"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka": kunyaka kwendalo kunye nombhali

Kweminyaka engama-900, i-baseRashiya ukufumana ulwazi lwabo malunga ngembali edume "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", umhla ngqo lokubhala apho akwaziwa. A lot of abambeneyo umbuzo zabhalwa lo msebenzi.

A amagama ambalwa malunga iintsomi kunye amanqaku ngembali

postulates Scientific phezu ixesha bavame ukutshintsha, kodwa ukuba entsimini yemvelo, chemistry, ibhayoloji, ngeenkwenkwezi okanye revolution yenzululwazi ezifanayo ngokusekelwe ukuchongwa izibakala ezintsha, ibali nje ngokutsha egameni amagunya okanye ngokuhambelana kwiimbono lubalaseleyo. Ngethamsanqa, indoda wesimanje aye kakhulu amathuba ngokwabo ukufumana uthelekise iinkcukacha ngokuphathelele iziganeko ezenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kwaye nkqu zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakunye simazi izimvo zezazinzulu abangalandeli neenkolelo zemveli. Konke oku kungentla isicelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana sokuqonda imbali uxwebhu Russian njenge "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", unyaka kwendalo kunye mbhali ezisandula akubuzwa amanye amalungu oluntu lwezenzululwazi.

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka": ubuqambi

Ukusuka uninzi "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" of umdali wayo ingafumaneka kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XI wayephila Pechora Monastery. Ngokukodwa, kukho ingxelo malunga uhlaselo Polovtsy le woonongendi ngo-1096, nto leyo ngokwayo yaba umkhumbuzi ngawakhe. Ukongeza, uxwebhu ibhekisela kokufa uYohane umdala, owanceda ubhale umsebenzi yembali, lowu ukuba ukufa seal kwenzeka ngo-1106, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngelo xesha umntu owenza ushicilelo wayesaphila.

inzululwazi esemthethweni Russian, kuquka eSoviet, ukususela ngexesha uPetros wathi Enkulu ukuba umbhali yenoveli "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" - umkhumbuzi Nestor. Uxwebhu ezindala zembali elibhekisela kuyo, lo odumileyo Ipatiev Chronicle, nâzo encwadini imi- 20-kwinkulungwane XV. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya isahluko eyahlukileyo okubhaliweyo "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka, 'eyandulelayo ngokukhankanywa njengoko umbhali indela weemonki Pechersk. Igama Nestor yaqala abakhankanywe imbalelwano Crypt ithe UPolycarp Archimandrite Akindinov. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba "Life of St. Anthony", ebesiqulunqwe ngokwesiseko izithethe yomlomo woonongendi.

Nestor umkhumbuzi

Umbhali "igosa" yenoveli "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" uye wamisela yiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, ngoko ke zifundwe ngayo kubomi yabangcwele. Sinokufunda ntoni kule mithombo ukuba monk Nestor wazalelwa Kiev e sharing-1050. Xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe wangena Kiev Caves Monastery, apho waba mafikizolo of St. uTheodosius. Xa ndandineminyaka ngokwanelisayo abatsha, Nestor wathabatha izibhambathiso, yaye kamva wafumana umdikoni yonikezelo. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe ndayichitha Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: apha wabhala i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", unyaka kusungulwa akwaziwa ukuba ezithile, kodwa ubomi abangcwele kunye odumileyo Abathetheli Boris kunye Gleb, yaye lo msebenzi, nto leyo ithetha abaphila okuqala woonongendi kuphela. Le mithombo ibandla nalo lwabonisa ukuba Nestor lifikelele neminyaka engu wafa malunga 1114.

Oko kuthethwa "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" - imbali yeli lizwe lethu, ezifikelela ixesha span enkulu, ngendlela emangalisayo zizityebi ezahlukeneyo iziganeko. Ngqangi luqala ibali oonyana November, omnye lowo - noYafete -dostalis kulawulo mhlaba ezifana eArmenia, eBritani, Scythia, kwelaseDalmati, Ionia, Illyria, Macedonia, Media, kwelaseKapadoki, Paphlagonia, eThessaly kunye nabanye. Abazalwana baqalisa ukwakhiwa yeentsika waseBhabheli, kodwa ke uNdikhoyo waba nomsindo nje wabatshabalalisa esi sakhiwo, yoncedo iqhayiya oluntu, kodwa kwakhona wabahlula 'abantu 70 2 "abantu; kubo apho Noriko - lusungulo nokuxubana bayinzala koonyana kaYafete. Kuphinda kuthethwe i uMpostile noAndreya, ngubani kwangaphambili ukuba kweenxweme Dnieper iya kuba umzi omkhulu, nto leyo into eyenzekayo xa lokhu Prince abazalwana Scheck kunye Horiv wasungula Kiev. Enye imbekiselo ebalulekileyo ekhathaza kunyaka 862, xa "Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi nabo bonke" waya Varangians kubiza ukuba ngukumkani, waza waya phezu ubizo abazalwana abathathu Rurik, Truvor kunye Sineus kunye neentsapho kunye okuyo. Ababini abase izinduna - Askold kunye Dir - thatha ixesha angabikho Novgorod eConstantinople nokubona indlela Kiev, bahlala khona. Ngaphezu koko, "The Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", unyaka kwendalo apho ababhali-mbali baye kodwa acacise, ubalisa ibali wokulawula Oleg kunye Igor, aze abalise ibali ubhaptizo Rus. Ibali liphela iziganeko ka 1117.

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka": imbali le mveliso

Nestorovskaya Chronicle waziwa emva kokuba uPetros Great ngo-1715 wayalelwa ukwenza ikopi noluhlu Radzivilovskogo agcinwe kwithala leencwadi Koenigsberg. Gcina uxwebhu, engqina ukuba ingqalelo yokumkani kule ngqangi amrholela Yakov Bryus - ubuntu, ephawulekayo ngandlela zonke. Wayinika ilungiselelo uluhlu Radzivilovskogo kwintetho yanamhlanje Vasily Tatishchev, oza kubhala imbali Russia. Ukongeza, uphononongo yenoveli obandakanyeka izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezifana A. Shleptser, P. M. Stroev kunye A. A. Shahmatov.

Nestor umkhumbuzi. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka": A view A.Shahmatova

A look entsha kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" yaphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Umbhali saso eyaziwayo nzulu A. A. Shahmatov ngubani ephakanyiswayo kanye ukungqinisiseka "Imbali omtsha 'yomsebenzi. Ngokukodwa, wacaphula iingxoxo ngakwicala yokuba ngo-1039 egumbini Kiev wadalwa e Kiev ngokwesiseko yemihla aseByzantium iintsomi lwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ingaqatshelwa uxwebhu zindala olu hlobo eRashiya. Malunga nexesha elifanayo yayibhalwe Novgorod Novgorod Chronicle. Oko ngenxa yezi zenzo ezimbini ngo-1073 Nestor kuqala wadala Crypt igumbi lokuqala, ngoko okwesibini yaye ekugqibeleni "Tale of adlulileyo Years".

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ebhalwe endela Russian okanye inkosana Scottish?

Engamashumi amabini edlulileyo zizityebi kuzo zonke iintlobo koluvo zembali. Noko ke, ubulungisa ke kufuneka wathi abanye kubo andifumananga bubungqina benzululwazi. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje kukho inkolelo yokuba "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", unyaka indalo malunga kuphela yaziwa, enyanisweni, azibhalwanga kwixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka 1110 no 1118, yaye kwiinkulungwane ezintandathu kamva. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, nkqu ezi mbali esemthethweni bayavuma ukuba uluhlu Radzivilovsky t. E. Ikopi ye-ngqangi, nto leyo wothulelw zabhalwa Nestor, wenziwa kwinkulungwane XV kwaye efanayo ixesha ezihonjiswe miniatures ezininzi. Ngaphezu koko, Tatishchev wabhala "Imbali Russia" nkqu kunye naye, kunye ibali lo msebenzi kulwimi owayephila, umbhali apho, mhlawumbi, yena Yakov Bryus - umzukulwana uKumkani of Scotland Robert lokuQala. Kodwa lo mbono akanalo naluphi na isizathu kakhulu.

Yintoni ngumongo iyintloko yomsebenzi Nestorovskogo

Iingcali ababambe nembono sikweni kwezi imisebenzi zibangelwa Nestor umkhumbuzi, bakholelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukuze ithethelele lobuzwilakhe njengoko uhlobo kuphela karhulumente eRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, lo mbhalo Liphelisa umba ukwala "oothixo omdala", esalatha ubuKristu unqulo lokwenyaniso kuphela. Kuyo, yaye eyona umongo walo.

"Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" - lo msebenzi kuphela echaza uguqulelo eziphefumlelweyo ye Ubhaptizo weRashiya, bonke abanye ukuba xhuma nje kuyo. Oku kuphela ukuba wenze kakhulu ngokusondeleyo inxaxheba kwisifundo yayo. Kwaye "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", namhlanje ogama iimpawu amkelwa kwi historiography olusemthethweni ngemibuzo, ngowona mthombo wokuqala isixelela ukuba iinkosana Russian wehla evela Rurik. Kuba wonke umsebenzi umlando umhla ebaluleke kakhulu indalo. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela historiography Russian, akukho namnye. Okunye ngqo, akukho okwangoku akukho bungqina obaneleyo uvumela nokuba ukukhankanya kunyaka othile kubhaliweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba phambi izinto ezintsha ukuze abe nako ukuba baphalaze kukhanye phezu kumaphepha ezimnyama imbali yethu.