Hero kaZwelonke kwizizwana abaseAfrika Imam Shamil (biography)

Enye edume amaqhawe esizwe kwizizwana abaseAfrika i Imam Shamil. Biography yendoda sifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubomi bakhe ngokupheleleyo amagophe ezibukhali kunye neziganeko umdla. Iminyaka emininzi koko wabubhekisa kwimvukelo nxamnye izizwe entabeni yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaye ngoku njengophawu lwenkululeko imvukelo eCaucasus. Biography of Imam Shamil ziya ngokufutshane echazwe kolu phononongo.

Ngemvelaphi hero

Ngaphandle imbali azisayi kufumaneka ngokupheleleyo ekuqondeni ngobomi ka-Imam Shamil. Isishwankathelo imbali olu hlobo ngesimilo siya kuzama ukushwankathela ngezantsi.

kwafika Shamil evela kunokuba yamandulo neyimbalasane usapho amanene yaseAvar kunye Kumyk. Great-umkhulu uTshawe-Kumyk Amir Khan wayekuthanda iwonga elikhulu kwaye bamhloniphe belali. Shamil Ali Umkhulu uyise Dengav-Magomed baba Uzdenov oko kukuthi analog aziingangamsha eRashiya, okt ababekolo didi eliphezulu. Ukongeza, Dengav-Magomed yaba mkhandi, yaye lo msebenzi ithathwa mountaineers nabazukileyo kakhulu.

Mother Shamil ebizwa Bach-Meseda. Yena ke intombi yaseAvar amanene Bey Pier Budach. Oko kukuthi zombini zooyise yomama, waba ookhokho amanene. Kukho ingxelo yi ngobomi lomntu odumileyo, njengoko Imam Shamil (biography). Amaqhawe kazwelonke okwangoku ziqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuthembekileyo siyazi kuphela ukuba ngummeli le mountaineers Dagestan. Kokuba kufunyaniswe kakuhle ahlayo igazi yaseAvar emithanjeni yakhe. Kodwa singatsho ethile lilonke, ukuba uyise Kumyk.

Ukuzalwa Shamil

Biography of Imam Shamil, Kakade ke, iqala ngomhla wokuzalwa kwakhe. Esi siganeko senzeke ngoJuni 1797 kuloo mmandla kwiidolophana Gimry ingozi. Le lali ngoku ibekwe kwimimandla esentshona weRiphabliki Dagestan.

Ekuqaleni le nkwenkwe yathiywa emva kokuba umkhulu ozala - Ali. Kodwa ke kungekudala wagula, kwaye usana, ngokwesiko ukuze sizikhusele kwabanoomoya abakhohlakeleyo, igama latshintshwa Shamil. Kuyinto eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe igama yebhayibhile kaSamuweli, kwaye eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "siviwe nguThixo." Igama elifanayo ungumzalwana unina wakhe.

Childhood nemfundo

Esengumntwana, Shamil waba inkwenkwe kakhulu ezinqinileyo egula. Kodwa ekugqibeleni waba abafana ngokumangalisayo usempilweni kwaye womelele.

Ukususela ebuntwaneni waqala ukuthatha ukubumba umlinganiswa elizayo inkokeli qhankqalazo. Yena waba nxanelwe ulwazi, inkwenkwe eliphilileyo kunye ngumlinganiswa abanekratshi, inkani kunye azenze. Enye yezona iinkalo Shamil waba nesibindi ibonwe. Abaqeqeshiweyo izixhobo, waqalisa yabantwana yasekuqaleni.

Mna-ethe kakhulu sengqondo zonqulo Imam Shamil. Ngobomi yalo mntu kuhlangene ne yenkolo. umfundisi yokuqala Shamil yaba umhlobo wakhe Adil Muhammad. Kwiminyaka elishumi, waba baqeqeshwa Untsukul ekhokelwa Jamaluddin Kazikumukh. Wandula ke wafunda igrama, ubuciko, logic, nomthetho, Arabic, intanda, ukuba izizwe intaba kwisiqingatha sokuqala lwekhulu XIX kwakujongwa inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu yemfundo.

impi abaseAfrika

ngokusondeleyo kakhulu ezinxulumene imfazwe abaseAfrika ubomi hero bethu, kwaye ngaphezu kanye oku ukhankanya biography of Shamil. Ngokufutshane chaza le impixano zomkhosi phakathi kwabantu entabeni kunye ubukhosi ixabiso Russian kolu phononongo.

ungquzulwano Military phakathi mountaineers zaseCaucasus kunye uBukhosi Russian waqalisa ngexesha uCatherine II, xa kukho imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1787-1791 gg.). Ke zinkomo, ikhokelwa ngu Sheikh Mansour wafuna ukumisa ukukhuthazwa nokomelezwa Russia eCaucasus, sibambe ngoncedo lwakhe co-nkonzo ye-Ottoman. Kodwa Turks baye baphelelwa kule mfazwe, kunye Sheikh Mansur wathathwa. Emva koko Tsarist eRashiya waqhubeka ukwandisa ubukho yayo eCaucasus, ngokuhlukumeza nabantu basekuhlaleni.

Enyanisweni, kweelana zezizwe ntaba yaye akazange ayeke emva kokuba uxolo Russian kunye Turks, kodwa imikhosi ezizodwa inkcaso emva kokuba ukuqeshwa General Alekseya Ermolova alimwi eCaucasus kunye ukugqitywa imfazwe Russian-Persian ka-1804-1813. Yermolov wazama kanye nabo bonke zokusombulula ingxaki kweelana lwabantu bendawo ngamandla, nto leyo eyakhokelela ngo-1817 ukuya imfazwe epheleleyo, eyathatha phantse engama-50.

Nangona umlo kunokuba abangenatarhu, amajoni Russian esisebenza ngempumelelo, ngokubeka ulawulo zonke iindawo ezinkulu eCaucasus kunye subordinating nezizwe ezintsha. Kodwa ke ngo-1827, umlawuli ukhumbula Jikelele Yermolov, suspecting yokuba amakhonkco kunye Decembrists, kwaye endaweni yakhe wathunyelwa Jikelele Ivan Paskevich.

Ukuvela Imamate

Ngelo xesha, kumzabalazo xa kuqala yoBukhosi baseRashiya baqalisa ukuhlanganisa kwezizwe abaseAfrika. Ummandla layigubungela ngomnye nemisinga of US Islam - Muridism, uluvo oluphambili kwawo jihad (imfazwe engcwele) nxamnye amaRoma.

Enye abashumayeli ephambili mfundiso intsha yaba wezakwalizwi Ghazi Muhammad owayevela elalini enye Shamil. Ekupheleni kuka-1828 kwintlanganiso yabadala yezizwe eMpuma Caucasus Ghazi Muhammad lwabhengezwa mfundisi. Ngenxa yoko, waba de facto intloko likarhulumente elisanda kwakhiwa - Imamate abaseAfrika - kwaye inkokeli ukuvukela uBukhosi Russian. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ukwamkelwa kwesihloko Imam Ghazi Muhammad ibhengeze imfazwe engcwele nxamnye neRashiya.

Ngoku ke izizwe abaseAfrika zaye esibumbeneyo zibe amandla olunye, kunye nezenzo zabo Ndizuze ingozi enkulu ukuba amajoni Russian, ingakumbi ukusukela isipho ubunkokheli zomkhosi Paskevich kusekho italente obuphantsi Yermolov. Imfazwe kunye unamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Zisuka nje, indima ebonakalayo kwembambano kunye wathabatha Shamil, abe omnye iinkokeli kunye nabancedisi Ghazi Muhammad. Alwa ngaxhatha linye kule Kwidabi Gimry ngo-1832 ngenxa kwilali lwabo lweenkobe. Abo bavukeli ungqingwe amajoni yobukumkani inqaba, owawa ngomhla we-18 Oktobha. Ngexesha kuhlaselwa wabulawa Imam Ghazi Muhammad kunye Shamil nangona nangephina, wakwazi ukuba ukwaphula kuphuma encirclement, emva ukuhlahla ngamajoni ambalwa Russian.

New Imam waba Gamzat Beg. Olu lukhetho isuke yi kukuba Shamil ngelo xesha, walimala kakhulu. Kodwa Gamzat Bey imaam wahlala ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini waza wabulawa umzabalazo wamagazi kunye kwesinye sezizwe yaseAvar.

Unyulo mfundisi

Ngenxa yoko, umviwa siphambili indima zentloko karhulumente North-abaseAfrika waba Shamil. Wonyulwa ukuba amadala kuka-1834. Kwaye phambi kokuba isiphelo sobomi bakhe wayengaziwa kuphela Imam Shamil. Biography (omfutshane intshumayelo yethu, kodwa esisityebi kunene enyanisweni) wobukumkani bakhe, uya kunikwa sithi ngezantsi.

Ukuba unyulo aphawula ukuqala lo mfundisi kwibakala ebalulekileyo kubomi Shamil.

Ukulwa yoBukhosi Russian

Yonke imikhosi ezibekwe phezu kwawo, ukuze alwe amajoni Russian zibe yimpumelelo, Imam Shamil. ngobomi bakhe efunda ukuba ngokupheleleyo Sia injongo yaba phantse eyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe.

Kulo mzabalazo, Shamil wabonisa izakhono obukhulu zomkhosi nolungelelwano, wakwazi ukubethelela amajoni nentembelo ngakumbi ekoyiseni, musa ukwenza izigqibo ngokungxama. wamahlula Umgangatho yokugqibela kuyo imams odlulileyo. Ezi mpawu wavumela Shamil bamelana ngempumelelo enkulu ngamanani ngaphandle komkhosi waso Russian.

ulawulo Imamat xa Shamil

Ukongeza, esebenzisa Islam njenge iqhekeza ubuxoki, Imam Shamil wakwazi yokuhlanganisa izizwe kweChechnya Dagestan. Ukuba ababengaphambi kwakhe yeemanyano zezizwe abantu abaseAfrika yaba kakhulu evakalala, ngoko nokufika Shamil wazuza zonke iimpawu sokumiswa.

Njengoko umthetho waqalisa umthetho Islamic elifuna endaweni izimiso zinkomo yamandulo (adat).

Imamate abaseAfrika yahlulwa izithili, ephethwe yi-Imam Shamil wabeka naibs. Imvelaphi ngayo igcwele imizekelo mizamo zolawulo esiphezulu zangaphakathi. eligunya kwisiphaluka ngasinye olawula mufti, nalowo uyiyalelayo Ngcobo abagwebi.

ekuthinjweni

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ulawulo ngempumelelo kunesiqhelo North eCaucasus Imam Shamil. Biography, indawana emfutshane eya kubekwa ngezantsi, ibonisa ukuba 1859 kwaba yinguquko ebomini bakhe.

Emva kokuphela i iCrimea War kunye nokupheliswa iPeace Paris kwakhula imisebenzi eCaucasus, amajoni Russian. Against Shamil uMlawuli ephosa kweenjengele onamava - njengele Muraviev kunye Bariatinskii, nto leyo ngo-Apreli 1859 waphumelela capturing ikomkhulu Imamate. NgoJuni 1859 iqela lokugqibela eziziinjubaqa, eziye bengasifumani okanye eziqhutywa ngaphandle Chechnya.

umzabalazo wenkululeko National imfazwe phakathi Adygei yaye wafudukela Dagestan, apho yena ngokwakhe Shamil. Kodwa ku Agasti, iqela lakhe undingqingile namabutho Russian. Njengoko amabutho ukungalingani, Shamil wanyanzeleka ukuba anikezele, nangona ngokwemiqathango nabazukileyo kakhulu.

in ekuthinjweni

Yintoni isixelela ntoni ixesha apho ibanjwa yaba Imam Shamil, biography? biography olufutshane lo mntu kusondela wei imifanekiso yobomi bakhe, kodwa kuya kuvumela ukwenza ubuncinane iprofayili psychological rough ngamnye.

NgoSeptemba 1859 lo mfundisi kuqala wadibana Russian uMlawuli Alexander II. Kwathi Chuguev. Kungekudala Shamil wasiwa eMoscow, apho wadibana kunye odumileyo General Yermolov. NgoSeptemba, i-Imam wasiwa ikomkhulu loBukhosi Russian, leyo ithiwe thaca kwi-uKumkanikazi. Njengoko ubona, ukuba yinkokeli kwimvukelo kwinkundla ngayo elithembekileyo.

Kungekudala Shamil nentsapho yakhe wabelwa indawo esisigxina yokuhlala - isixeko ukulungela ukusebenza. Ngo-1861 kwakukho intlanganiso yesibini kunye nomlawuli. Ngeli xesha, Shamil wambongoza ukuba makasindulule sikhululekile ngenxa lokuphambukela eMecca, kodwa wala.

Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, Shamil kunye nentsapho yakhe wathabatha isifungo isigxina uBukhosi Russian, ngaloo ndlela ubumi Russian. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ngokutsho ummiselo kaKesare, Shamil wafumana liqhawe ukusuka ekunene ukuya kugqitha kuyo njengelifa. Kunyaka ngaphambi kwale Imam lavunyelwa ukuba ukutshintsha indawo yabo yokuhlala aye kwemiqathango kakuhle ngakumbi zemozulu Kiev.

Kunzima ukuchaza kule elifutshane ngokutsha yonke into yasinda ekuthinjweni Imam Shamil. Biography ngokufutshane ithi le ibanjwa ke, nangona kunjalo, kakhulu ukhululekile uzukile, ubuncinane ukusuka kwindawo yokucingela Russian.

ukufa

Ekugqibeleni, kwangolu 1869, Shamil wakwazi ukuba aqhubeke efuna imvume yomlawuli kwi Hajj eMecca. uhambo Round wathatha ngaphezu konyaka.

Emva izicwangciso Shamil eziqulathwe ebomini, yaye kwenzeka 1871, wagqiba ukuya kwisixeko yesibini ezingcwele for Muslims - Medina. Apho wafa ngomnyaka asixhenxe anesine zobomi. Imam wangcwatywa ezweni lakhe lokuzalwa eCaucasus, yaye e Medina.

Imam Shamil: biography, usapho

Usapho kuyo ebomini kule ndawo ebalulekileyo ndoda, kunjalo, njengokuba kunjalo kuwo onke mountaineers abaseAfrika. Makhe sifunde ngakumbi malunga izalamane nezihlobo umlweli enkulu ngenxa inkululeko yabantu bakhe.

Ngokutsho izithethe amaSilamsi, Shamil unelungelo nabafazi abathathu zomthetho. Wasebenzisa eli lungelo.

owamazibulo Shamil ogama Jamaluddin (wazalwa ngo-1829). Ngowe-1839 wanikwa njenge zibulawa. Wafunda eSt Petersburg belingana nabantwana ungunyana wabanumzana yezizwe. Kamva Shamil wakwazi ukutshintsha unyana ka elinye ibanjwa, kodwa Jamaluddin wafa eneminyaka engama-29 sephepha.

Enye namahlakani aphezulu uyise wayengunyana wesibini - Gazi-Muhammad. Ebudeni bolawulo Shamil naib waba ngomnye kwizithili. Wafa ngowe-1902 kwi-Ottoman.

Unyana yesithathu - Said - ngakumbi abafa ezelwe.

abantwana abancinci - Muammad-Shefi kunye Muhammad Kamil - wafa 1906 yaye ngowe-1951 ngokulandelelanayo.

Iimpawu ze Imam Shamil

Siye ndizilandile nje uhambo lobomi, leyo Imam Shamil (biography, iifoto lucaciswa kule nqaku). Ungasenza njani inkangeleko lo mntu unika kakhulu le nkomo, oyinzalelwane eCaucasus. Kuyabonakala ukuba lo ubuntu ngenkalipho yaye isigqibo, zilungele injongo ephakamileyo ukugembula ngakumbi. Malunga Shamil ukuqina lomlinganiswa ngaphezu kwakanye wabonisa bexesha lakhe.

Kuba Mountain Peoples zaseCaucasus, Shamil kuya kusoloko uphawu lomzabalazo inkululeko. Ngelo xesha linye ezinye ubuchule edume Imam akasoloko ne ngegalelo mihla malunga nemithetho emfazwe kunye nobuntu.