Amalungu yamajoni omzimba. umsebenzi omzimba

Amajoni omzimba yingqokelela izicwili ethile, amalungu kunye neeseli. Esi sakhiwo kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. Emva koko, siya ukuqonda izinto zibandakanyiwe kumafa wayo, kwakunye yintoni imisebenzi yamajoni omzimba.

Overview

Eyona umsebenzi amajoni omzimba - ukutshatyalaliswa kwamagciwane ezibanjiswe inyama kunye nokhuselo ezimbi ezahlukeneyo. Isakhiwo imele ngumqobo izifo fungal, imvelaphi ziintsholongwane. Xa okukwazi lomntu lubuthathaka okanye kukho ukusilela kumsebenzi wakhe, oko konyusa amathuba kwii-arhente zasemzini emzimbeni. Oku kunokubangela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

ulwazi zembali

Igama elithi "umzimba" bube inzululwazi yi-nzulu Russian Metchnikoff kunye Ehrlich nani waseJamani. Bahlolisisa ekhoyo iindlela zokukhusela ezivulwa kumlo emzimbeni kunye ezimbi ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala izazinzulu abanomdla impendulo kusuleleko. Ngowe-1908, umsebenzi wabo isifundo omzimba zaye zanikwa i-Nobel Prize. Ukongeza, igalelo elibonakalayo uphando kunye nemibhalo baye benza engumFrentshi Lui Pastera. Waba indlela ugonyo ngokuchasene inani izifo ukuba ayingozi ebantwini. Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuba izakhiwo umzimba olukhuselayo ukwalathisa umsebenzi wabo kuphela ekususeni izifo. Nakuba kunjalo, izifundo ezilandelayo eliNgesi Medawar wabonisa ukuba iindlela zifo izakufunyanwa xa ayehlasela nayiphi arhente zangaphandle, kwaye ngokubanzi basabela njani na ukuphazamiseka yingozi. Namhlanje, phantsi isakhiwo yokuzikhusela kakhulu ukuqonda ukuxhathisa komzimba kuzo nezakhi ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, amajoni omzimba - na impendulo umzimba, hayi kuphela ilishwa ejoliswe, kodwa ukuze kupheliswe "iintshaba". Ukuba ibingekho imikhosi sokhuselo ephilayo, koko abantu kuba nako ikhona ngesiqhelo neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ubukho sifo ikuvumela ukumelana abanala makhwiniba, baphila ukwaluphala.

Amalungu omzimba

Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu. Amajoni omzimba ngundoqo kwi ekubunjweni izinto zokuzikhusela. Abantu kule inxenye yobume iqulathe thymus kunye ithambo umongo. amalungu engabalulekanga amajoni omzimba abo indawo apho iimpawu zokhuseleko zavuthwa awakwazi yokungenelela. Kule inxalenye yesakhiwo iquka nkovu iindawo, udakada, izicwili lymphoid kwi lokugaya. Kwakhona bafumanisa ukuba iimpawu zokhuseleko wesikhumba kunye neuroglia CNS. Ukongeza kule miba ingentla apha, kukho kwakhona vnutribarernye Emva umqobo kunye ancedisana amalungu yamajoni omzimba. Udidi lokuqala luquka isikhumba. Emva a tissue umqobo kunye namaziko amajoni omzimba: inkqubo luvo, amehlo, namasende, kwimveku (Pregnancy), lo parenchyma le thymus.

isakhiwo ngxaki

iiseli ezigonyekileyo izakheko lymphoid thaca ezenzwe lymphocyte. Bona zisebenziseke phakathi amacandelo usemthethweni weZiko yokuzikhusela. Kuthathwa ukuba abayi kubuyiselwa lomongo wethambo kunye thymus. Umsebenzi amalungu omzimba ziquka:

• Ukudala iimeko lymphocyte ekukhuleni.
• Hlanganisa izinto zokukhusela nabantu saa kuwo wonke umzimba, kwinkqubo emzimbeni.
• UmMiselo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamalungu kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo lymphocyte kunye macrophage kwi lenkqubo yokusungula ukhuseleko.
• Ukuqinisekisa izinto zokuhamba ngexesha ezitshangubeni.

Okulandelayo, cinga amalungu ngaphezulu kwamajoni omzimba.

nkovu node

Le ilungu ukhandwa inyama ithambile. Nkovu node ine seqanda. ubungakanani bayo - 0.2-1.0 cm zikhona omzimba kukuninzi .. Imfundo isakhiwo okhethekileyo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukudala indawo umphezulu enkulu ngotshintshiselwano nkovu kunye igazi ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni. Le yokugqibela uvela arterioles kunye venules uyaqhubeka. Iiseli nkovu esiludumbo kwenzeka ngogonyo kwaye unalo Ukwakheka. Ngaphezu koko, okucoca agents yemfundo kwamanye amazwe kunye amasuntswana entle. Le nkovu node awayo omzimba akhoyo kuzo zonke lolungu lomzimba.

spleen

Ngokwangaphandle, kufana nkovu node enkulu. Le ngasentla imisebenzi esisiseko ye amalungu omzimba. Le spleen wenza enye umsebenzi. Umzekelo, ukongeza ekuvelisweni lymphocyte egazini kubhaliwe ecociweyo, izinto zayo agcinwe. Kulapha ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa iiseli ezindala kunye ezineziphene. ubunzima spleen na ngokomyalelo 140-200 grams. inyama yakhe lymphoid inikwa ngendlela uthungelwano iiseli reticular. Bona amalungiselelo emhlabeni sinusoids (emithanjeni). Ngokomthetho spleen erythrocytes zizaliswe okanye leukocytes. Ezi seli azikho ukunxibelelana nabanye, ziyashiyana kumafa kunye nobungakanani. Ngenxa ukuncitshiswa imisonto capsule egudileyo lwenzeka ukugxothwa linani leziqalelo ezihambayo. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukwehla kwi ivolyum udakada. Le nkqubo wonke ngokuchukunyiswa sisenzo noradrenaline kunye adrenaline. Ezi zinto ke imicu novelwano postganglionic ezikhethekileyo okanye inxalenye ingqondo le ndlala adrenal.

lomongo wethambo

Le sakhi a kwizihlunu ezithambileyo nomsi-. Le ibekwe ngaphakathi amathambo tyaba kwaye tubular. Amalungu ngundoqo amajoni omzimba ukuvelisa izinto eziyimfuneko, ezithi ke ngoko zisiwa kwiindawo umzimba. Xa umongo ukhuphe zegazi, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iiseli egazini, ebudodeni obupheleleyo emva kokuba bafumane ulwazi omzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, xa imifinya zabo receptors ziya kuba eziphawula ukufana kunye nezinye izinto ezifana kuyo. Ngaphandle lomongo wethambo, ukudala iimeko nokufunyanwa iimpawu ibakhusela amalungu omzimba ezifana tonsils, Peyer kaThixo umonakalo emathunjini, thymus. Kwixesha elidlulileyo apho ekukhuleni lymphocyte B ukuba abe isixa esikhulu (a ikhulu - izihlandlo ezilikhulu amabini obungaphezu T-lymphocyte) microvilli. Blood flow ngokusebenzisa iimpahla ikhutshwa phandle, ezibandakanya sinusoid. Ngenxa nomongo wawo ithambo ukungena iihomoni kuphela, iiprotheni kunye nezinye kusitsha. Sinusoids ze ukuhamba egazi. Xa stress ngoku kuncitshiswa phantse isiqingatha. Xa kwegazi uMlatyuzisi landile ukuya kutsho kwengama ezisibhozo.

patch Peyer kaThixo

Ezi zinto bebekelwa eludongeni emathunjini. Bona thaca ngendlela uluhlu kwithishyu lymphoid. Indima ephambili bobabo kwegazi zenkqubo. Le ibandakanya imibhobho emithanjeni adibanayo iindawo. Ngokusebenzisa ezi amajelo kulwelo ekufuneka zithuthwe. It has akukho mbala. Kulwelo unalo inani elikhulu lymphocyte. Ezi zinto ukukhusela kumzimba zizigulo.

thymus

Kwakhona ngokuba ingaba thymus. Kulo thymus, nokwanda nokukotshwa kwenzeka izinto lymphoid. Thymus yenza umsebenzi yonyango. Of epithelium layo igazi limi thymosin. Ukongeza, thymus - umzimba immunoprodutsiruyuschy. Yeyona ukuyilwa T-lymphocyte. Le nkqubo lwenzeka nge izinto kwicandelo ukuba receptors ngenxa nezakhi angaphandle, ukungena kwi emzimbeni ngexesha esakhula. Formation of T-lymphocyte ikhutshwa phandle nokuba iimali zabo egazini. Lungenasiphumo ngenkqubo kunye nesiqulatho antigen. Xa abantu abaselula kunye nabantwana thymus esebenzayo kunokuba abantu abadala. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, le ndlala thymus lifinyele ubukhulu, kwaye nomsebenzi iba nto ngokukhawuleza. Nokupheliswa lymphocyte T kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko uxinezeleko. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, ingqele, ubushushu, uxinezeleko yengqondo-iimvakalelo, ukulahleka igazi, ngokuzila, umthambo ngokugqithiseleyo. Abantu sijongana uxinezeleko, amajoni omzimba ibuthathaka.

nezinye izinto

Le amalungu umxokomezelo wokugonyeka usebenza isihlomelo. Libizwa ngokuba "idlala emathunjini." Phantsi yempembelelo utshintsho umsebenzi kwicandelo lokuqala utshintsho colon kwaye umthamo limfotkani. Amalungu omzimba, leyo beesekethe zilahlwa ngezantsi, ibandakanya tonsils. Bona ibekwe ngapha nangapha pharynx. Tonsils zimelwe amaqela amancinci kwithishyu lymphoid.

Eyona engundoqo abathetheli omzimba

Amalungu eziziisekondari kunye engundoqo zichazwe apha ngasentla kwamajoni omzimba. Iskim thaca kule phepha ibonisa ukuba amasebe ayo athunyelwa wonke umzimba. Wabathetheli omkhulu lymphocyte. Ezi seli banoxanduva ukutshatyalaliswa iiseli abagulayo (ithumba, usuleleko, pathologically eziyingozi) okanye iintsholongwane amazwe. Ingqalelo ebalulekileyo-shirt kunye B-lymphocyte. umsebenzi wabo wenziwa ngokubambisana namanye omzimba. Bonke ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa kwamagciwane emzimbeni. Ngelo lokuqala nqanaba kwezinye ndlela 'imfundiso "i T-lymphocyte ukwahlula yesiqhelo (efanelekileyo) ukusuka iiproteni amazwe. Le nkqubo ithatha indawo thymus ebuntwaneni, kuba eli xesha, thymus sivuke esebenzayo.

Umsebenzi yomzimba yokuzikhusela

Ndingathi ukuba amajoni omzimba zaveza yinkqubo ende ngamabonandenzile. Xa abantu mihla, le isakhiwo lisebenza umatshini ogalelwe ioli ube mnye. Inceda umntu ukumelana nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo. Xa isakhiwo le ngxaki kuphela ukuqatshelwa, kodwa kukhuthaza zingene umzimba arhente zasemzini, kwakunye neemveliso ukonakala, iiseli pathologically kuguquka. Amajoni omzimba unezixhobo ukukwazi ukuchonga inani elikhulu kwamagciwane kunye ezincane. Eyona njongo ephambili ukugcina ingqibelelo ubume eliphakathi lwangaphakathi kunye ubuntu bayo begazi.

Inkqubo Ukuqaphela

Njengoko amajoni omzimba limisela ukuba "iintshaba"? Le nkqubo ithatha indawo kwinqanaba yemfuza. Kufuneka ke ukuba iseli ngalinye lalo, uphawu kuphela ulwazi umntu yemfuza. It ihlaziya isakhiwo akhuselayo inkqubo lokubhaqa ukungena emzimbeni, okanye utshintsho kulo. Ukuba ulwazi yemfuza iyafana njengoko arhente wasukuma ngokwayo, ngoko ke akukho utshaba. Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko, oko, le arhente zasemzini. In Zizifo "iintshaba" zibizwa ngokuba buhlungu ezisegazini. Xa efumanise izinto eziyingozi ubume yokhuselo iquka iindlela zabo iqala "ukulwa." Lokukhangela iantigens ethile nganye amajoni omzimba uvelisa iiseli ezithile - antibodies. Balunxibelela ukuya awakwazi kunye yokungenelela kuzo.

uxabane

Le yenye yeendlela yokuzikhusela. Le meko zibandakanya ukwanda ukuphendula zamavumba nezidlo. Ezi "ntshaba" ziquka izinto okanye izakhi ngokungalunganga kuchaphazela umzimba. Nomzimba ezi ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. Iqela lokuqala kufuneka sibandakanye, umzekelo, iimveliso zazifumanayo ngo-ukutya, iziyobisi, izinto ezahlukeneyo imichiza (deodorants, amakha, njalo njalo). nomzimba esendlini - it is kakhulu ancedisana zomzimba, ngokuqhelekileyo iipropati iguqulwe kancinane. Umzekelo, ngokuba ukutsha inkqubo yokhuselo uyasibona isakhiwo abafileyo ngolwasemzini. Kule nkalo, iqalisa ukuvelisa elilwa nabo. reactions emeleneyo kungathathwa buluma zinyosi, iinyosi, oonomeva kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Uphuhliso negazi lunokwenzeka ngokulandelelana okanye ngokukhawuleza.

Inkqubo omzimba womntwana

lasungulwa iqala kwiiveki yokuqala yokumitha. Inkqubo omzimba umntwana uyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa emva kokuzalwa. Bookmark izinto zokhuseleko ezingundoqo ezithwalwa thymus kunye ithambo ngumongo engekazalwa. Logama nje usana esizalweni sikanina, umzimba wakhe ifumaneka nge inani elincinane ezincinane. Kulo mba, Iingqolo zakhe engasebenziyo. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana biyela zizifo immunoglobulins kunina. Ukuba oko kuya ngokungalunganga kuchaphazeleka naziphi na izizathu, indlela efanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso zosana ukhuseleko kuba eyaphukileyo. Emva kokuzalwa, kule meko umntwana ukugula kakhulu ngaphezu kwabanye abantwana. Kodwa ke nantoni na enokwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ngethuba lokukhulelwa usana kunina angathumela usulelo. A Ingane ukwenza nezifo ngamandla esi sifo.

Emva kokuzalwa umzimba ahlaselwa inani enkulu yezityalo. Amajoni omzimba kufuneka ukumelana nawo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi, izakhiwo zomzimba i uhlobo "uqeqesho" ukuqaphela atshabalalise awakwazi. Kunye nale kwenzeka ngehloko zoqhagamshelwano ezincane. Oku kukhokelela "memory ngumzimba". Kuyimfuneko ukuba isiqalo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu impendulo awakwazi kwaziwa. Simele sicinge ukuba inkqubo usana omzimba amandla, akusoloko nako ukumelana ingozi. Kulo mzekelo, wabanceda omzimba ezivela esibelekweni sikanina. Zikhona emzimbeni malunga kwiinyanga ezine zokuqala ebomini. Kwezi nyanga ezimbini elandelayo kwiiproteni esuka kunina, ngokuthe ngcembe ezibanzi zemilambo. Phakathi kweenyanga ezine ezintandathu, usana sifo sisifo. kumiswa ngokunzulu kwamajoni omzimba womntwana uza ukuya kwiminyaka esixhenxe. Xa kuphuhliso eziphilayo Uqhelene nezakhi ezintsha. Amajoni omzimba ngeli xesha, abaqeqeshwe nezilungiselelwe omdala.

Indlela yokunceda ephahlwe liqumrhu akuqolanga?

Iingcali Siyaleza ukuthatha unonophelo kwenkqubo omzimba umntwana phambi kokuzalwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba umama olindele kufuneka ukuqinisa isakheko zokukhusela. Xa umfazi siswini adle ekunene, thatha izinto umkhondo ezizodwa kunye neevithamini. ukuzilolonga kubalulekile ukuba amajoni omzimba. Umntwana kunyaka wokuqala wobomi kuyimfuneko ukufumana ubisi sikanina. Kucetyiswa ukuba ukuncancisa kuqhubeka iinyanga ubuncinane 4-5. Iziqalelo ubisi ukungena usana yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Ngeli xesha, ukuba kubaluleke gqitha ukuba nezifo. Umntwana nokuba fundisisa Senga ubisi ngexesha bhubhane yomkhuhlane. Iqulethe oluninzi iikhompawundi luncedo, uze uncede umntwana wakho ukumelana izinto ezimbi.

iindlela ezongezelelweyo

Uqeqesho kwamajoni omzimba enokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Avamise kakhulu zithathwa ukuba lukhuni, yokuthanjiswa, usebenzisa ngendlela kakuhle umoya igumbi, ilanga kunye nomoya iibhate, yokuqubha. Kukho kwakhona zizixhobo ezahlukeneyo nezifo. Omnye wabo ugonyo. Banalo ikhono ukusebenzisa iindlela zokhuselo, ukukhuthaza imveliso immunoglobulins. Yokusungulwa serum ezizodwa kwakhiwa memory ukwakheka komzimba ukuze umbandela igalelo. Ukanti enye indlela okukwazi - oko ucwangciso olukhethekileyo. Yenza umsebenzi lwesakhiwo olukhuselayo lomzimba. La mayeza ngokuba stimulators omzimba. Oku amachiza interferon ( "Laferon", "IFN"), interferonogen ( "Poludan", "Abrizol", "prodigiozan"), mziba leykopoeza - "Metiluratsil", "Pentoxyl" immunostimulants imvelaphi ngeentsholongwane - "Prodignozan", "Pyrogenalum" "Bronhomunal" immunostimulant herbal - tincture Schisandra, eSiberia Ginseng luthathe, iivithamini kunye nangaphezulu. et al.

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