Nokuzalana - ntoni na? Ukufuya izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Owaseka ingcamango "ukhetho" yi Charles Darwin, owaba nako ukuchaza indima yokwahluka kwemfuza lokukhetha artificial kwindalo kunye nophuhliso iintlobo ezintsha emaXhoseni.

Yintoni na ukhetho

Ingcaciso ezavela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "zokuzalela - kukufunda iindlela ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa nokuphuculwa iintlobo zezityalo izityalo, iintlobo zezilwanyana nobunzima ezincinane."

Ezahlukeneyo okanye uhlobo - lo mfo-eyenziwe iimeko ngumntu abantu, nto leyo eye iinzuzo gqitha ukuba loo mntu: kuyimfuneko nokomzimba uneempawu kuluncedo ilifa, nemveliso phezulu, oko yaye morphological iparameters.

Ukhetho (yintoni ukuthini - isifundo eneenkcukacha biology), luphawulwa yimbonakalo kubangela izilwanyana zasekhaya, kwakunye ezintsha zezilimo, evela ukhetho ngumntu, nto leyo kuphela umntu angachitha.

nemasiko luphawulwa yokuba babe mpawu elithile ngamandla kakhulu ngawo umzimba kunzima ukuba zikhona kwi-bume yendalo, kodwa ziluncedo ebantwini. Umzekelo okuphawuleka ukukwazi amaqanda chicken ezingamakhulu amathathu ngonyaka. Kwindalo, uphawu le ntaka nganto, kuba inkukhu akayi kuba nako ukuhlala ngaphandle amaqanda ezimakhulu mathathu.

amanqaku ngembali

Ekuqaleni ikhona, kwaba indlela yokukhetha ngumntu lweenkomo. Yintoni umsebenzi onzima iminyaka emininzi, ejolise ekufumaneni inkalo ethile luncedo - bayazi kuphela abalimi. Phambi ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, ukukhethwa lokuzalanisa zingqondweni. Umzekelo, umntu ukhetha imbewu inkulu ukufumana isivuno esihle, ngaphandle ndicinga ukuba isityalo sele ukutshintsha kwicala elifanelekileyo ukuba umntu.

Yaye abantu malunga nekhulu kuphela iminyaka yokugqibela yaqala, azikabinawo ukufunda imigaqo nemithetho yemfuza, ngenjongo yaye ngabom ukuwela ezinjalo izityalo kakuhle ukwanelisa abantu ayifunayo kunye neemfuno.

Kodwa kuphela ukhetho ngumntu, umntu akakwazi ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha eziphilayo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, ungakhetha kuphela ezo genotypes ukuba sele zikhona kubantu bebonke. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngoku kusetyenziswa hybridization, ebavumela ukuba bafumane entsha ngokupheleleyo zezityalo iintlobo kunye iintlobo zezilwanyana.

Yintoni na plant yokuzalela

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo iindlela zokhetho lwe izityalo ezi hybridization nokukhetha. Kuba izityalo cross-ezimvumvuzelwa sebenzisa ukhetho kakhulu mihlaba ezinqwenelekayo. Kungenjalo, awukwazi ukufumana izinto ezifunekayo umsebenzi ngakumbi. Ngenxa yale ndlela, iintlobo ezintsha izityalo cross-ezimvumvuzelwa ziyafumaneka (umz rye). iintlobo ezinjalo zofuzo eyohlobo olulodwa. Kodwa imida ehlambulukileyo izazinzulu sebenzisa ukhetho ngamnye, apho ngenxa yokuzingca uvuvuzelo kunokwenzeka ukufumana iikopi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye iimpawu eziyimfuneko kunye neempawu.

Kuba izityalo yokuzalela kuvamise kakhulu kusetyenziswa polyploidy yokulinga, njengoko ngamnye polyploidy luphawulwa isivuno eliphezulu, ubungakanani enkulu kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Kukho kwakhona indlela mutagenesis bethutyana, kuye kwaqwalaselwa yi Vavilov. Umzimba, ukuyekelela kuguquka kwaye iipropati ezintsha, ngokuba njengesi, kwaye inkqubo yotshintsho - wezakhi.

nokuzalana kwazo ingakumbi isilwanyana

Yintoni na ukhetho kwezilwanyana - akukho kunzima ukuphendula. Iyafana kakhulu ukutyala lokuzala, kodwa inikeza awohluke. Khumbula ukuba isilwanyana uphawu kuphela ukuzala ngokwesondo. Ngenxa utshintsho ezinqabileyo kakhulu kwezizukulwana (kwiminyaka embalwa kamva izilwanyana ezininzi), inani labantu kwi inzala encinane kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto, eqhuba umsebenzi lokuzala, izazinzulu kufuneka bahlalutye zonke iimpawu zangaphandle uphawu uhlobo ethile.

ukufuywa

Yintoni ukhetho eziphilayo? Inkcazelo inikwa kwikharityhulam yesikolo. Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo isintu ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasendle iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi lamawaka eyadlulayo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu baya kuba umthombo rhoqo ukutya.

Pet luphawulwa ubukho iimpawu ezizodwa eziyingozi ubukho zendalo rhoqo, kodwa umntu ukuba ixabiso gqitha HIV. Factor of ukufuywa na ukhetho ngumntu ngabantu ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu. Abantu bakhetha kwizilwanyana mbono elungileyo, umlinganiswa tu nezinye phawu lomntu.

Xa unconscious wabonakala ukhetho lwemethodoloji. injongo yakhe - ukudala izilwanyana umgangatho efunekayo luncedo.

ukufuywa kwezilwanyana indlela entsha ukwenziwa ngumntu namhlanje. Oku kufuneka ukuba, umzekelo, ukuvelisa oboya ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ngenxa yoko, isebe elitsha zoshishino - ukulima uboya.

Cross-kufuywe

Ukhetho (oko kuthetha ntoni ngoluntu - unako ukufunda ngokufunda eli nqaku) ephatha kunye indlela ezifana izilwanyana cross-ukuzala. Oku kwenziwa ukuphucula inkangeleko, inyama umgangatho okanye ubisi ukwanda kwamafutha. Abantu leyo ezifuyelwa kuvavanywa nje kuphela inkangeleko yabo, kodwa kumgangatho wembewu yabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda emilibeni yokuzalwa kwabo.

Okwangoku kukho iintlobo ezimbini iminqamlezo: yokuzalisana kunye outbreeding. Uhlobo lokuqala luphawulwa ekudibaneni ngabantu nje omnye, kodwa ke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. yokhetho engqongqo uyakwazi ukugcina iimpawu luncedo kunye nokwandisa inani inzala.

Ngexesha yokuzalisana abazali ezisetyenzisiweyo nenzala okanye bakowenu. Ngenxa kule zibuko kuyenyuka homozygosity nonqatyisiweyo imikhwa enexabiso inzala.

Hybridization lubanesiphumo aphantsi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba uninzi ngxilimbela interspecific zizilwanyana engazaliyo.

Yintoni ukhetho izinto emgangathweni? Le nto ichaza oko ukhetho izinto ezithile, wafumana ubulungeleyo ngenxa imveliso ngakumbi kwaye ukusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu.

Ukukhethwa ezincinane

Amagciwane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo umhlaba onokuphila, yaye ngqo ebomini bomntu. Uluntu usebenzisa amakhulu Cya, yaye inani labo liyanda minyaka yonke.

Ukukhethwa ezincinane luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi. Abalimi azoyenza isixa olungenasiphelo ezibonakalayo. Ekubeni zofuzo nawuphi haploid ephilayo, izazinzulu lunokukhangela izinto yemfuza isizukulwana yokuqala. Bacterium inani elincinane ngokwentelekiso yemfuza, yaye ngoko, ukuba benze umsebenzi lula yaye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Iintsholongwane ngokuzimeleyo ukuvelisa yinzuzo into zabantu, yaye nempahla yabo isebenzisa nokukhetha ezincinane. Yintoni indlela zobunjineli yemfuza kushishino ngayo? Le iseti yezenzo, iintsholongwane amqumbisa ukuvelisa ezi zihlanganisi, ezo nto ziveliswa vivo.

Ngamanye amaxesha abalimi usebenzisa transduction - budluliselwe ukusuka igciwane omnye komnye DNA oyifunayo, yaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukubaluleka ezincane kokusingqongileyo.

Enye indlela ebalulekileyo ukukhetha ukusebenza Cya - hybridization of Ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela ivumela ukuba ukudibanisa izixhobo ukuba akakwazi ukubakho kwindalo.

Njengokuba umsebenzi ukufuya wenziwe

Yintoni ukhetho eziphilayo? Ukuzimisela ikuvumela ukuba ufunde iintlobo ezintsha ukuphucula, neentlobo kunye inane eziphilayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wonke umsebenzi ezizalayo yenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba kufuneka kwiimarike zezolimo kunye nemveliso. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu ziye liphuhlise iimveliso zepetroliyam technology ri ekhethekileyo, kunye nesakhono ukuze zibe luncedo imveliso protein-vitamin. Le mpumelelo Bulelani ngokukhethwa Ngeentlobo bacteria.

Yintoni ukhetho eziphilayo? Indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi isicelo olwenza umntu ukuba iimveliso zokutya ophezulu ezikumgangatho kunye neentlobo ezintsha kwemveliso mihla.