Zhan Pol uMarat: ibhayografi emfutshane

Intatheli kunye nelungu Convention Zhan Pol uMarat wayengomnye amanani abadumileyo akuyo ye-French Revolution. iphephandaba lakhe "Friend of the People" yeyona ncwadi ibalulekileyo xesha layo. UMarat, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, inganga ezingqondweni waza wenza iintshaba ezininzi. era isaqhwithi wabaginya yekhasi eyaziwa - yena wagwazwa ukufa nomxhasi nenkani lombutho yotshaba.

umsebenzi medical

I-revolution elizayo Zhan Pol uMarat wazalwa May 24, 1743 kwidolophu Swiss ka Boudry. Utata wakhe ugqirha odumileyo eya kuxhomekeka umsebenzi elizayo lenkwenkwe. Zhan Pol wasala yantle ekuqaleni ngaphandle kwabazali, yaye umfana kwafuneka ukuba baphathe ubomi ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. Waqhubeka ukutshintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala kunye nendlela umholo.

kweminyaka elishumi Zhan Pol uMarat lakrazuka phakathi Holland ne England. Yena wayengugqirha abaqhuba kunye nombhali. Ngowe-1775 waba ngugqirha amayeza eyodwa kwiYunivesithi Edinburgh. Ukongeza, uMarat iminyaka esibhozo wayesebenza ngugqirha entendelezweni Comte d'Artois - nguKumkani wobu eFransi, uCharles X.

Qala imisebenzi journalistic

Kwiminyaka 30 umbhali iye kakuhle-yaziwa endle wefilosofi baphikisana ngokuphandle kunye uVoltaire. Wapapasha nje amaphepha kuphela lwenzululwazi zomzimba amayeza, kodwa naye waba nomdla kwizifundo zentlalo. Ngowe-1774, ukususela lulusiba uMarat baba "amatyathanga yobukhoboka" - enye amaphetshana kakhulu kwakungu kwaye ethandwa ngexesha lakhe. Umbhali kwakuhambisana umoya ixesha - eNtshona Yurophu, yaye ngokukodwa eFransi, lakhula isimo antimonarchist. Kolu lwazi, i yekhasi kunye ngezibhengezo bakhe elikhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubetha luvo yomguli yaye uluntu yaziwa.

Zhan Pol uMarat uye buqu ukuba critique esisiseko absolutism. Bone imithetho yaseYurophu yena ingqalelo ezicinezelayo yaye zinthintela ekuphuhliseni uluntu. UMarat bhuti nje ukumkani, oko ndimncinile ngokweenkcukacha zazivelela imbali absolutism kunye neentlobo zayo. Xa "Chains lobukhoboka" njengendlela eyenye indlela lixesha inika isakhiwo esitsha oluntu amalungelo ezoqoqosho kunye ezopolitiko ngokulinganayo. uluvo lwakhe egalitarianism kuthiwe malunga ezithandwayo ke elitism.

A ekugxekeni umyalelo omdala

Emibonweni yakhe Zhan Pol uMarat ezininzi wavuma nomxhasi azinikele of Rousseau. Ngelo xesha ke umfundi wakwazi ukuphuhlisa ezinye iingcamango utitshala wakhe. Ivelela umsebenzi iinkcuba benza uphando somzabalazo phakathi ebukhosini endala feudal kunye noohlohlesakhe, kuba lweli iingcamango zobunene. Ephawula ukubaluleka kwale usukuzwano, uMarat wagxininisa ukuba ingozi enkulu ukuba noxolo lwengqondo eYurophu kwingcinezelo phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Ngoko ke ukungalingani kwezentlalo ebangela umbhali wabona nobunzima obukhulayo.

UMarat waba ummeli iyahambelana pro-abahluphekileyo, abalimi kunye nabasebenzi. Kungenxa yeso sizathu ke iye yaba nani lenkundla kangaka phakathi amaqela leftist. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva owaguqula uya kuphakanyiswa USSR - Igama lakhe liya kubizwa ngokuba izitalato, kunye ngobomi yakhe iya kuba ngumba monographs ezininzi.

"Friend of the People '

Ngowe ka1789, xa revolution yaqala eFransi, uMarat wathabatha up iphephandaba yakhe "Mhlobo of the People." Yekhasi naphambi ezithandwayo, kwaye emihleni yemisebenzi yoluntu, waba umzobo siswele kakhulu ngokwenene. UMarat baqala ukubiza ngokuba "umhlobo wabantu". Xa iphepha yakhe, egxeka urhulumente zonke kubekhona zabo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Le ncwadi njalo phantsi korhulumente wengcinezelo. Kodwa xa kwathi enkundleni, uMarat (iprosesa single) ukulawula ukuze nilahlwe kunye naloo mswane. iphephandaba lakhe lidumile ngamandla phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga ka Paris.

Ngokupapasha elimele ngokulinganayo njengoko lobukhosi kunye losapho lobukumkani, yaye zonke iintlobo abalungiseleli namalungu eNdibano yesiZwe. "Friend of the People" waba ngomnye izizathu ezibalulekileyo ukusasazeka ngokubanzi ziimvakalelo olukhulu olululo kwikomkhulu French. Iphephandaba zithandwa kangangokuba kwakukho nkqu iimpapasho fake lokuzama ukunyelisa kwakhe okanye asebenzise ingqalelo zakhe.

Yokushiywa, kunye kuhlelwa

Nge nyanga nganye ubuntatheli esebenzayo ngakumbi iintshaba ukuba afumane Zhan Pol uMarat. biography emfutshane revolution ngumzekelo ekufihleni rhoqo nokufihla umntu. Wayebaphepha nje kuphela abasemagunyeni kodwa yempambano ezahlukeneyo azama ubomi bakhe. Xa ukuphakama revolution, njengoko belengalenga yawela Ngo1791, uMarat wada bafudukela eNgilani.

Noko ke, eLondon, le Intatheli udidekile - wayedla kuba angqingqwa yezinto. Emva ukungabikho emfutshane yekhasi ethandwayo babuyela Paris. Kwaba ngo-Apreli 1792. Ibile yathatha kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa lotshintsho ukuphazamiseka yoluntu baye basilela ukuphucula imeko yabantu zaneliswe.

Kwemvelo of iimbono

nxaxheba abaninzi Enkulu French Revolution, rhoqo batshintsha iimbono zabo. Mna ke kungekho ngaphandle, yaye Zhan Pol uMarat. Inkcazelo emfutshane ye nasekusungulweni yeenkolelo zakhe. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala revolution uMarat wakhuthaza ulondolozo ukumkani ngendlela elinganiselweyo kunye nokusasaza yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Ukongezelela, oko ukujongelwa ingcamango kwenkqubo republic. NgoJulayi Ngo1791 ukumkani ezama ukubaleka, ekuqaleni kwenye iimvakalelo, yaye omnye imiboniso, nokuba wadubula. Emva kweso siganeko, umhleli we "Mhlobo of the People" ujoyine abaxhasi ngokubhukuqwa Bourbons.

Xa Louis wabanjwa ngenxa omnye iinzame babaleke kweli lizwe, uMarat wamelana iinto inginginya ukuba awusingathe lo kumkani ngaphandle kwetyala. Khama umlawuli wazama ukuba akhusele ingcamango imfuneko ukuthobela yonke yezomthetho ekuvavanyeni ukumkani ityala. UMarat wakwazi okuphembelela Convention wenze lingaphakamisa umbuzo isohlwayo kwi kwivoti roll-call. 387 of 721 namasekela ayexhasa ngokubulawa Louis.

Umlo nxamnye Girondins

Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, iNgqungquthela waba soloko labantu abathetha obalaseleyo ezinjengezo Zhan Pol uMarat. Amafoto ngaloo mihla apho, kodwa mnye kuphela imifanekiso, nemifanekiso ndaba kubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela akwazi ukuthatha ingqalelo kuluntu. nkqubo Charisma wabonisa kwelinye icala. Kuzo zonke amaqela revolution uMarat wanyula yaye yaxhasa Montagnards, ukususela lowo kunyulwa Convention. bamelene Girondins abo phantsi ukugxekwa yemihla ngemihla intatheli.

UMarat utshaba Akwazi ukuba naye ematyaleni ngenxa esithi ukuba Convention sele ehlala counter-revolution. Nangona kunjalo, lo ibamba nako ukusebenzisa i kwetyala esidlangalaleni umgangatho kwaye lungqine ukuba umsulwa yabo. Girondins wayekholelwa ukuba inkwenkwezi uMarat wayeza ekugqibeleni kwelanga. Noko ke, ngo-Apreli 1793, emva kokuphumelela inkundla, ukuba, phezu koko, wenza imbuyekezo lobungangamsha kwi Convent. Yayingenakuzika futhi ukuyo kubantu bexesha lakhe Zhan Pol uMarat. Ekufeni elifutshane, ukuba ngaphambi kwexesha, isiphelo wakhe wayeza kuba eyahlukileyo.

Yinkokeli Jacobins

NgoJuni 1793 ngokucelwa baseParis nomsindo zamasekela Convention ukugxothwa Girondins. Power ngexesha elithile sele udlule kwi Jacobins, hayi kanye mandithi, ezintathu iinkokeli zabo - Danton, uMarat kunye Robespierre. Asuka aya iklabhu yezopolitiko, nto leyo luphawulwa ukuzibophelela kwayo saside ngokwaphula umyalelo omdala feudal kunye monarchical.

I Jacobins beseka ngokunxunguphala, leyo ithathwa ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zabo zopolitiko. E Paris, ukuba eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Society of Friends of the Constitution". Xa kwincopho kwayo ngexesha Jacobin kuquka ukuya abaxhasi 500,000 phesheya eFransi. UMarat wayengekho ngunozala kulo mbutho, Noko ke, ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kuyo ngokukhawuleza yaba enye yeenkokeli zayo.

lokubulala

Emva kokuba uloyiso lobungangamsha phezu Girondins uMarat buthathaka kakhulu zempilo. Yena yahlaselwa sisifo esibi solusu. Amayeza zange ukunceda, kwaye lula ngandlela ithile ukubandezeleka yabo, intatheli wathabatha kokuhlamba. Akazange wabhala kuphela kule ndawo, kodwa wafumana iindwendwe.

Kungenxa kwiimeko ezinjalo, Julayi 13, 1793 weza uMarat Sharlotta Korde. Ngelishwa ixhoba lakhe, waba mxhasi komsindo Girondists. Woman ugwaze revolution elibuthathaka, ndilihlwempu. Bath, apho owabulawa Zhan Pol uMarat, uboniswa uJacques Lui uDavide peyinta yakhe edumileyo (ukupeyinta yakhe "Ukufa uMarat" uye waba ngomnye imisebenzi edume ngobugcisa azinikele lesiphithiphithi). umzimba lokuqala izalela in intatheli. Emva olunye utshintsho igunya ngowe-1795, oko wafudukela emangcwabeni eziqhelekileyo. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ukubulawa Zhan Pol uMarat wayengomnye ezinkulu lonke Great French Revolution.