inkonzo ngaphandle ngokubhekiselele umthetho kunye nezivumelwano zangaphambili.

Corvee kunye nerhafu

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umsebenzi yamahlwempu abaxhomekeke zitshintshile. corvee, okubafaneleyo kunye nemali nerhafu yendalo - Kukho iintlobo ezintathu kwerente feudal na. Izipho ngebhaxa eyayiqhelekile ingakumbi kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Ngenkulungwane XI, inkqubo yokukhula koqoqosho izixeko kunye uphuhliso lorhwebo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni yonxulumano emali. Ngaphambi koku, ngomhla kwisiza lwemali kungaba iimveliso efanayo yendalo. Onjalo umyalelo kwezoqoqosho eyaziwa ngokuba unaniselwano. Xa le mali isasazeka lonke Western Yurophu, izinduna bafudukela iirenti imali.

Kodwa nangona oku, la amafa amakhulu ezithathwe kwi kurhwebo inxaxheba kunokuba sluggishly. Uninzi iimveliso kunye nezinye iimpahla eziveliswa kummandla wabo, walidla efama. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba basebukhosini baye basebenzisa kuphela nokuxelenga abalimi, kodwa umsebenzi seengcibi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, umyinge kaNdikhoyo mhlaba indlu yakhe lihlile. Zizigwili bakhetha ukunika iindawo abalimi oxhomekeke iphile okubafaneleyo zabo serfdom.

features zengingqi

Kumazwe amaninzi of Western Europe feudalism imilo sokugqibela kwinkulungwane XI. Kwafa abantu kule nkqubo iphela ekuqaleni (eFransi Italy), kwindawo ethile - kamva (kwi-UK kunye Germany). Kuzo zonke ezi mazwe, feudalism waba twatse. Ubudlelwane abaliqela ezahlukeneyo kubanini amakhulu kunye nabalimi e yaseScandinavia kunye Byzantium.

Kwakufuneka iimpawu zalo iinkokeli ephakathi Asia. Umzekelo, inkqubo feudal in India waphawulwa nempembelelo enkulu ngobume abanini ezinkulu kunye nabalimi. Ukongezelela, kwakungekho serfdom zoqobo yaseYurophu. Inkqubo feudal eJapan yahluke amandla kanye ezimbini. Xa shogunate Shogun babenempembelelo nangaphezu kumlawuli. Le nkqubo karhulumente ngo umaleko amajoni zoqeqesho abafumana iziza ezincinane - samurai.

ukwandisa imveliso

Bonke inkqubo yentlalo-yezopolitiko zembali (inkqubo khoboka, inkqubo feudal, njalo njalo. D.) iguqulwe kancinane. Ngoko ke, ekupheleni XI kwenkulungwane eYurophu waqalisa yokukhula kancinane lwemveliso. Waye ezinxulumene ukuphuculwa izixhobo zokusebenza. Noko ke, ukungcola kwenzeka abasebenzi specializations. Kwathiwa ke ngenqindi phantsi owahluliweyo abalimi seengcibi. Olu udidi lwentlalo baqalisa ukuhlala emizini ezikhule kunye kulwakhiwo kwimveliso yaseYurophu.

Ukwanda kwenani iimveliso kukhokelele urhwebo ukwanda. Ndaqalisa ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho emarikeni. Bekukho udidi merchant nempembelelo. Abarhwebi baqala ukwenza imifela ukukhusela iimfuno zabo. Ngokufanayo, iingcibi ezidolophini kwasekwa imifela. De kwinkulungwane XIV, ezi nkampani babesebekhulile eNtshona Yurophu. Yokuvumela amagcisa ukuba bahlale elizimeleyo izinduna. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ekuqaleni ngenkqubela okukhawulezileyo lwenzululwazi ekupheleni kumaXesha Aphakathi imifela ibe oyidingayo yexesha elidlulileyo.

eziqhubekayo Sasungulwa

Kakade ke, indlela yoluntu feudal ayikwazanga kutshintshwa phantsi kwempembelelo zonke ezi zinto. iidolophu boom, ukukhula ubudlelwane emali kunye yorhwebo - konke oku kwenzeka nxamnye imvelaphi ekomelezeni umzabalazo kwabantu ngokuchasene nengcinezelo abanini ezinkulu.

eziqhubekayo yamahlwempu waba isiganeko nezolo. Yonke ngenkohlakalo bacinezelwa izinduna kunye norhulumente. Kuvukela babulawa, kwaye amalungu ezilula kohlwaywa kunye imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo okanye sentuthumbo. Noko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenxa neziphithiphithi, ukuxhomekeka lobuqu abalimi baqalisa ukunciphisa, yaye isixeko yaba yindawo yabantu free.

Le kumzabalazo izinduna kunye nookumkani

Slave, wobukhosi, inkqubo yobungxowankulu - bonke, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, kuchaphazela amandla karhulumente kunye nendawo yayo eluntwini. KumaXesha Aphakathi imigudu mhlaba ezinkulu (zizigwili, ukubalwa, iindwalutho) phantse ngoyaba yasebukhosini zabo. zenzeka rhoqo iimfazwe feudal apho basebukhosini ukuba ingasonjululwa phakathi kwabo. Kulo mzekelo, i Crown akazange kuyiphazamisa kwezi mfazwe, kwaye ukuba ngaba ziyaphazamisana, ngoko ngenxa yobuthathaka bakhe ababanga nako ukumisa gazi.

Feudalism (ixesha eneentyatyambo leyo zenzeka XII ubudala) kukhokelele kwinto yokuba, umzekelo, eFransi, yoMlawuli ingqalelo kuphela "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo". Izinto zaqala ukutshintsha, kunye nokonyuka imveliso, luqhankqalazo ezithandwayo, njalo njalo. D. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kumazwe Western aseYurophu ziye ithi kazwelonke ngamandla eyomeleleyo yobukumkani, nto leyo iya imiqondiso ngakumbi nangakumbi absolutism. Lonke kwaba sesinye sezizathu apho inkqubo wobukhosi ngaphambili.

Ukukhula kobungxowankulu

Feudalism yaba gravedigger yongxowankulu. Ngenkulungwane XVI, inkqubela ngokukhawuleza inzululwazi yaqala eYurophu. Oku kukhokelele maxesha kwezixhobo zokusebenza kunye lonke ushishino. Ngenxa ezifunyaniswe geographical olukhulu yeHlabathi Old safunda malunga kumazwe elitsha kulala phesheya kolwandle. Ukuvela nawa omtsha kukhokelele kuphuhliso lobudlelwane zorhwebo. Kubonakele kwimarike unangoku impahla ezingabonwayo.

Ngeli xesha iinkokheli kwemveliso yoshishino yaba Netherlands ne England. Kula mazwe, nayiphi na mveliso - uhlobo olutsha lweshishini. Bona baqesha yabasebenzi yasetyenziswa, nto leyo nayo lahlulwe. Oko kukuthi, kwi manufactories ezisetyenziswa ziingcali abaqeqeshiweyo - ikakhulu seengcibi. Aba bantu ke izimele izinduna. Ngoko kukho iintlobo ezintsha kwimveliso - belaphu, intsimbi, ushicilelo, etc ...

yokubola feudalism

Kunye manufactories isuka oongxowankulu. Olu udidi lwentlalo wayebunjwa yabanini belilelakhe indlela zokuvelisa kunye namashishini amakhulu. Ekuqaleni, lo ezinawo yabantu yayincinane. isabelo lwalo kwezoqoqosho kuye encinane. Kwi nokwehla of the Ages Aphakathi uninzi kwempahla eveliswe yabonakala kwiifama, ixhomekeke izinduna.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunjalo, oohlohlesakhe lanomfutho yaye baba zinemali namandla ngakumbi. Le nkqubo ayikwazanga ingakukubetha bethana kunye elite endala. Ngoko kwinkulungwane XVII eYurophu waqalisa capitalism impahla. Udidi omtsha bangathanda ukuba ukubethelela impembelelo yabo kuluntu. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukumelwa amalungu karhulumente liphezulu (eUnited-Jikelele, iPalamente), njalo-njalo. D.

Eyokuqala yaba 'Imfazwe, eyaphela kunye Iminyaka Engamashumi kwiMinyaka asibhozo War. Olu qhankqalazo lwe isimilo yesizwe. Abahlali yaseNetherlands Wazisusa ngamandla indlu onamandla Habsburgs Spanish. I-revolution elandelayo eNgilani. Walibiza naye War Civil. Isiphumo zonke ezi kunye babhukuqwa efanayo koko yaba ukulahlwa feudalism, enkululekweni abalimi kunye uloyiso kuqoqosho yorhwebo.