UHerodotus wavula kwiJografi? igalelo Scientist ukuba isayensi

Esikolweni, wafunda nganye efunekayo kwinkalo software, kuquka imbali kunye nokwakheka kwaso. Kakade ke, wonk 'ubani weva ngalo umhambi Greek uHerodotus, ogama iifeni kunika clichés ababhalise kwi "zooyise kwimbali" kwimihlaba ukuba sisazinzulu wabhala umsebenzi voluminous kwegama elifanayo. Zama ukuqonda le ngoluvo, kwaye ngexesha elinye ukwazi ukuba abeyifumene esimi nguHerodotus.

ulwazi oluchaza

indoda Progressive yexesha lakhe, le mbali nangokuma komhlaba, umhambi yokuqala - yiloo yintoni nguHerodotus kaHomer. ngobomi bakhe iqulethe ezinye izikhewu ngenxa iziganeko ezibalulekileyo konyaka ubudala, kodwa inkcazelo esisiseko luyafumaneka. UHerodotus wazalelwa kuyo Doric ngesiGrike, i Halicarnassus yamandulo (Bodrum yanamhlanje). Umhla kungenzeka kakhulu wokuzalwa sisazinzulu ingqalelo ukuba ube 484 BC. e.

Intsapho apho inkwenkwe kwaziswa phezulu, wayebhula kakhulu kwaye inikezelwa, azi ezininzi. Oku kuvumele nguHerodotus oselula ukuze ufumane imfundo elungileyo ngelo xesha. Rio unina noyise ilukhothayo wazisa esinye nyana - Theodore. elinamandla kwi zengqondo Ukuthanda inkwenkwe Paniasis yakhe isihlobo sakhe, lowo imbongi odumileyo.

bempilo lidala Scientific

Ukuba hayi Wars Persian ezimbini, phakathi apho UHerodotus wazalwa, biography kunye bayahlelwa mfana bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo. Ngenye imini wagqiba ukwenza umlando eneenkcukacha iimfazwe lamaGrike-Persian, kwaye ngexesha elinye chaza indlela, amasiko, iinkcukacha geographical ngengingqi, owenza isigqibo ukutyelela. On zezenzululwazi ohambahambayo ukwazi Undityhale, wabonakala emva kokufunda iintsomi, nolwazi apho wafunda logogriph. Ukongeza, wayefuna ukubona ngamehlo am, ekukhangelayo umhlaba ukubonisa kwelo xesha.

I bokuqala bagqiba ukwenza umsebenzi oluneenkcukacha echaza iinkalo eziphambili ukwenzeka kwaye ngexesha imfazwe phakathi kwamaGrike namaPhesiya, waba nguHerodotus. Igalelo kuphuhliso yejografi wenza endleleni: ukwenza intetho elifanelekileyo zonke, kuyimfuneko ukuba batyelele kumazwe amaninzi. Oku kubonakala ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi edume nguHerodotus ( "Imbali") yi iincwadi 9 kunye namagama zomculo endaweni lwamagama.

amanqaku Persian

Uninzi umsebenzi wakhe unikezelwa nenkcazelo lizwe, amasiko, ubume kunye neempawu zemozulu, iyunithi zezopolitiko nezonqulo. UHerodotus wathatha uhambo ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini phezu states of Asia Minor, namaPersi. Phezu kwiindlela kula mazwe ukuba ukuhambahamba ngaphandle koloyiko, njengoko ikhuseleke kakuhle, kwaye umhambi unawo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle imfuno izixhobo, ingcali yenzululwazi, mhlawumbi kakhulu Kumnandi ukuba bahambe ngaphandle nazo nantoni kabi. Ngenxa nenkcazelo eneenkcukacha yendawo kunye namasiko wayedibana endleleni yakhe, ngokusekelwe nguHerodotus impumelelo kwiJografi. Oku kuphela sisazinzulu osebenza besebenzisa ababephila ungafumana ulwazi yehlabathi lamandulo kunye nolwazi lokwenene geographical.

Eqhuba endleleni-Efese ukuya komkhulu, iBhabhiloni Enkulu iye kubonwa ngexesha kunye izakhiwo yayo emikhulu, ithala leencwadi omkhulu, iigadi kunye emahlelweni nenkani, waba Ektabane, elikomkhulu lamaMedi State. Mhlawumbi ngoku Gerodot eAsiriya utshabalale. Konke oku kubhalwe ngenyameko encwadini, ehlelelwe yaye zadalwa yi nguHerodotus. Igalelo kuphuhliso yejografi-galikarnastsa Isazinzulu ezicacileyo kunye okunjalo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, uchaza amasiko yamaPersi; ke wakhela iitempile koothixo noothixo abazange ukunika ongathi yimbonakalo yomntu, wesuka waba iziqhamo inyama kunye newayini, ngokuhlonela Zukile ilungelo ebomini baze ngaxeshanye wamcekisa abaneqhenqa, bewagqala esihogweni. NamaPersi ngaphezu kwabo bonke ngobuqhawe kakhulu.

Kakhulu ndafunda umphengululi, ukutyelela loo mmandla. Kodwa kuphela inxalenye oko kutyhilwa kwi sendawo nguHerodotus.

UHerodotus ilizwe iiphiramidi

Kodwa galikarnasets elide ababehlala eYiputa. Waqokelela iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga iimpawu yemozulu kwalo mmandla Afrika: konogumbe umNayile, imbalela. Wachaza ibonwe izidalwa zakhe lweenkobe eziphilayo: iingwenya, iintaka kunye iimvubu. Ndiye ndafunda imimangaliso zangoku zehlabathi; iiphiramidi kunye SPHINX, wafunda ababingeleli iziseko eYiputa mandulo, yaye bada umlinganiso iphiramidi ka Cheops. UHerodotus ezikuloo mzi ookumkani, wabona Meridovo ichibi, kufuphi apho ngaloo minyaka yaba maze amagumbi ukuya ku-3 amawaka. Esi sakhiwo ngokukodwa usindwa sisazinzulu, leyo, Kakade ke, kubonakala umsebenzi wayo kwendawo zembali. Ngenxa yoko, yonke into avulwa yekaHerodotus eYiputa, waba ilifa ihlabathi.

Emva eYiputa, wayetyelele Libya. Apho wafunda ubomi abemi bomqwebedu. Kamva, eqiniseka ukuba ulwandle baya kuvuka ku Alexandria, ISAZINZULU waya Saudi Arabia, kodwa mhlawumbi ukufumana intlanganiso iyingozi kakhulu abantu zonqulo kweli lizwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba abuyele.

Journey ku Scythia

Ngesikhephe kuLwandle Black, i-nzulu iye zidweliswe imilambo emininzi kunye nemingenela ezingena kuyo, batyelela amathanga yamaGrike, ibekwe phezu kweenxweme Euxine, kodwa ke kuphela into wavula nguHerodotus nokwakheka. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le "uyise imbali" uye uhambo olude elide ukuya ezweni Scythia (nencam esemazantsi Ukraine). Le ndawo yahlaselwa esiphambili: ebusika elide kunye nehlobo zemvula, umkhenkce, leyo UHerodotus babengenalo nofifi, emaqeleni enkulu kunye emathafeni. Ukususela amaSkitiya nguHerodotus I Ndive okuninzi yeentsomi, afana nabantu zegolide-eyed abahlala ukuya emntla. Kwakhona waqonda ukuba kukho ezinamandla, imilambo enzulu, oko akuthethi zivela ezintabeni, u dyondzisiwe ukususela ebuntwaneni. Ndifundile izizwe abahlala kufutshane: abazingeli phambene kunye agripei. Ngokuqinisekileyo, waxelelwa malunga kubahlali Urals kunye Urals, yaye kunye UHerodotus wafunda uhlobo kwezo ndawo: amahlathi, luzele izilwanyana ezinoboya-langa, iintaba, entle ingafikeleleki. Galikarnasets beva ukuba ngasentla kude lo msindo obungunaphakade ukubanda, ubusika sihlala iinyanga ezintandathu. Kungenxa e Scythia, UHerodotus bafunda ezi ukumelwa esixabisekileyo geographical uze owabelana nayo ehlabathini.

UHerodotus watyelela Colchis (Georgia yanamhlanje), akwiiBalkan, kuquka emazantsi eItali, waza waya ekupheleni kwehlabathi, ibekwe, ngokutsho imbonakaliso yamaGrike amandulo, e-India. Le mbali yaba ubutyebi ndikholelwe namasiko beli lizwe Asia. Wachaza amasiko kunye nemikhwa zamaNdiya, engaqhelekanga, ngokwembono yakhe, izityalo kunye nengca (bamboo irayisi), imithi, nto leyo ekhokelela ngohlobo iibhola uboya, kunye needipozithi zegolide enkulu. Ngoko ke, lo umbutho wokuqala, ekufuneka kwenzeka emva kokwenza igama nguHerodotus - wesimo. Ngokufutshane ochukumisa neyokudinga bakhe, kunokwenzeka ukuba bafikelele kwizigqibo malunga nokubaluleka komsebenzi wakhe.

imithombo geographical

Nicinga ukuba kumaxesha amandulo inde mhlawumbi iinjongo ndlongondlongo okanye zorhwebo, ku nga vuriwa leswaku nguHerodotus kuqala waliseka ukhenketho zemfundo. UHerodotus wavula kwiJografi:

• kuqala ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha umfanekiso weli hlabathi baloo maxesha;
• wenza nezitya ikhadi Azov, lweCaspian kunye Black Seas;
• Wahlanganisa ulwazi malunga nobomi amaSarmatia neyamaSkitiya, leyo kamva wancedisa yokwemba;
• wafumanisa ukuba uhlanga ababhinqileyo wasentsomini: i Amazons;
• ngokuma yokuqala, ngubani wachaza elimi neempawu imilambo yamandulo eYiputa;
• Ndiye ndafunda Balkan Peninsula;
• Lwaluphawula imida ecumene (intsimi eyaziwa) kwaye lufumanise zayimimandla emithathu zemozulu: northern (Scythia), okwesibini, kuloo mmandla kwiMeditera, kwaye eyesithathu - inxalenye North Afrika Arabia;
• wachaza imiqondiso, izithethe, iintsomi, imbali eentlanga ezininzi.

Kumaxesha amandulo, kwakukho inkolelo yokuba ihlabathi anesiphelo, ngoko yekaHerodotus, ukuba izinto, akazami ukukhangela "phezu ngohlangothi", yaye ayihlola mazwe, apho sasifika.

Emva ubomi isaqhwithi iphupha lakhe elimnandi

ubomi UHerodotus ugcwele adventures, kuquka kwaye mnandi kakhulu. Ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko, intsapho yakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye ikhaya aphile kwisiqithi Samos. Emva kweminyaka 10 ohambahambayo uye wafumana uxolo Furies, yasekwa kwinzala sybarites. iingxelo eziphikisanayo zithi umhla wokufa loo ndoda ephawulekayo, kodwa inkoliso bavumelana 424 BC. e. Umhlobo Sophocles, luthandwa wookumkani, mbali amanqugwala nangokuma komhlaba, wangcwatyelwa ebaleni kwidolophu kwi Furies apho, nembeko enkulu. Umbhalo kwelabafileyo ngokufutshane sidwelisa impumelelo yakhe siphathelele ezinye iinkcukacha biography. Ukongeza, ezi cenotaphs ka nguHerodotus abakulo Macedonian Pella kunye Athens omkhulu.

Zibona ekugcineni

Sabika ayikho nje intwana museum okanye ngabantu elide-sekonakele ukususela kumaphepha kweencwadi zezifundo. Oko UHerodotus wafumanisa into eye endle imbali kunye nokwakheka kwaso, yayiyintoni discoverer, umnika ilungelo lokuba kulityalwa. Kuphela Isazinzulu lidala, ngubani akazange adale inkcazelo enye inxalenye yehlabathi, kwaye ukusuka amaqhekeza ukusungulwa yonke. Ngoko ke, "Imbali" lakhe igalelo elikhulu hayi kuphela iJografi inzululwazi, kodwa bagwetyelwe kwaziwa.