Iintlobo neekhalenda: yamandulo, mihla ezizodwa

Ikhalenda elibizwa ngokuthi inkqubo, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ezohlula ukuhamba ngexesha qho ngamathuba amiselweyo, enceda lula ubomi babo. Kwaba ezininzi kakhulu, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwezimiselo ezahlukeneyo kwimbali yoluntu neekhalenda. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha iintlobo eziphambili neekhalenda kwakunye intetho malunga uhlobo semilo kungathatha ixesha inkqubo yethu reference yangoku.

Imvelaphi yegama elithi "ekhalendeni"

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nenkcazelo iintlobo ngqo inkqubo inombolo, ukuze ufumanise apho ilizwi elivela, ukubabiza zabo. Igama elithi "yekhalenda" etymologically livela caleo Latin nesenzi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba "amemezele." Enye indlela, nto leyo eyaba umthombo elithi "yekhalenda", le calendarium. Owokugqibela eRoma yamandulo incwadi ebizwa kwetyala. Caleo ilondoloza kuthi memory yokuba eRoma ekuqaleni kwenyanga nganye ngendlela ekhethekileyo ngokunzulu wavakalisa. Njengoko ngokuba ityala le ncwadi, ixabiso layo ngenxa yokuba yonke inzala kumatyala kunye mboleko baseRoma sihlawulwe ngomhla wokuqala.

Imvelaphi kwenkqubo ikhalenda

Malunga nelo xesha aqukuqela kuluhlu ethile, uluntu ndaqonda ixesha elide ngenxa iziganeko cyclically qho ngezimanga, nto leyo ilula kakhulu. Oku, umzekelo, imini nobusuku, namaxesha, njengokujikeleza karhulumente zesibhakabhaka, njalo-njalo. Ngokusekelwe lwazo ekugqibeleni waba ezahlukeneyo neekhalenda. Iyunithi basic kwexesha nawuphi na omnye wabo - ngemini, ezibandakanya enye Umhlaba ukujikeleza ngeenxa axis yayo. Ke indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa kwimbali kwenyanga, izigaba ngenguqu Ulobumba ekuthiwa-nyanga synodic. Yaba nguye njengoko elithi "sinodos" isiGrike, eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "ukuhlangabezana". Sithetha ngayo ukuhlangabezana ilanga nenyanga esibhakabhakeni. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, utshintsho amaxesha amane ngonyaka emvula. Igama layo livela kwisiGrike "Tropos" oko kukuthi, "uvule".

Kutheni abantu abahlala planethi ezahlukeneyo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neekhalenda? Impendulo siyifumana yokuba ngexesha lomjikelo ngemihla, inyanga synodic, yaye akukho unxulumano phakathi kunyaka tropical enikeza olubanzi anokukhetha xa ebhala i khalenda.

iintlobo ezintathu zekhalenda

Ngokwesiseko amaxabiso ezichazwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwazanywa ukwenza kufanelekile ikhalenda ukuze uluntu. Abanye babo Bakhokelwa kuphela kwimijikelo kwenyanga. Ngoko ke, kukho neekhalenda inyanga. Njengomgaqo, ababala iinyanga ezilishumi elinambini, swi kuphela intshukumo izibane ebusuku, kwaye azingqinelani kunye namaxesha onyaka. Abanye, phezu koko, ukuba izibalo ezenziwe kuphela ngokusekelwe kwesazinge onyaka, nokuba inyanga kunye nesingqisho yayo. Le ndlela eyabangela kwikhalenda elanga. Ukanti abanye baye kuthathelwa ingqalelo zombini imijikelo - elanga kunye kwenyanga. Ke, wakha phezu wokugqibela, ezama, ngendlela enye okanye enye, ukuba niyicamagushele bobabini ndawonye. Baye kwavula khalenda mixed elanga-kwenyanga.

ikhalenda kwenyanga

Ngoku nixoxe bokuqonda le nkqubo yokubala ixesha esekelwe kuphela isicelo kwenyanga. ikhalenda yenyanga, njengokuba kuthiwe, isekelwe phezu kwinyanga synodic - izigaba zomjikelo shift lenyanga kuphikelane nokuthwasa kwenyanga kuye ngokupheleleyo. Ubude avareji enyangeni ziintsuku 29,53. Ngoko ke, kuninzi kwinyanga ikhalenda kwenyanga sisaqhubeka kweentsuku ezingama-29 okanye ezingama-30. Kulo nyaka ikakhulu le nkqubo ibandakanya iinyanga ezilishumi elinambini. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba ubude unyaka malunga 354,36 iintsuku. Njengomgaqo, uya llirhangqwa 354, lo gama athile usazisa unyaka sitsibe iintsuku 355. Benza konke ngokwahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, la manqaku odumileyo Turkish, apho iminyaka esibhozo akhawunti iminyaka emithathu iintlantsi. Enye indlela, kunye nesanty sokubekwa kwe 30/11, inikeza inkqubo Arabic, nto leyo yenziweyo ngokusekelwe kwikhalenda emveli Muslim.

Ekubeni khalenda kwenyanga awudutyaniswanga kunye nentshukumo kwelanga, baza ngokuthe ngcembe diverge kubo ngenxa umahluko iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe ezilishumi ngonyaka. Ngoko ke, lo mjikelo kwiKhalenda elanga '34 ingqamana kwiminyaka 35 kwenyanga. Nangona inaccuracy ezinjalo, le nkqubo idibana abantu abaninzi, ingakumbi xa nisaqala zophuhliso, xa ngenxa kubo iphawulwa yokuphila ayohlala. Inyanga okubonakala lula zezulu, yaye le khalenda ayifuni izibalo intsonkothe ngaphezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Noko ke, xa ngendima edlalwa zezolimo kunye izakhono awo ayoneli - kwathabatha iinyanga ezininzi isikhonkwane kunzima onyaka kunye noluhlu imisebenzi yezolimo. Oku kuye yavusa uphuhliso khalenda elanga.

Engxakini ikhalenda kwenyanga

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba khalenda esekelwe ngokupheleleyo kumjikelo kwenyanga, zohlukana ngokubalulekileyo kunyaka lemvula, yena omnye ethile ebalulekileyo. It sikuko kukuba ngenxa ubude komzila entsonkothileyo kakhulu wenyanga synodic esoloko itshintsha. Umahluko kulo mzekelo ungaba kuze iiyure ezintandathu. Kufuneka wathi ukuqala kwenyanga entsha ikhalenda kwenyanga ayikho nangenyanga ethwasileyo, leyo trudnonablyudaemo, kwaye babizwa ngokuba neomeniya - imbonakalo lokuqala lenyanga elitsha kwelanga. Esi siganeko kulandela kuthwasa inyanga emva kweentsuku-2 okanye ezi-3. Ngelo neomenii xesha lixhomekeke lonyaka, ixesha kwinyanga yangoku kunye nendawo mkhanyo ngayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba le khalenda ibalwa kwindawo enye, oko kuya asichanekanga ngokupheleleyo kwenye indawo. Phezu kwalo lonke, akukho nkqubo isekelwe phezu imijikelo month, osandla singabanga ukubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo intshukumo yokwenene izibane ebusuku.

ikhalenda elanga

ngeke ibe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ukukhankanywa umjikelo elanga History wekhalenda. Ndimele ndithi namhlanje likwimo ephambili kubalwa ixesha. Oku kusekelwe kulo nyaka lemvula, eliquka iintsuku 365,24. Ukwenza izibalo luchaneke kakhulu, hlale zaziswa iminyaka emnqakathi, leyo kuqokelela 'ngentsalela' accumulated ngo ngenye imini "extra". Kukho inkqubo ezahlukeneyo visokosov, sixelela abanye iintlobo ezininzi neekhalenda ezisekelwe kwi intshukumo kwelanga. Ingongoma yokuqala ngokwemveli ingqalelo loo mini nobusuku kulingane. Ngoko ke, enye yeemfuno khalenda elanga kukuba isiganeko nyaka ngamnye ngomhla olufanayo.

Inkqubo yokuqala visokosov khalenda Julian. ingongoma yakhe ebuthathaka yaba kukuba iminyaka 128, wazuza i usuku, yaye yasiwa lasentwasahlobo, ngokulandelelanayo, emva. Le inaccuracy wazama ukulungisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Omar Khayyam wanikela kumjikelo ezizodwa kunyaka-33, nto leyo ke isiseko ikhalenda wasePersi. Kamva, phezu eliphulo uPopu Gregory wazisa ikhalenda kaGregorian, nto leyo ikhalenda yamakhaya iphambili kuluntu namhlanje. Oku chu lukunceda usuku, kodwa ngeli xesha inatyiselwa kwiminyaka 128 ukuya 3300.

Enye ukuzama ukuphucula inkqubo Julian eyenziwa Milutin Milankovitch. Waba ekuthiwa-Revised Julian Calendar, nto leyo impazamo ngemini yayisele yazuza engama-50 000. Oku kwenziwa umthetho ekhethekileyo ngokunxulumene kwiminyaka wempangelo (zingakotshwa ingqalelo ngumnyaka omnqakathi kuphela xa hlula ngo-900 intsalela livela 2 okanye 6). Engxakini ukuba Gregorian kwaye eHlaziyiweyo Julian Calendar xa ukuchaneka kwazo kukuba umhla lasentwasahlobo iba ezidadayo, kwaye rhoqo ngonyaka ngomhla ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo.

Ikhalenda yenyanga

Ekugqibeleni, sifikelela ikhalenda elanga-kwenyanga. umongo wayo ukuzisa ndawonye umjikelezo intshukumo kwelanga nombutho nenyanga. Ukuze oku kube yimfuneko ukuba bahlaziye rhoqo ngonyaka ngenyanga enye. Wabiza kulo nyaka embolismicheskim. E Greece yamandulo, iBhabhiloni, yaye kwiinyanga ezintathu ezongeziweyo ayesenza iminyaka esibhozo. impazamo yakhe imihla olunesiqingatha ukulungiselela wonke kwisithuba seminyaka esibhozo. Umjikelo elide, njengoko imbali kwikhalenda uthi, yamkelwa eTshayina, nangona wayesazi kunye eBhabheli, kunye Greece. impazamo yakhe imini enye ukuya kwiminyaka 219.

nekhalenda imihlobo

Ngoku makhe sithethe ngoko kukho utshintsho ikhalenda namhlanje. Imalunga uyilo, hayi malunga iimpawu ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, lo ezifunwa kakhulu namhlanje, tabletop, udonga kanye nekhalenda epokothweni kunye iinyembezi.

design yekhalenda

Elinye igama le hlobo wopapasho tipografnogo - "yindlu". Nangona ezinye embodiments unokuba zokwakha ezahlukeneyo yaye kubandakanywa kwesiphatho yeplastiki. Ezi badla ezingundoqo kunye inkxaso iipensile kunye amasebe kutyiwa. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba le khalenda kwedesika yakhiwe ukuze kwiinyanga table zazimi phezu amaphepha awahlukeneyo ekufuneka ngexesha phepha Tyhila iphepha. Kunye nekhalenda kubo lula kakhulu indawo iintlobo ulwazi, okanye nje imifanekiso ezintle ziqukiwe kuyilo kwigumbi lulonke. Sebenzisa iimveliso enjalo aphela rhoqo kwi-ofisi kwaye lula ukufikelela kwi kwikona ye desktop. ikhalenda mnyango kwakhona likholisa njengesipho okanye njengesikhumbuzo.

ikhalenda Wall

Abaninzi ekhitshini kukho ikhalenda eqhotyoshelweyo eludongeni, emnyango ifriji okanye ucango. Wall khalenda athandwa kakhulu kuba kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kunye nexabiso lazo nobugcisa ngexesha lethu kubenza uhombiso elihle nekhaya. Ngamanye amaxesha ke kudityaniswe 'kwindlu' ubugcisa. Kulo mzekelo, iikhalenda eludongeni, njengoko umthetho, ezi albhamu abazinikele nesihloko esithile. A umsebenzi, enyanisweni, ixesha ubalo ushiya kubo kwendlela.

ikhalenda pocket

Olu hlobo mhlawumbi yeyona ixhaphake kakhulu kweli xesha lethu. nekhalenda ephaketheni na amakhadi ezincinane, kwicala elinye oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, kwipleyiti ikhalenda, yaye kwelinye - ezinye umzobo. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi mveliso zibe bookmarks, amakhadi oshishino. Bavame zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zentengiso. nekhalenda ephaketheni - uhlobo lwe amakhadi abathwele umsebenzi olongezelelweyo. Baya lula ukubeka kwiwalethi yaye baphathe nabo, ethatha njengoko kuyimfuneko.

udilize-off iikhalenda

ikhalenda eSoviet iinyembezi-off eqhelekileyo kumntu wonke. Xa zifumaneka phantse kuyo yonke imizi, kodwa ngoku ukuthandwa yawo iwile noko, nangona zisekhona eqhelekileyo. Ezi mveliso bamele incwadi lenene, apho iphepha ngalinye lwabelwe omnye umhla nyaka. Xa ngumhla entsha, i-off page elidlulileyo. Ngoko ke, oko kuthiwa ezotyhalo. Kwicala ngasemva kwiphepha iqulethe eminye imibhalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngalinye kula khalenda libhekiswe nesihloko kwaye uwusondeza phakathi njengomthombo ngokwanelisayo ulwazi.

ikhalenda ibandla

A amagama ambalwa kufuneka sithi ikhalenda loo ecaweni, njengoko abaninzi ukuza ecaweni okanye icawe ukufunda iincwadi, ujongene nenkqubo ezimbini ukuthandana. Enyanisweni, phantsi ikhalenda iCawa Orthodox libhekisela eziqhelekileyo khalenda Julian. Nje kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini kuye ukugcina up ne-time real inkqubela Astronomical phantse ezimbini iiveki. The Catholic Church lilungiswa, okubangela imbonakalo yekhalenda Gregorian. Kodwa ke Orthodox kuphuculo ayizange yamkelwe. Church Orthodox Russian, kunye kwimiba ezimbalwa ezizimeleyo, umzekelo, kusekho babambelele Julian ukulandelelana kweziganeko. Kodwa ke inkoliso Orthodox ehlabathini besahamba eHlaziyiweyo Julian Ikhalenda, leyo ngoku ihambelana Gregorian.

ikhalenda Church, ke ngoko, uye ze ubuncinane iintlobo ezintathu. Kwamanye amazwe, koko, iikhalenda zabo wesizwe ezisetyenziswa emabandleni. Umzekelo, eYiputa Ubalo-Coptic ezisasaziweyo nkqubo. Baye ikhalenda zabo kunye neminye imibutho yenkolo. Eyaziwa, umzekelo, i-eVedic, dha Islamic, samaBaha'i kunye neminye imibutho indlela yexesha.

Ikhalenda yamaMaya

Xa ndiqukumbela, amagama ambalwa malunga kwikhalenda yamandulo yamaMaya. Enyanisweni, ukuba akukho namnye kodwa inkqubo eyahlukileyo maxesha. ngonyaka wekhalenda Civil kwi yamaMaya waba enelanga kwaye bezibandakanya iintsuku ezingama-365. Injongo yalo esentloko kukuba ukuba aququzelele ubomi basefama. Kwabakho ikhalenda isiko, ebizwa Tzolkin. Oku eliguqulelwa ngokuthi 'ukubala iintsuku ". Yena Kuthi engaqhelekanga kubume bayo. Ngokomzekelo, kunyaka wekhalenda Tzolkin iqulethe akukho 365 260 iintsuku. Le yokugqibela ohlulwa aba imijikelo emibini - a mabini trinadtsatidnevny. Days of the wokuqala kubo ngegama laso, kwaye eyesibini eziqulethwe inombolo yesiriyeli kuphela. inkqubo ukubala ixesha yamaMaya kuquka amaxesha ezifana tuna (iintsuku 360), katuns (20 tuns) baktuns (20 katuns). Kuye ingqalelo elona xesha inkulu 260 katuns. Ngokwemiqathango inkqubo ukubala eziqhelekileyo kuthi Yiminyaka 5125 ubudala. NgoDisemba 21, 2012 neziphumo omnye ngexesha, ngokuba ilanga sesihlanu, waza waqalisa inkqubo entsha lesithandathu.