USSR kwi olwandulela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle, imiba amandla ukuziphendulela, imeko ngamazwe, ukwandiswa kwemida zoqoqosho

Enye izihloko ezinkulu kwinzululwazi zembali zasekhaya ihlabathi ukuvavanya yintoni na imeko i-USSR kwi olwandulela kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Ngokufutshane lo mba kufuneka ingqalelo ezivela kwiinkalo ezininzi: kwezopolitiko ngongoma, kwezoqoqosho lwembono, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko enzima neyezizwe-jikelele apho lizwe wafumana ngokwayo phambi kokuba ndlongo of Germany kaHitler.

Le ulwalathiso yaseYurophu yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente waseSoviet

Ngelo xesha zokufunda kweli lizwekazi ziye uqhambuko ezimbini ndlongo apho. Kulo mba, indawo ye-USSR kwi olwandulela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic leyo esisoyikiso kakhulu. Kwafuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo engxamisekileyo ukuze kube nokwenziwa imida yayo ekuhlaselweni kunokwenzeka. Le meko iye nzima nangakumbi ngumba wokuba namahlakani yaseYurophu eSoviet Union - France neBritani - wavumela ukuba iwuthimbe lo Sudetenland yeCzechoslovakia ngu eJamani, yaye kamva, enyanisweni, wajika iliso umsebenzi lonke eli lizwe. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkokheli eSoviet uye wanikela isisombululo yakhe ingxaki ngokunqunyanyiswa ndlongo yaseJamani: isicwangciso ukwenza uthotho zobumbano ezibe ukuhlanganisa onke amazwe ekulweni utshaba entsha.

USSR ngobusuku obandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngenxa eziya zisiba kungezisongelo olunomkhosi, lityikitye uthotho kwizivumelwano kuncedo macala kunye nezenzo kunye amazwe aseYurophu naseMpuma. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zivumelwano ayanele, ngoko ke ziye kuthathwa amanyathelo ngakumbi kakhulu, ezizezi: isindululo ukujongana France kunye UK ukwenza umfela nxamnye ku Germany. Ukuze benze oku, kwilizwe lethu ngayo Amanxusa ngeniso kula mazwe ukuba thethwano. Kwathi kwiminyaka-2 phambi kokuba uhlaselo lwamaNazi kwilizwe lethu.

Relations ne Germany

USSR ngobusuku obandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II owayekwimeko esinzima kunene: namahlakani ezinokwenzeka musa ukuthembela ngokupheleleyo urhulumente kaStalin, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukuba akukho sizathu ukuya ukuba ityala emva kokuba isivumelwano Munich, nto leyo eyinxalenye enemvume ukwahlulwa yeCzechoslovakia. ukungaqondani Mutual kukhokelele ekubeni amaqela ndawonye baye basilela ukufikelela kwisivumelwano. ulungelelwaniso olunjalo imikhosi eye wavumela urhulumente ukuba anikele uHitler kwicala Soviet ukuba ukugqiba isivumelwano non-ndlongo, esatyikitywa ngoAgasti kunyaka omnye. Emva koko, kwamagunya French nelamaNgesi washiya eMoscow. Ukuze iSivumelwano kwi Non-bundlobongela lathathwa imithetho ngasese ebonelela kwakhona-division of Europe phakathi Germany kunye eSoviet Union. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, kumazwe eBaltic, Poland, Bessarabia ithathwa njengommandla kweemfuno eSoviet Union.

ESoviet-Finnish War

Emva kokusayina isivumelwano eSoviet Union yemka yaya kulwa eFinland, eyathatha yonke i iinyanga ezi-5 kwaye kukho iingxaki zobugcisa kakhulu kwezixhobo qhinga. Injongo yenkokheli kaStalin wayeza yokutyhiliza imida yasentshona lizwe-100 km. Finland wacelwa ukuba lavuma Karelian Isthmus, bafakwa Areda eSoviet Union Hanko usingasiqithi ukwenzela ukwakhiwa isiseko yomkhosi. Imbuyekezo, intsimi esemantla lizwe onikela Soviet Karelia. Abasemagunyeni Finnish ndiwulahle lo myalelo, kwaye ngoko ke imikhosi Soviet aqala ukulwa. Ubunzima obukhulu, i-Red Army ikwazile ukuba kuthintelwe Mannerheim Line uthathe Vyborg. Nangona minyinyiva Finland wenze, enika utshaba nje wabhekisela kwisiqwenga somhlaba kunye usingasiqithi, kodwa ummandla ngasentla. Loo mgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngosuku olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II sesa ekugwetyweni ngamazwe, kunye isiphumo ukuba wanqanyulwa lilungu uManyano Lwezizwe.

imeko yezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko kweli lizwe

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi yenkokheli eSoviet waqinisa lodwa zeqela wamaKomanisi kunye nolawulo yayo epheleleyo kwaye zizonke yonke imiba yoluntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho umgaqo-siseko omtsha, leyo wathi kwilizwe socialism noloyiso, ngamanye amazwi, oko kwakuthetha ukuba kupheliswe lokugqibela kumashishini abucala kunye kwiiklasi xhaphaza wavunywa ngo December 1936. Esi siganeko kwakhokelwa uloyiso Stalin ngowe kumzabalazo engaphakathi-wesithathu, eyathatha kwisiqingatha sesibini yonke imi--30 lwekhulu XX.

Enyanisweni, kwaba eSoviet Union kwi xesha liqwalaselwayo kwabakho inkqubo yileyo yezopolitiko. ubuntu Inkokeli laba- yenye yeencindi zalo eziphambili. Ukongeza, i-Party wamaKomanisi liseke ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu yonke imiba yoluntu. Yiyo le yinye ngqongqo wavumela ngokukhawuleza viva zonke izibonelelo lizwe ukuze alwe utshaba. Yonke imigudu kobunkokheli eSoviet ngelo xesha yenzelwe ukulungiselela abantu ukuba balwe. Ngoko ke, ingqalelo enkulu yahlawulwa kuqeqesho emkhosini kunye nemidlalo.

Noko ke, ingqalelo eqaphelekayo ihlawulwe ngayo inkcubeko abaci. USSR ngobusuku obandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II waba soloko umanyano loluntu ukuba kumzabalazo nxamnye notshaba. Yiloo nto yenzelwe imisebenzi uncwadi, iifilim, wavela ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngeli xesha, imifanekiso emkhosini-izwe lizwe iyaqhutywa eyenzelwe ukubonisa elidlulileyo yobuqhawe lizwe ekulweni abahlaseli. Kwakhona, izikrini baya iifilimu balizukisa yabasebenzi yobuqhawe abantu Soviet, impumelelo yayo imveliso kunye nezoqoqosho. Imeko efanayo iqatshelwe ncwadi. ababhali Soviet Famous zaye imisebenzi unesimilo omkhulu, ezinqwenelekayo ezibe ukuba bakhuthaze abantu yiSoviet kumzabalazo ebhaliweyo. Ngokubanzi, iqela lifika: uhlaselo German abantu Soviet besuka ukuba kukhusela kwilizwe.

Ukomeleza lo yokuzikhusela - kwicala engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya

USSR ngobusuku obandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaba kwindawo enzima kunene; bodwa kanye ngamazwe, ugrogriso lokuhlasela, leyo ngu-Epreli 1941 sele wachukumisa phantse yonke iYurophu, wafuna amanyathelo engxamisekileyo ukulungiselela ilizwe ukulungiselela ukulwa ezizayo. Yiyo le ngxaki kwaye ubone indlela ubunkokheli beqela na kule minyaka ilishumi.

Uqoqosho eSoviet ngosuku olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kumgangatho olude enkulu yophuhliso. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ngenxa iiphiriyodi ezimbini ngokupheleleyo seminyaka emihlanu, le complex amakhulu kwezomkhosi-mveliso sele yenziwe kweli lizwe. Ekuhambeni kukwanda kweefektri kukwakha imoto, iifektri itrekta, zokusila intsimbi, isikhululo kagesi. Ngexesha elifutshane, ilizwe lethu oluleyisayo ongekenziwa kumazwe Koloni ngokwemiqathango zobugcisa.

USSR ukuziphendulela izinto ezisenokuba olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II wawuquka imiyalelo eziliqela. Kwindawo okuqhubekayo nkqubo lokuqala lophuhliso ngokukhethwa of yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ahle kwaye nonferrous, kwakunye nesantya olukhawulezisiweyo aqalisa ukuvelisa izixhobo. Kwisithuba iminyaka embalwa, imveliso yayo inyusiwe ngokuphindwe 4. amatanki ezintsha, izilwi-high speed, moya ukuhlasela, kodwa imveliso zabo mass kwaba sekunjalo akukho nkqubo zadalwa. zokuzenzela nemipu umatshini ezakhiwayo. Yayamkela umthetho inkonzo jikelele emkhosini, kangangokuba ekuqaleni imfazwe eli lizwe azibeke phantsi umpu abantu kwesigidi abambalwa.

nkqubo Social and zocindezelo

USSR wokhuselo ezinokuba izinto zixhomekeke ukusebenza kwemveliso. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iqela baya kuthotho eqatha: isigqibo eyamkelwa ngomhla iiyure ezisibhozo, iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki. kukuyeka olungekho mthethweni kwishishini yavalwa. Ngenxa yokuba efika emva kwexesha emsebenzini kufuneka isohlwayo esiqatha - ukubanjwa, nangenxa mveliso neziphene umntu yasabisa ngebhaxa.

Nangona kunjalo, lo ingcinezelo yaba negalelo elonakalisayo ngobume ye-Red Army. Amagosa ezichaphazelekayo Ingakumbi: nabameli abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu, malunga 400 zaye zinganakwa. Ngenxa yoko, 7% kuphela ngabameli abasebenzi umyalelo ephakamileyo waba imfundo ephakamileyo. Kukho iindaba ukuba ubukrelekrele eSoviet ngokuphindaphindiweyo wanika izilumkiso kusondela ukuhlasela lutshaba nxamnye kwilizwe lethu. Noko ke, inkokheli akathathanga inyathelo ukubuyiselana olu hlaselo. Lilonke, nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nako ukuziphendulela USSR ngosuku olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuba ilizwe lethu ukuze sisinde nje ukuhlaselwa eyoyikekayo ngamaNazi eJamani, kodwa emva koko uye ku avanyisa.

Isimo eYurophu

Isithuba ngamazwe ye-USSR kwi olwandulela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kwakunzima kakhulu ngenxa ukuvela nakujoliso olutsha of ngokusebenzisa izigalo. Kwi-West, kwaba, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, eJamani. Kwakufuneka lonke ushishino phambi kwayo eYurophu. Ukongeza, oku kunokubeka ngaphezulu kwezigidi-8 amajoni kakuhle axhobileyo. AmaJamani esaphethe amazwe aseYurophu ezifana ehamba phambili njengoko Czech Republic, France, Poland, Austria. ESpeyin, ukuba ixhase ulawulo owayenguzwilakhe General Franco. Xa ebusweni maxongo imeko ngamazwe, inkokheli eSoviet, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, yajika phandle, zodwa, ityala apho wakhonza ukungaqondani macala kunye ukudideka phakathi namahlakani, leyo kamva kwakhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu.

Imeko e East

Imeko enzima kungenxa kwakhona le meko abaseAsiya USSR kwi olwandulela Enkulu Patriotic War. Ngokufutshane lo ngxaki kunganxulunyaniswa neentshisekelo olunomkhosi of Japan, leyo yahlasela kumazwe angabamelwane, ndisondela kwimida yelizwe lethu. Ke kaloku ukungqubana axhobileyo: umkhosi Soviet kwafuneka ukuba alwe kuhlaselo iintshaba ezintsha. Kwakukho intsongelo yemfazwe kwi miba mibini. Ngeendlela ezininzi uyafana ukulingana kwamandla nizihlabe ubunkokheli yiSoviet emva thethwano zingaphumelelanga kunye nabameli Western ukufikelela kwisivumelwano Germany zoxolo. Emva koko, i-Eastern Front wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha imfazwe nasekugqityweni kwayo ngempumelelo. Kwakunjalo ngexesha eziphathekayo yokomelezwa nkqubo yasemkhosini omnye wemiba ephambili.

uqoqosho lwelizwe

Umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi ye-USSR kwi olwandulela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic ijoliswe kuphuhliso lwamashisini enzima. Ukuze benze oku, yonke imikhosi yoluntu eSoviet kwaphoswa. Ekufunxeni izibonelelo ukusuka kwidolophana kunye mboleko iimfuno zamashishini enzima zaye amanyathelo eziphambili iqela ukudala kwisakhiwo elinamandla-mveliso. Ngesantya olukhawulezisiweyo plan ezimbini seminyaka emihlanu bathwalwa ngaphandle, apho eSoviet Union oluleyisayo lag yamazwe Western aseYurophu. Elalini zidalwe ipropati ngokuhlangeneyo kunye zabucala enkulu zipheliswe. imveliso yezolimo yaba iimfuno mzi-mveliso. Ngeli xesha, ebanga phakathi kwabasebenzi Stakhanov intshukumo, apho inkxaso liqela. umsebenzi-inzaliseko norms okusilelayo ibekwa phambi abenzi. Eyona njongo iphambili yale onke amanyathelo yonxunguphalo ukomeleza amandla ukuziphendulela USSR kwi olwandulela kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic.

iinguqu zokuthengisa indawo

Ngo-1940, bekukho ukwanda kwemida ye-USSR kwi olwandulela kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Esi sisiphumo lonke uluhlu lwamanyathelo nkqubo bezinye bubunkokheli kaStalin lokukhusela imida yelizwe. Kuqala kwinto zonke, baxoxa malunga nendlela ukuhambisa umgca womda kwi ntshonalanga, nto leyo eye yakhokelela, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, ukuba imfazwe eFinland. Nangona ilahleko enkulu, kwaye backwardness zobugcisa ke lowo Red Army, uRhulumente eSoviet wenze lakhe, ebamkele Karelian Isthmus kunye Hanko lizwe.

Kodwa utshintsho kubaluleke ngakumbi kule ndawo ziye zenzeka kwi imida yasentshona. Ngowe-1940, i-eSoviet Union wangena republic lweBaltic - Lithuania, Latvia kunye Estonia. utshintsho olunjalo ngexesha achaphazelekayo kufuneka ukubaluleka esisiseko ngenxa yokuba ummandla olukhuselayo wadala uhlobo yokulungiselela utshaba lokuhlasela

Ezi zihloko ukufunda ezikolweni

Ekuhambeni imbali ye XX kwinkulungwane omnye kakhulu enzima umxholo 'eSoviet Union kwi olwandulela Enkulu Patriotic War. " Grade 9 - kukufunda le ngxaki, nto leyo luyathandabuzeka Untsonkothe ukuba utitshala umele ukhethe ngenyameko umbandela uze utolike izibakala. Ingakumbi oku kusebenza, Kakade ke, indawo edume ezingezo-ndlongo isivumelwano, okubhalwe apho kuphakamisa imibuzo kwaye inika indawo eyanele leengxoxo mpikiswano.

Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo ubudala abafundi: Abantu abaselula badla sinotyekelo maximalist kwiimvavanyo zabo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba agxininise ukuba ingcamango yokuba ngokutyikitya xwebhu ukuba kunzima ukuzithethelela, kunokwenzeka ukuba achaze imeko enzima ngamazwe, yiSoviet Union, enyanisweni, kuye yedwa ngexesha iinzame zabo ukudala inkqubo zobumbano nxamnye eJamani.

Omnye umba akukho impikiswano ngaphantsi - iyingxaki odibanisa amazwe lweBaltic eSoviet Union. rhoqo uyakwazi ukufumana izimvo malunga naziphi yawo enogonyamelo nophazamiso kwimicimbi zangaphakathi. Isifundo le nto ifuna ucazululo ngenyameko yonke imeko-nkqubo angaphandle. Mhlawumbi, le umba uMenzi meko efanayo naleyo isivumelwano non-ndlongo: eyandulela impi ixesha ngokutsha imimandla kunye utshintsho kwimida baba isenzeko kunqandwa. Imephu Europe iye yatshintsha rhoqo, ngoko naliphi na inyathelo sezopolitiko urhulumente kufuneka zibonwe ukulungiselela imfazwe.

IsiCwangciso "USSR kwi olwandulela Enkulu Patriotic War," a isifundo, isishwankathelo nekufuneka zombini nkqubo angaphandle kunye imeko yezopolitiko yangaphakathi karhulumente, kufuneka ukuba isekelwe phezu yobudala abafundi. Grade 9 unganqamla ngokwethu izibakala eziphambili ezicaciswe kweli nqaku. eliqela imiba etshisa ibunzi ekufuneka eyenzelwe abafundi kwibakala 11 nangamaxesha umxholo uze mpikiswano ngalo kwezinye iinkalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingxaki ka-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga USSR ngaphambi kokuqhambuka Second World War yenye ixakayo zululwazi ekhaya imbali, yaye ngoko ke ithatha indawo ephambili kwinkqubo yemfundo yesikolo.

Xa isifundo esi sifundo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo lonke ixesha elidlulileyo eSoviet Union. le nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle karhulumente ijoliswe kukuba ukomeleza indawo yayo lamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokudala inkqubo bobusoshiyali. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo yokuba ezi zinto zimbini kakhulu ukuba izenzo ziye zathathelwa ubunkokheli pati ebusweni ziyonakala sisisongelo yomkhosi ukuya eNtshona Yurophu.

Nkqu Kumashumi eminyaka edlulileyo, eSoviet Union wafuna ukufumana indawo yalo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Le ngenxa yale mizamo yaba kukudala imeko entsha kunye nokwandiswa ibizwa yempembelelo. Ulawulo efanayo iye yaqhubeka ukuphumeza emva uloyiso kwezopolitiko kwi German Nazi Party. Ngoku, ke, lo mgaqo-nkqubo eyamkelwe ngenxa yohlobo ukuvela olukhawulezisiweyo of nakujoliso olutsha kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwi West and East. Subject "USSR kwi olwandulela kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu", nto leyo Izicatshulwa itheyibhile thaca ngezantsi, ibonisa ngokucacileyo imiyalelo eziphambili nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze-Party.

Ngenxa yoko, indawo karhulumente kwi olwandulela imfazwe kwakunzima kakhulu, ezichaza iimpawu-nkqubo, kokubini kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele kwaye ngaphakathi elizweni. Izinto zokhuselo ubuchule USSR ngosuku olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II wadlala indima ebonakalayo oyise ku Germany.