Uphi iIndiya. Indawo yeNdiya yakudala

Inkcubeko ye-Indiya yenye yeyona minyebalabala kunye neyokuqala kwihlabathi. Ukuhlukahluka kweemfundiso zomoya kunye nefilosofi, izakhiwo zamandulo, ubuhle bemvelo bukhanga. Kukhona umnqweno wokutyelela intsimi apho iNdiya ikhona - ilizwe leVedas yamandulo. Leli lizwe apho ubuhle kunye nobukhulu beetempilisiwe, kunye nomculo kunye nomoya wemilingo zixubene kwihlabathi lemfihlelo kunye nokuziphatha.

Indiya kwibalazwe yehlabathi

Uphi iIndiya kwimephu yehlabathi? Kwimihlaba, ilizwe lihlangene ne-South Asia kwaye lihlala inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Indian subcontinent. I-Indiya inabamelwane abaninzi. Kumntla-ntshona ilizwe lidalela ePakistan nase-Afghanistan. Kwintshona-ntshona - kunye neChina, iNepal neBhutan. Umda waseNdiya-waseTshayina ngowona mde kakhulu kwaye udlula ngaphesheya kwinqaba yase-Himalaya. Empuma lifikelela kwimida yaseBangladesh naseMyanmar. Umda waselwandle kumzantsi-ntshona we-Indiya unamaMaldives, eningizimu - kunye neSri Lanka kunye nentshonalanga-ne-Indonesia.

Ummandla welizwe ukhulu kakhulu kwaye ulingana nezigidi ezili-3.3 yezigidi zeemitha. Km. Empuma, eningizimu nangasentshonalanga ipeninsula ihlambulwa yiBa de Bengal, iLakadiv kunye noLwandle lwase-Arabia. Imifula emikhulu yaseIndiya yiGanges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Indus, Krishna, Sabarmati.

Ekubeni intsimi yelizwe ihluke ngobukhulu, ubude bezohlukeneyo, iimeko zemozulu kwimimandla eyahlukileyo ziyahluke.

Uphi iNdiya ehlanganiswe ngekhephu? Kwindawo esemantla yelizwe yi-Himalaya - enye yeendlela eziphakamileyo zeentaba. Apha iziqonga zeentaba neentlambo zihlanganiswe ngekhephu. Empuma yeli lizwe i-Ganges intlambo. Kwindawo esempuma neyona nxalenye yelizwe kukho ithafa le-Indo-Gangetic, ukusuka ecaleni lasentshonalanga kuya kwintlango yaseTar.

Igama likaRhulumente

Kuphi i-Indiya, ogama layo liye latshintsha kangangexesha? Kwixesha la mandulo lalibizwa ngokuba "ilizwe lama-Aryans", "ilizwe le-brahmanas", "ilizwe lezilumko." Igama langoku lombuso waseNdiya livela egameni loMlambo wase-Indus, igama elithi "sindu" ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwi-Old Old lithetha "umlambo". Ilizwe linalo igama lesibini, kwisiSanskrit livakala njengeBharat. Eli gama linxulumene nembali yekosi yamandulo yaseNdiya, echazwe kuMahabharata. I-Hindustan - igama lesithathu leli lizwe, lisetyenziselwe ukususela ekubuseni kwe-Empire of the Great Moguls, kodwa ayinakunikwa iimeko ezisemthethweni. IRiphabhlikhi yaseIndiya igama elisemthethweni leli lizwe, libonakala kwiXesti yeXIX.

Indiya yakudala

Kwintsimi apho i-Indiya yakudala yayikho, enye yeenkqubela phambili zehlabathi zazalwa. Imbali yayo ibandakanya amaxesha amabini. Iyokuqala yenkqubela ye-Harapp impucuko, eyaqala ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwintlambo yoMlambo wase-Indus. Ixesha lesibini liyimpucuko yase-Aryan ehambelana nokubonakala kwezizwe zase-Aryan kwiintlambo zeGanges ne-Indus.

Kwiphulophu yaseHarappan, iindawo eziphambili zazizixeko zaseHarappa (iPakistan yangoku) kunye neMohenjo-Daro ("Hill of the Dead"). Icandelo lempucuko laliphakamileyo kakhulu, njengoko kuboniswe ukwakhiwa kwezixeko ezinezicwangciso ezincinci kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi. Ukubhalwa kwaphuhliswa, ubugcisa obuncinane beplastiki obuphuhliswe kwinkcubeko yobugcisa: ii-statuettes zobuncinci obuncinci, eziprintiweyo kunye nama-reliefs. Kodwa isiko seHarap sehlele ukubola, ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, izikhukhula kunye nezifo.

Emva kokuba impucuko yaseHarappan iphelile, izizwe zase-Aryan zangena ezihlalweni zeGanges kunye ne-Indus. Ukubonakala kwabo kubomi ubomi obutsha kwi-ethnos yamaNdiya. Ukususela ngeli xesha, ixesha le-Indo-Aryan liqala.

I-asethi ephambili eyenziwe ngama-arias kweso sikhathi yayiqokelelwa kweetekisi-iVedas. Ziyabhalwa ngolwimi lweVedic - ifomu elidala kunaSanskrit.

I-Vedas iqulethe ulwazi malunga nobomi bonke bamaNdiya endala kwaye isiseko seenkcubeko zomoya.

Inkcubeko YaseNdiya yakudala

Intsimi apho i-India ikhona khona indawo apho iimfundiso zonqulo nefilosofi zivela kwaye zaphuhliswa. Inkcubeko yelizwe lasendulo ihambelana ngokufihliweyo kunye neemfihlelo zendalo yonke. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye bebuza imibuzo kwindalo yonke, bezama ukutyhila intsingiselo yobomi. Indawo eyahlukileyo ihlala yimiyalezo yoga, apho ukucwiliswa kwinto eyenzekayo emhlabeni womphefumlo womntu. Ukungafani kwenkcubeko kwimeko yokuba umculo kunye nomdaniso ungumlingane walo nawuphi na umcimbi okanye isiganeko. Ubuni kunye nokuhlukahluka kwenkcubeko kubangelwa kukuba inxaxheba ekubandakanyeni kwabo babantu basekhaya, kunye nabasanda kufika.

Inkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala ibuyele phakathi kwe-III yeminyaka eyi-BC. Kwada de de VI. AD

Ulwakhiwo lweli xesha luneempawu zalo. Akukho sakhiwo esithile senkcubeko yasendulo yaseNdiya esaphila. Kubangelwa kukuba into yokwakha yeso sihlandlo yayingumthi, okwenzeka ngexesha lethu. Kwaye ukususela ngekhulu le-III. BC Ukwakha baqala ukusebenzisa iitye. Izakhiwo zokwakhiwa kweli xesha ziye zasinda nanamhla. Inkolelo enkulu yeli xesha yayinguBuddha, kwaye ngoko yakha izakhiwo ezibonakalayo: iindiza, i-stambhi, iitempile zamathoba.

Inkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala kwimbali yehlabathi ihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo. Kuye kwaba nempembelelo eninzi kulo lonke uphuhliso lwehlabathi.

Agra

Idolophu yasendulo yase-Agra yasungulwa kwinkulungwane ye-15. Itholakala kwibhankini yoMlambo iYamuna. Isixeko sase-Agra sikhulu kakhulu, kwaye ukuphepha ukulahleka, ufuna imephu. Apho i-India ikhona ngexesha lokulawula koMughal, iya kuxela izindonga zedolophu yasendulo. Kwinqununu yombuso we-Great Moguls kwakukho iindonga ezininzi, iipaki, igadidi ezintle.

I-Agra yidolophu yasendulo egcwele umbala wesizwe. Apha ungabona kwaye ufunde izithethe zabantu base-Indiya, ujikeleze kwilizwe lokutya, usebenzise izinto zokukhumbula, ezenziwe ngethambo lobugcisa buka-Florentine - uPietra Dura, owubugcisa belizwe ukususela kwixesha elikhulu leMaguls Omkhulu.

Iziko le-Agra, njengamagosa amaninzi aseNdiya, ityala elikhulu. Kwidolophu kukho enye yeyona ndawo enkulu kunazo zonke e-Asia Spa Kaya Kalp.

Taj Mahal

I-Indiya yenye yezinto ezimangalisayo ezisixhenxe zehlabathi . Taj Mahal, apho i-mausoleum enye yabesifazane abazithandayo kakhulu baka-Shah Jahan - iMamtaz Mahal, yenye yezinto ezikhangayo zika-Agra. Isakhiwo esinjalo sokwakha asizange sibonwe kwiminyaka engama-400 edlulileyo.

UTaj Mahal sisikhumbuzo sothando kunye nokuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiHindi kuthetha "iNtloko yeePalasi". Wayeyisipho sokugqibela sithandwa. Ibhotwe lakhiwa iminyaka engama-22, i-marble yayo yachithwa ngamakhilomitha angama-300. Iindonga zeengcwaba zihlotswe ngeempawu zamatye anqabileyo kwaye angenakunqwenelekayo, nangona ukhangeleka kude, umbala we-mausoleum ubonakala umhlophe. Ubungakanani besakhiwo siphelele. Nokuba inyaniso yokuba i-minarets yakhe iyanqatshelwa ayikho ingozi. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba xa kunyikima komhlaba i-minarets ayifuni kwi-mausoleum.

I-Taj Mahal yiparele yenkcubeko yaseNdiya, apho uthando kunye nobutyebi boMlawuli we-Great Moguls, uShahan Jahan.