Ungquzulwano Korean ka-1950-1953:. sizathu, imbali. Yintoni ngumongo ungquzulwano Korean?

Namhlanje ehlabathini kukho ezininzi kangaka elikhulu-impi yomkhosi, apho "de facto" kwaye ke sele zigqityiwe, uhlala kwisigaba "iqhosha lokulayita". Le didi ngaphandle isebenza ngaphandle ukuba longquzulwano zomkhosi phakathi USSR kunye Japan, sivumelwano uxolo ethe okwangoku zisayiniwe, kwaye ungquzulwano Korean. Ewe, ngowe-1953 la macala mabini utyikitye "kuthula", kodwa mazwe mabini ukumphatha ngokusa okungephi. Enyanisweni, la mazwe mabini nangoku imfazwe.

Kukholelwa ungenelelo eSoviet kunye United States ukuba esona sizathu siphambili imfazwe, kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kunjalo, kuba le meko lwangaphakathi usingasiqithi ngelo xesha sasiba sibi kakhulu. Isibakala sokuba umahluko esingesiso eyayibanjelwe ngaphambi nje, eneneni zakhutshwa ilizwe kubini, yaye kwakukubi ngakumbi imeko Koloni naseMpuma Germany kanye.

Yintoni mazwe ezimbini phambi kokuba impixano?

nangoku abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba northerners ngesiquphe yaye ngokungafanelekanga ahlasela southerners, nangona akunjalo. EMzantsi Korea, ngexesha imithetho umongameli Li syn Man. Uye kudala owayehlala eUnited States, wathetha IsiNgesi kakhulu, nangona i-Korean wanikwa kuye ngenkankulu, ngelo xesha, Isimanga, andibanga unodoli baseMerika, kwaye nkqu ndideliwe lise-Enayim White House. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwafuneka sinesizathu: Lee Seung kakhulu nzulu ingqalelo ngokwakhe i "mesiya" abantu yaseKorea lonke engalawulekiyo uzimisele ukulwa kwaye rhoqo wacela unikezelo kwezixhobo ekhubekisayo. BaseMelika ukumnceda ukuba mandikhawulezise, kuba engathandi kakhulu ukuba angavumelani ithemba Korean, ngelo xesha nto iluncedo azithanga.

Inkxaso yabantu "Mesiya" hayi zisetyenziswa. amaqela lasekhohlo-nephiko urhulumente babomelele kunene. Ngoko ke, ngo-1948 kwabakho webutho, yonke impi, kunye Jeju Island kangangexesha elide "ukushumayela" iinkolelo zobuKomanisi. Oku enzele abemi balo: phantse yonke wesine wafa ngenxa kwimvukelo. Isimanga, kodwa oku phantse uNatalie eMoscow okanye eWashington, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo wayeziva enetyala ukuba "commies esihogweni" yaye "impiriyali". Enyanisweni, yonke into eyenzekayo yaba ibingengomcimbi yangaphakathi baseKorea ngokwabo.

Ukuvuthuluka imeko

Kuyo 1949 imeko kwemida mazwe mabini yayifana kakhulu imiphambili ze leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, njengoko amatyala ingqumbo kunye neemeko ezivulekileyo kwenzeka mihla le. Ngokwahlukileyo koko yangoku "iingcali", ngokufuthi indima umhlaseli baba southerners. Yiyo loo nto nditsho mbali Western bayavuma ukuba amanqaku kaJuni 25, 1950 wegqitha ungquzulwano yaseKorea kulindeleke kwisigaba eshushu.

Ngomhla ulawulo North kufuneka zithi namagama ambalwa. Sonke khumbula "ingaya enkulu", oko kukuthi, Kim Il Sung. Nantso kuphela ngexesha indima yakhe ochazwe sithi akazange kakhulu kangangokuba. Ngokubanzi, imeko embhoxo USSR isampula nenani-20: uLenin xesha umzobo ebalulekileyo, kodwa Bukharin, noTrotsky kunye nezinye iinkokeli naye xibilili kwi kwezopolitiko. Uthelekiso, Kakade ke, erhabaxa, kodwa bayiqonda ngokufanayo into eyenzekayo e North Korea linika. Ngoko ke, imbali ungquzulwano Korean ... Kutheni Union wagqiba ukuba athathe inxaxheba kulo?

Kwakutheni ukuze yiSoviet Union bangenelela ingxabano?

AmaKomanisi imisebenzi emantla "Mesiya" eyenziwa Pak Hon-yong, uMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign, enyanisweni, owesibini umntu kweli lizwe kunye Communist Party. Yena, ngasendleleni, yasekwa ngoko nangoko emva inkululeko umsebenzi Japanese, edume Kim Ir Sen waphila eSoviet Union. Noko ke, yena Pak kwi 30 kwakufuneka ukuze aphile eSoviet Union, kwaye ngaphezu koko - kukho ezikhuphile abahlobo abanamandla. Oku, enyanisweni, waye sizathu vvyazyvaniya kwilizwe lethu emfazweni.

Ntetho saqononondisa kubunkokheli be-USSR, ukuba kwimeko yokuhlasela ubuncinane 200 amawaka "amaKomanisi Korean 'ukuya nangoko ibe ekhubekisayo isigqibo ... kwaye yolwaphulo unopopi ulawulo ziya kuwa ngoko nangoko. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba akukho ngabemi ezikhoyo yiSoviet Union kwezo ndawo azizange, ke ngoko, nazo zonke izigqibo ezenziwa zisekelwe amagama kunye nezimvo Pak. Lo - esinye sezizathu eziphambili ngenxa apho imbali ungquzulwano Korean zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye kwimbali yelizwe lethu.

Elide ngokwaneleyo for Washington, Beijing kunye eMoscow ekhethwayo ukuba batshintshe okwenzekayo kwi Kim Il Sung oko ngqo ngokoqobo kuzele eBeijing kunye eMoscow ukumnceda kunye phulo ku Seoul. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba September 24, 1949 I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoKhuselo iye kuqikelelwa isicwangciso esicetywayo njenge "enganelisiyo", koko emkhosini inkxaso ngokupheleleyo Plenum of the Central Committee CPSU. Olu xwebhu latsola ukuba "quick uloyiso count ayikho ngokucacileyo ubalulekile, nkqu Kucinywe ukumelana kuba nako ukuthintela iingxaki ezinkulu zoqoqosho nezopolitiko." China iposelwe libukhali noba kwaye eziphathekayo ngakumbi. Kodwa yafunyanwa 1950 wacela imvume Pak. Ngoko ke waqalisa impi Korean ...

Yintoni eyabangela eMoscow ukutshintsha isigqibo sayo?

Kusenokwenzeka kakuhle ukuba entle isigqibo enye indlela okanye enye nempembelelo ukuvela China njengelizwe omtsha, ezizimeleyo. I-Chinese akwazi ukunceda abamelwane Korean, kodwa ngokupheleleyo iingxaki zabo, eli lizwe kuphela wama nje imfazwe yamakhaya. Ukuze yiSoviet Union kwaba lula ukuba eyisele kule meko kukuba i "blitzkrieg" ukuphumelela ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoku bonke siyazi ukuba eUnited States kwiinkalo ezininzi kwakhona nimqumbisa ungquzulwano Korean. Izizathu zoku ukuqonda nathi, kodwa ngaloo mihla kwakungekho phantse sobala. Zonke Korea siyazi ukuba baseMerika abamthandi ngamandla Syngman Rhee. Abathile Republican kwiPalamente, wayeqhelene kakhulu, kodwa Democrats, owayesele wadlala i "ivayolin yokuqala", ekuhleni ngokuba uLee nguNyana "saka ubudala."

Xa ilizwi, lo mntu ngenxa America ukuba uhlobo "suitcase ngaphandle handle," nto leyo indisokolisa kakhulu ukuba zirhwiqilize; kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba ulahle. Udlale indima kunye ngokoyiswa iKuomintang e-China: i US phantse akazange enze nto kuba inkxaso open source lwe radicals Kazakh, kwaye eneneni baba apho ufuna ezinye "zamaxhego". Ngoko isigqibo yayilula, ukuba anithanga alamle iimbambano Korean. Izizathu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuwo abazange babe (ngombandela).

Ukongeza, Korea ngelo xesha sathathwa ngokusesikweni ephuma kuluhlu lwamazwe ukuba bazimisele ukukhusela baseMelika kwimeko ndlongo esingalindelekanga kubantu besithathu. Ekugqibeleni, kwimephu yehlabathi ngayo abo maxesha amanqaku ngokwaneleyo, apho i "commies 'ukuba atsho. West Berlin, Greece, Turkey kunye Iran - CIA uluvo, zonke ezi iindawo bandiqumbise i kude ngenxa US ngakumbi yingozi iimfuno politiko iziphumo.

Yintoni wenza Washington ukuba angenelele

Ngelishwa, le ubukrelekrele kakhulu engalunganga Soviet, engacinganga, ngelo xesha kwakukho ungquzulwano Korean. Truman owayengumongameli, yaye enzulu kakhulu malunga 'yosongo ", yaye nayiphi na impumelelo ye-USSR waqonda njengoko sisithuko lobuqu. Wayekholelwa emfundisweni zongcoliseko, ngokunjalo kwi penny asizange ababuthathaka kunye unodoli yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ukongeza, eUnited States amazwi afanayo: ezopolitiko kufuneka ibe ngqongqo ukuba siphephe uphawu a ulitatasholo, ukuba kuphulukana inkxaso labavoti.

Uyakwazi ndiyaqikelela ukuba ukuxhasa nini, northerners USSR, ukuba ebesazi malunga nokunqongophala ngokwenene inkxaso "amakomanisi emazantsi", kwakunye ungenelelo ngqo of America. Enyanisweni, oku kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngokuchasene: Li syn Man eyayinokwenziwa CIA ukuba 'ukugqiba ", lo Yankees ndinga ungandithuma abacebisi zakhe zokulwa nomkhosi wakhe, eshiya kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba angenelele Union ... Kodwa imbali ongabunyamezeliyo le mood esimo. Kwenzeka ntoni, ntoni.

Ngoko, kwenzeka njani ukuba ungquzulwano IsiKorean (1950-1953)? Izizathu zilula: kukho ezimbini of Korea, North noMzantsi. Kwimeko nganye kulawulwa ngobulungisa yindoda ibona umsebenzi wakhe ukuba kwenzeke eli lizwe. Nganye - "iimbumbulu 'zabo: eSoviet Union kunye eUnited States, leyo, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, musa unqwenela ukuba ungayingeni indaba. China aya kukuvuyela angenelele kunye nokwandisa nemfuyo yabo, kodwa amandla lisekhona, kwaye umkhosi akanaye eziqhelekileyo namava yokulwa. Lowo ngumongo ungquzulwano Korean ... Abalawuli Korea uya kwenza konke okusemandleni ukufumana uncedo. Bathi balamkele, kunye result eqala imfazwe. Bonke awokuya zabo.

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Apho unyaka kwenzeke ungquzulwano Korean? Juni 25, 1950 Juche amajoni bawela umda yaye ngoko nangoko waya ngezenzo. Resistance ngokucokisekileyo ezonakeleyo ubuthathaka Aram Army, bona ngokulambisa waphawula. Ngaphakathi Seoul yathinjwa iintsuku ezintathu, yaye ngelo xesha, xa Northerners bahamba nge ezitratweni, kunomathotholo South "commies 'abonisa njani isebenza umkhosi waya Pyongyang.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe ikomkhulu northerners baqalisa balinde isithembiso Pak qhankqalazo. Yiloo nje ukuba akunjalo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kuyimfuneko ukuba balwe ngenkuthalo, kunye amajoni UN, amaMelika kunye namahlakani abo. Ngesandla ngokukhawuleza izivumelwano uxwebhu UN "Ngomhla ukusekwa kwe odolo kunye ukugxothwa umhlaseli," umphathi wabeka Jikelele D. MacArthur. Ummeli we-USSR ngelo xesha i-UN babamba intlanganiso ngenxa yokuba khona apho le Taiwan thimba, ngoko ke zenzelwe ukuba ekunene: vitho, akukho bani unagunya lakubathwesa. Oku yindlela impi yombango lwangaphakathi kwakhula international (lihlangana rhoqo kule mini).

Ke Puck, ngubani agaye le saa kwaye, emva kokuba "uphakamo" asiphumelelanga, yena neyelenqe wakhe wayeka yonke nempembelelo, ngoko iyapheliswa nje. Ngokusemthethweni, isigwebo wabiza ngokubulawa 'ukuhlola ukuba eUnited States, "kodwa enyanisweni akukhubeka nje Kim Il Sung kunye neenkokheli Soviet, ezingena ibe imfazwe engeyomfuneko. impixano Korean, umhla ngoku eyaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi - kodwa isikhumbuzo ukuba uphazamiso kwimicimbi zangaphakathi kumazwe akwamkelekanga, ingakumbi ukuba wabasukela umdla kubantu besithathu.

Impumelelo kunye nokusilela

Eyaziwa ukuziphendulela ePusan Umjikelezo: Amerika kunye Southerners zaye layohlala phantsi izithonga ka Pyongyang yaye ziqiniswa kwimida kakuhle imiphako. northerners Uqeqesho wayemhle, amaMelika, ngubani khumbula kakuhle ithuba T-34, ukuba axhobileyo, baba akakulangazeleli alwe nabo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukushiya isikhundla.

Kodwa General Walker usebenzisa imilinganiselo enzima (wabaleka emingxunyeni, ebonisa ukulwa ukusetyenziswa "bazookas") wakwazi ukuba alungise le meko, yaye northerners zingekho nje zilungele imfazwe elide. Phambi komgca grand liqwenga zonke izibonelelo amatanki yaphela, nangoncedo abantu baqalisa ukuba babe neengxaki ezinzulu. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi yabaqhubi American, Baba oomatshini emangalisayo, kangangokuba umbuzo kwamandla zezulu akazange eme.

Okokugqibela, ayonto ezibalaseleyo, kodwa kwakuhlaziya zephephandaba onamava, Gen. Douglas MacArthur kwafuneka ukuba kuqulunqwe isicwangciso kokufika Inchon. Le incam elisentshona yaseKorea Peninsula. Enyanisweni, ingcamango sasiyinkcitho kakhulu, kodwa MacArthur ngenxa charisma akhe zanyanzelisa zokwenza icebo lakhe. Loo "ingcamango" inye amaxesha wasebenza.

September 15, amaMelika bakwazi lomhlaba kwaye emva kokuba izimpi bakwazi ukuzuza Seoul iiveki ezimbini. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala Inqanaba lesibini imfazwe. Ekuqaleni October, le northerners yasala ummandla southerners. Bagqiba ekubeni kuphoswa ithuba: ukuya ku-Oktobha 15, sele kakuhle isiqingatha intsimi utshaba, nto leyo nje ediniwe umkhosi.

I-Chinese ziye onokuzisebenzisa

Kodwa ke lithathwa umonde China: Amerika kunye "neewadi 'zabo babewela 38th parallel, yaye oko kuyingozi ngqo kulongamo Chinese. Ukunika ufikelelo ngqo ngokwemida yalo US? Oku emangalisayo. "Iiyunithi ezincinane" Chinese Jikelele Pen Dehuaya wangena edabini.

ngokuphindaphindiweyo Baye walumkisa malunga nokwenzeka nxaxheba lwabo, kodwa MacArthur akazange modem inowuthi loqhankqalazo. Ngexesha ukungawuthobeli ngokuphandle imiyalelo yolawulo, njengokuba yena ukuthenga i uhlobo 'inkulu. " Ngokomzekelo, Taiwan wanyanzeleka ukuba ngokuvumelana protocol iintlanganiso iintloko karhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, uye wathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukuze "ngogonyamelo olukhulu," amaTshayina, ukuba "nesibindi ukuze angenelele." Loo nokutyhola China nje woyisakala ukutsala. Ngoko xa kukho ukungavisisani Korean kunye Chinese?

October 19, 1950 "Uqhagamshelo Zenze" waya eKorea. Ekubeni MacArthur akazange ayiqonde into enjengale, ku-Oktobha 25 ke intsimi bakhululekileyo ngokupheleleyo northerners kunye nokumelana ngqindilili ukuba amajoni UN kunye abaseMelika. Ngoko ke waqalisa isigaba sesithathu impi. Kwezinye iinxalenye phambi imikhosi UN wabaleka nje, kwaye ethile phambi kokuphela esoniwa isigxina sazo, layohlala ngokuthe ngcembe. NgoJanuwari 4, 1951 wayexakeke kwakhona Seoul. ungquzulwano Korean ka 1950-1953 baqhubeka kuzuze amandla.

Impumelelo kunye nokusilela

Ekupheleni kwale nyanga efanayo lohlaselo kwakhona uyekile ukusebenza. Ngexesha General Walker abulawe, yena indawo Ridgway. Waqalisa ukusebenzisa yesu 'sokuhluza': waqala baseMelika kufuneka zimiliselwe eziphakamileyo waka, nje walinda de Chinese uthathe zonke ezinye iindawo. Xa kwenzeka oko, ngethuba wavumela MLRS kunye moya, avuthayo northerners ezixakekileyo sikhundla.

A linani leempumelelo ezinkulu wavumela baseMelika ukuqala ukuphikiswa-kuhlaselwa kunye nexesha lesibini lokuba baphinde Seoul. Ngo-11 Epreli D. MacArthur yasuswa ndingumthetheli oyinhloko ngenxa phithi kunye kume zenyukliya. Kuye kwafakwa i-Ridgway ekhankanywe apha ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha i "fuse" yaphela kunye nemikhosi UN: abazange benze lungaphindwa komjikelo ku Pyongyang, kwaye sele northerners ukuseka unikezelo iingalo yazinza umgca ngaphambili. War ufumene ubuntu ngokokuma. Kodwa ungquzulwano Korean ka-1950-1953. Ndaqhubeka.

Ukuzaliswa zalungela impi

Kuye kwacaca ukuba ayikho enye indlela yokusombulula ungquzulwano, ukongeza isivumelwano soxolo, akukho nje kwaphela. June 23 eSoviet Union wabiza sokuyeka umlilo kwintlanganiso UN. November 27, 1951 uvumile ukuba ukuseka umgca kwemida kunye nokwabelana amabanjwa, kodwa ke kwakhona wangenelela Li syn Man, ngubani ngamandla wakhuthaza koqhubekeko imfazwe.

Uye wasebenzisa neengxabano ezivela kwimibandela exchange amabanjwa. Kuyahluka ngokwimiselo "zizinto zonke kubo bonke" Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa apha kukho ubunzima: ukuba onke amaqela ukuba impi (North, South, kunye China) wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuqasheni ngenkani, namajoni nje abafuni ukulwa. Xa isiqingatha unguyena mncinanana kubo bonke amabanjwa wala nje ukubuyela "indawo yokuhlala".

UNyana woMntu phantse waziqhawula nenkqubo yothetha-thethwano, eyalela nje ukukhululwa zonke "refuseniks". Ngokubanzi, ngexesha kwakhe ngoko wondla phezulu kunye baseMerika ukuba CIA uqalisile nokuba uceba imisebenzi ukwenzela ukuba kususwe ku ngamandla. Ngokubanzi, imfazwe IsiKorean (1950-1953), ngokufutshane ethetha, i umzekelo ogqibeleleyo indlela urhulumente bonakalise iintetho uxolo kulungelwe yena siqu kuphela.

July 27, abameli 1953 le DPRK, AKND kunye UN amajoni (abameli yaseMzantsi Korea ukuze basayine uxwebhu wala), usayine isivumelwano mawabeke a, njengoko apho umgca Imida phakathi North noMzantsi Korea wayezimisele malunga 38th parallel, kwaye macala omabini ngeenxa zonke Kuye kwasekwa ububanzi obungama-4 km. yokuba kukho ungquzulwano IsiKorean (1950-1953), kukho isishwankathelo onokuzibona kwi amaphepha ale yephepha.

Isiphumo imfazwe - ngaphezu kwe-80% lestokhwe iyonke usingasiqithi Korean lwezindlu ibhuqiwe, bengasebenzi kuba ngaphezu kwe-70% kuzo zonke imveliso. Malunga ilahleko lokwenene akwaziwa, ekubeni ngamnye amaqela overestimates kakhulu inani iintshaba abafileyo nokunciphisa ilahleko zabo. Nakuba kunjalo, kucacile ukuba ungquzulwano e Korea - enye iimfazwe lalawo kwimbali yakutshanje. Onke amaqela kuphikiswa bayavuma ukuba oku kufuneka abasayi kuphindwa kwakhona.