Empire - oku uhlobo urhulumente? Ubukhosi enkulu ehlabathini

Igama elithi "ubukhosi" Izolo eli imilebe zomntu wonke, kuye baze silk. Oku kubonisa ngobukhulu bawo yangaphambili tofo. Yintoni kanye kanye umbuso?

Oku mbiso?

Izichazi-magama neentyilalwazi zinika (kwigama lesiLatini "panel" - amandla) intsingiselo yegama elithi 'ubukhosi ", intsingiselo apho, ukuba anithanga ukuya iinkcukacha ekruqulayo kwaye babhenele isigama lwezenzululwazi owomileyo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Okokuqala, ubukhosi - lobukhosi, ikhokelwe loMlawuli okanye uKumkanikazi (Roman Empire, uBukhosi Russian). Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba urhulumente uye waba umbuso zomlawuli walo akwanelanga ukuba kubizwa ngokuba umlawuli. Empire busenza ukuba ubukho imimandla ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo nelawulwa kunye izizwe, kukho nokumanyana eyomeleleyo (ngegqudu okanye yileyo). Kwaye ukuba ngomso, Prince Hans-Adam II azibize omkhulu, oko akuyi ukutshintsha kakuhle imeko yecebo Liechtenstein (elinabemi abantu ngaphantsi kwe amane amawaka), yaye kuya kuba nzima kuthi ukuba kukho ulawulo elincinane - Empire (njengorhulumente).

Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo

Okwesibini, imibuso ezidla ngokubizwa zelizwe abanezinto encomekayo lobukoloniyali. Kulo mzekelo, phambi komlawuli ayikho imfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, ookumkani IsiNgesi ekungasetyenzwanga ngokuba ababusi, kodwa phantse ezintlanu iinkulungwane, elikhokelwa uBukhosi baseBritani, apho kuquka kungekuphela nje UK kodwa inani elikhulu ngamathanga kunye ubukhosi. Emphaya ezinkulu zehlabathi ngonaphakade kwagxila amagama abo amacwecwe imbali, kodwa noko sele ugqibile?

UBukhosi baseRoma (27 BC - .. 476)

umlawuli ngokusesikweni okokuqala kwimbali impucuko ingqalelo Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC ..), Liliphi ngaphambili ukuba ummeli-lizwe, waza wathi nguzwilakhe ubomi. Caesar Azi imfuneko yeenguqulelo esinzulu, yapasisa umthetho eyaguqula nenkqubo yezopolitiko eRoma yamandulo. Lost yaba nendima yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe, abaxhasi NgokaKesare iye kwakhona States, owasinikayo uKesare kwisihloko mlawuli kunye nelungelo ukudlulisela inzala yakhe. Caesar waqala zazinegama zemali zegolide kunye nomfanekiso wakhe. Umnqweno lwakhe ngokwenene amandla kuye kwakhokelela Liyelenqe eNdlu yeeNgwevu (44 BC. E.), Imibutho ngu Marcus Iuni noGayo Cassius. Enyanisweni, lo mlawuli yokuqala yaba umtshana ka Kesare - Octavian Augustus (63 BC - .. '14 BC ..). kwisihloko mlawuli ngaloo mihla kwakuthetha umphathi ephakamileyo lowo woyisa umlo onzima. Ngokusemthethweni, kwiRiphabliki Roman isekhona, kunye Augustus uqobo wabizwa princeps ( "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo"), kodwa ke ngenxa kwiriphabliki Octavian fumene iimpawu ukumkani, a olungumbandezeli States Oriental hlobo. Ngowe-284, uMlawuli uDiocletian (245 -. Kweminyaka 313) liqalise yeenguqulelo ekugqibeleni wajika owayesakuba republic baseRoma baba umbuso. Ukususela ngelo xesha loo mlawuli lalibizwa ngokuba uDominus - uNdikhoyo. Kwi 395, urhulumente waba zahlulo ezimbini - eMpuma (ikomkhulu - eConstantinople) kunye Western (capital - Rome) - nganye yonganyelwe mlawuli yayo. Eli ukuthanda uMlawuli uTheodosius, ngubani phezu eve ukufa kwakhe Balahlula ilizwe phakathi koonyana bakhe. Kweli xesha lokugqibela lokubakho yayo, uBukhosi Koloni phantsi ungenelelo rhoqo bakhona, yaye ngo-476 zikarhulumente kanye ezinamandla ziya ekugqibeleni woyiswa umphathi-ngumbharbhari Odoacer (malunga 431 - 496), ngubani na oya kulawula Italy kuphela, ukuze bashiye isihloko umbusi, kwaye kwezinye nabemfuyo uBukhosi baseRoma. Emva kokuwa emphaya enkulu eRoma luya kwenzeka enye emva kwenye.

BaseByzantium Empire (IV - XV eminyaka.)

UMbuso baseByzantium isuka eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma. Xa Odoacer Wabaphelisa yokugqibela umlawuli waseRoma, wazisusa isidima amandla wabathuma eConstantinople. Phezu komhlaba, omnye ilanga kuphela, kwaye umlawuli, kakhulu, kufuneka ube mnye - lowo ngokubaluleka eqhotyoshelwe kule ncwadi. YoBukhosi baseByzantium imi ezinqumlayo Europe, Asia kunye Afrika, nemida yayo wolula ukusuka kumlambo iEfrati ukuya weDanube. A indima enkulu nokumanywa yoBukhosi baseByzantium wadlala ubuKristu, nto leyo eyaba kunyaka 381 unqulo imo uBukhosi baseRoma. oyise Church yafunwa ukuba ngokholo iseyiviwe abantu nje kuphela, kodwa uluntu ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, Byzantium iphantsi nokukhuselwa iNkosi yaye iza kukhokelela kwezinye iintlanga elusindisweni. amandla wengqesho ngokomoya kufuneka kumanyana egameni injongo efanayo. Empire yaseByzantium - imeko apho ingcamango gunya ndizuze ifomu oqolileyo. UThixo - iNkosi wonke, kwaye umlawuli kugcwele kwi izikumkani zehlabathi. Ngoko ke amandla umlawuli ekhuselwe nguThixo yaye ezingcwele. Lo mlawuli yaseByzantium amandla phantse unlimited, wagqiba-nkqubo namazwe angaphandle, wayeyintloko yomkhosi, umgwebi ephakamileyo kunye mthetho ngexesha elifanayo. Mbusi yaseByzantium - ayikho intloko kuphela karhulumente kodwa eyintloko yebandla, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba ukubonisa umzekelo imodeli yokuhlonela zamaKristu. Exakayo, amandla soMhlekazi bekungazanga njengelifa ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni umbono. Imbali uyazi imizekelo emininzi yoBukhosi baseByzantium, xa saba umlawuli abantu ngenxa yokuba ukuzalwa akathweswa sithsaba, yaye iziphumo zokugqwesa yayo yokwenene.

Ottoman (Ottoman) Empire (1299 - 1922)

Ababhali-mbali bakholisa ukubala ubukho layo 1299, xa kumntla-ntshona eAnatolia, urhulumente Ottoman kuvelile, ngokusekelwe sultan yakhe yokuqala, Osman - ngunozala indlu entsha. Osman kungekudala soyise lonke West Asia Minor, nto leyo iya kuba liqonga esinamandla ukwandiswa zezizwe lohlanga olunye. Sinokuthi ukuba Ottoman - Turkey ixesha sultanate. Kodwa umbuso ncam luqokelelane kuphela XV - XVI iinkulungwane, xa ukoyisa Turkish eYurophu, Asia kunye Afrika ayabonakala kakhulu. ngexesha layo kungqamane ekuweni yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Kakade ke, ayikho ngengozi; ukuba kudlula kwenye, enye uya kudityaniswa, njengoko umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla negunya kwilizwekazi yaseYurophu. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1453 ngenxa uwungqinge obude anegazi amadabi imikhosi Ottoman Turks phantsi Sultan Mehmed II wathabatha eConstantinople, ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantium. Olu loyiso kuya kukhokelela ekubeni baseTurkey uya lokufumana isikhundla lwiimi ziveleleyo yasempuma kwiMeditera iminyaka emininzi. Elikomkhulu Ottoman wayeza kuba eConstantinople (Istanbul). Ingongoma eliphezulu impembelelo yayo anendyebo Ottoman kwi kwinkulungwane XVI - ebudeni bolawulo Suleiman Zobungangamela of I. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII Ottoman yayiza kuba yenye inamandla ehlabathini. Empire ezilawulwa phantse lonke South-East eYurophu, eMntla Afrika Western Asia, izilingo amaphondo 32 kunye nobuninzi khoboka ithi. Ukuwa Ottoman ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukuba sizana Jamani, baseTurkey boyiswa, ngo-1922, kuya ububhangisile sultanate, yaye ngowe-1923 Turkey uba republic.

I-British uBukhosi (1497 - 1949)

UMbuso baseBritani - oko urhulumente inkulu yobukoloniyali kwimbali yonke impucuko. Kwiminyaka 30 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ummandla i-United Kingdom accounted for phantse ikota ilizwe koMhlaba kunye nabantu bayo - ikota yabantu abahlala kule planethi (hayi kwazenzekela ukuba IsiNgesi uye waba ulwimi nempembelelo ehlabathini). ukoyisa yaseYurophu of England ukuba ahlasele Ireland kunye enjalo - ngokuthinjwa Newfoundland (1583), nto leyo eyaba sokufezekisa nokwandiswa North America. Impumelelo amazwe waseBritani negalelo imfazwe ngempumelelo impiriyali, leyo walwa eNgilani nxamnye eSpeyin, eFransi, eHolland. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII uqale ndzulu UK eIndiya, kamva eNgilani uza kwenza i-Australia nase-New Zealand, North, Tropical kunye noMzantsi Afrika.

IBritani kunye nakwiindawo eziphakathi ezingamathanga

Emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, uManyano Lwezizwe iya kunika United Kingdom igunya ukulawula ezinye amathanga yangaphambili Ottoman kunye imibuso German (kubandakanywa - Iran kunye Palestine). Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kakhulu yasiwa ugxininiso kwi umbuzo lobukoloniyali. Britain, nangona ukufumanisa ukuba ibe phakathi abaphumeleleyo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba uthathe imali-mboleko ezinkulu eUnited States ukuba ungonakala. I-USSR kunye United States - abadlali omkhulu kwezopolitiko - abachasene amakoloni. Kodwa amathanga, elingumthombo, waqinisa imizwa inkululeko. Kule meko kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ngayo ukugcina lobungqwangangqwili layo lobusetlani bobukoloniyali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, Portugal kunye neFransi, eNgilani akazange akwenze oko mazigqithiselwe negunya koorhulumente basekhaya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-United Kingdom iyaqhubeka ukugcina ukubusa imimandla 14.

Empire Russian (1721 - 1917)

Emva kokugqitywa Northern iMfazwe, xa urhulumente eMoscow zaye esisigxina imihlaba emitsha kunye nokufikelela kuLwandle eBaltic, uKumkani uPetros ndathabatha isihloko loMlawuli of All-Russian lwezikhalazo weNdlu yeeNgwevu - sakhiwo liphezulu kwamandla karhulumente, yasekwa kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Kummandla wawo yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaba lesithathu (emva kwezi emphaya British kunye Mongol) evela kumaqumrhu karhulumente nanini ekhoyo. Phambi kokuvela kaRhulumente Duma abasemagunyeni 1905 mlawuli Russian kaThixo abupheleli, ngaphandle yemigangatho Orthodox. Peter I, nto leyo iphucula nkqo igunya kweli lizwe, iRashiya iye yahlulwe yaba amaphondo asibhozo. Ebudeni bokulawula uCatherine II baba 50, yaye ngo-1917, ngenxa yokwanda indawo, inani labo lanyuka ukuya 78. Russia - Empire, leyo yaquka inani uthi mihla kakumkani (Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, kumazwe eBaltic, Caucasus and Central Asia). Ngenxa yokuba i-Februwari Revolution ka-1917, i Board of abalawuli Russian le Romanov ubukhosi umqhubi, yaye ngoSeptemba kulo nyaka, eRashiya yaba republic.

utyekelo Centrifugal ukuba ityala

Njengoko ubona, bonke ubukhosi enkulu yehla. Endaweni yokudala kubo imikhosi centripetal kungekudala kuza zesiqhelo centrifugal kukhokelela ukuba urhulumente ukuba kungekhona ukuwa epheleleyo, ngoko uyaguga.