Imfazwe Enkulu yamaPatriotic ka-1941-1945: isishwankathelo esifutshane. Umdlalo wabantu baseSoviet ekulweni ne-fascism

Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1939, ixesha elifutshane loxolo laphela phakathi kweemfazwe ezimbini ezinkulu zekhulu lama-20. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, phantsi kolawulo lwama-fascist eJamani, kwakukho inxalenye enkulu yeYurophu eneemveliso ezinkulu kunye nezinto ezinobungozi.

Umsindo onamandla wenziwa phantsi kweSoviet Union, apho iMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic (1941-1945) yaqala. Umxholo omfutshane kweli xesha kwimbali ye-USSR ayikwazi ukuveza umlinganiselo weentlungu kunye nobugorha obuhlupheke ngabantu baseSoviet.

Ngomhla wokuvavanywa kwezempi

Ukubuyiswa kwegunya laseJamani, enganelisekanga ngeziphumo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala (1914-1918), ngokuchasene nobudlobongela beqela eliye lagunyazwa khona, elikhokelwa nguDemon u-Adolf Hitler, kunye neengcamango zalo zobuhlanga, wenza ingozi yemfazwe entsha kwi-USSR. Ekupheleni kwee-1930, le mvakalelo yanda ngokungena kubantu, kwaye inkokeli enamandla yonke yelizwe elikhulu, uStalin, yayisanda ngakumbi ngakumbi.

Ilizwe lilungiselela. Abantu baya kwizakhiwo zokwakha kwintshona yelizwe, eSiberia nase-Urals, iifriji zasemkhosini zazakhela indawo yokuvelisa kwimimandla yasentshonalanga. Icandelo lezokhuselo lityalomali kakhulu imali, yoluntu kunye nezobunzululwazi kunokuba zithathwe ngabantu. Ukwandisa iziphumo zabasebenzi kwiidolophu nakwezolimo, iinjongo (intshukumo ye-Stakhanovite) kunye neendlela zokulawula eziqinileyo (imithetho ephazamisayo yokuqeqesha kwiifemu kunye neefama ezihlangeneyo) zisetyenzisiwe.

Ukuguqulwa komkhosi kwakumkelwa komthetho kwimisebenzi yemikhosi yemvelo (1939), ukuqeqeshwa komkhosi wonke wenziwa umkhosi. Kwakusebhankeni, kwiiklabhu ze-parachute, kwii-aeroclubs kwi-OSOAVIAHIMe, amaqhawe e-Patriotic War of 1941-1945 aqala ukufunda imicimbi yempi. Izikolo ezitsha zasemkhosini zavulwa, iintlobo ezintsha zezixhobo zaphuhliswa, kwaye kwakhiwa uhlobo oluneenkqubela phambili: i-armored and airborne. Kodwa ixesha alikwanele, ukulungelelaniswa kwempi yamaSoviet kwimiba emininzi ngaphantsi kwe-Wehrmacht, umkhosi weJamani we-fascist.

Ukulimala okukhulu kwaletha ukusola kukaStalin ngokumalunga neenjongo zamandla eziphezulu zabasebenzi. Kwaye kwaba nempembelelo enkulu, ukusika ukuya kwi-sibini yesithathu yegosa legosa. Kukho ingqungquthela yokucatshulwa kweengcaphephe zengxowankulu yaseJamani, eyabangela ukuba kuqhutywe amaninzi amaqhawe emfazwe asekuhlaleni ayenamaxhoba.

Umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle

UStalin kunye neenkokheli zamazwe afuna ukukhawulela i-European hegemony kaHitler (eBrithani, eFransi, eUnited States) ayinakudala i-front anti-fascist phambi kwemfazwe. Umkhokheli waseSoviet wazama ukudibana noHitler ngenzame yokumisa imfazwe. Oku kwakhokelela ekutyikityweni ngo-1939 we-Soviet-German (isivumelwano) sokungabikho kobundlobongela, okwakungekho negalelo ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla olwa no-Hitler.

Njengoko kwavela, iinkokeli zelizwe zaziphosakele malunga nexabiso lesivumelwano soxolo kunye noHitler. NgoJuni 22, 1941, i-Wehrmacht kunye neLuftwaffe yahlasela imida esentshonalanga ye-USSR ngaphandle kokumemezela imfazwe. Oku kwakuyinkqantosi ngokupheleleyo kwimikhosi yaseSoviet kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kuStalin.

Amava amaninzi

Ngomnyaka we-1940, uHitler wagunyaza icebo "Barbarossa". Ngokwalolu cwangciso, ukunqotshwa kwe-USSR, ukuthatha i-capital, kwanikwa iinyanga ezintathu zasehlobo. Kwaye okokuqala isicwangciso senziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwimfazwe bakhumbula indlela ephantse ingathembeki phakathi kwehlobo ehlobo. Izigidi ezingama-5,5 zaseJamani ezihlasele izigidi ezi-2.9 zaseRussia, ukuphakama okupheleleyo kwiimpahla - kwaye inyanga ifakwe eBelarus, e-Baltic, eMoldova, phantse yonke i-Ukraine. Ukulahlekelwa kwemikhosi yaseSoviet - ezili-1 ezigidi zabulawa, amabanjwa amawaka angama-700.

Ukuphawula kwaba kukuphakama kwamaJamani ekulawuleni umyalelo kunye nokulawula - amava okulwa emkhosini, owawudlulisele ihafu yeYurophu, ithinteke. I-Clever ijikeleze kwaye ichithe wonke amaqela avela eSmolensk, eKiev, kwisikhokelo saseMoscow, ukukhutshwa kweLeningrad kuqala. U-Stalin akawanelisekanga ngezenzo zabalawuli bakhe kunye neendawo zokungcebeleka kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zokunciphisa - ukudubula ngenxa yokunyaniseka, i- General Pavlov, umlawuli we-Western Front.

Imfazwe yabantu

Kodwa ke izicwangciso zikaHitler zawa. ISoviet Union yabuyela ngokukhawuleza ukuya emkhosini wemikhosi. Indlunkulu ephakamileyo yoMyalelo ophezulu wokulawula imikhosi kunye nebhunga elilawulayo elizwe lonke ilizwe-iKomidi yoKhuselo kaRhulumente, elawulwa yiNtloko inamandla onke uStalin.

UHitler wayekholelwa ukuba iindlela ze-Stalinist zokulawula ilizwe, ukunyanzelwa ngokungekho mthethweni kweentelligentsia, umkhosi, abahlali abacebileyo kunye neentlanga zonke ziza kubangela ukuwa kwe-state, ukubonakala kwe "kholomu yesihlanu" - njengoko wayeqhelekile eYurophu. Kodwa wahlukumeza.

Uthiyile abahlaseli amadoda emathanjeni, abafazi kumatshini oomatshini, amadoda amadala kunye nabantwana abancinci. Imfazwe yolu bunzima iyichaphazela i-destin yabo bonke abantu, kwaye ukuphumelela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokubanzi kwemimoya kuyadingeka. Amaxhoba ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo ayengeniswa nje ngenxa yeenjongo zokucinga, kodwa nangenxa yokuthandabuza ubuzwe, okwakubangelwa kwiimbali zangaphambili.

Imfazwe yaseMoscow

Ukuqala ukukhukhuma kokuqala kwakuyi-Smolensk. Imizamo yeHeroki yokuhlasela i-capital capital yayilibaziseka kude kube ngoSeptemba.

Ngo-Oktobha, amathangi aneenqanawa eziya kwiMoscow, enenjongo yokubamba inkunzi yaseSoviet ngaphambi kokuqala kwebanda. Kwakuyona nto yayinzima ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. EMoscow, iimeko zokungqinga zivakaliswa (19.10.1941).

Kwimbali, kuya kuhlala kusekho umkhosi wezempi kwiSikhumbuzo se-Oktobha (07.11.1941) njengesigxina sokuba nethemba lokuba uMoscow uza kukwazi ukukhusela. Amagosa kunye namajoni abantu aphuma kwi-Red Square ngqo ngaphambili, eyayiiikhilomitha ezingama-20 entshona.

Umzekelo wokunyamezela kwamajoni aseSoviet kwaba yi-28 yama-Red Army amadoda avela kwi-General Panfilov. Baye iiyure ezingama-4 belibazisekile iqela lamaqela angama-50 eDubosekovo bewela kwaye bafa, babhubhisa iinqwelo zokulwa ezili-18. Ezi ziqhawe zeMfazwe yePatriotic (1941-1945) ziyingxenye encinci yeSigqeba esingapheliyo seRashiya yaseRashiya. Ukuzincama okunjalo kwanikela intshaba yokungathandabuzeki kokunqoba, ukuqinisa inkalipho yabakhuseli.

Ukukhumbula iziganeko zemfazwe, uMarshal Zhukov, umphathi we-Western Front phantsi kweMoscow, uStalin owaqala ukubeka phambili kwiindima zokuqala, wayehlala ebona ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kokukhusela i-capital ukuphumeza ngoMeyi 1945. Nakuphi na ukulibaziseka komkhosi weentshaba kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuqokelela amandla okulwa nokulwa: iindawo ezitsha zamabutho aseSiberia zithunyelwa eMoscow. UHitler akazange acwangcise ukulwa imfazwe, amaJamani aqala ukuba neengxaki ngokunikezelwa kwemikhosi. Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, kwakukho ukuguquka kwimfazwe yenkunzi yaseRussia.

Umsi we-Twist

Ukungalindelekanga kuHitler ukuhlaselwa kwe-Red Army (5.12.1941) waphonsa amaJamani amaqhosha angamakhulu anamahlanu entshonalanga. Umkhosi we-fascists wahlulwa kokuqala kwimbali yayo, icebo lemfazwe eyinqoqo yahluleka.

Ukuhlaselwa kwagqitywa kwada kwada ngo-Epreli 1942, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba utshintsho olungaphendukiyo kwikhondo lempi lwalukude: ukunqotshwa okukhulu kwalandela uLeningrad, Kharkov, neCrimea, i-fascists yafika kwiVolga ngaseStalingrad.

Xa iimbali-mlando zeliphi ilizwe likhankanya iMfazwe Enkulu yamaPatriotic (1941-1945), isishwankathelo seziganeko zalo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kweMfazwe yaseStalingrad. Kwaye kwindonga yeso sixeko, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Hitler intshaba efungiweyo, wafumana umonakalo, ekugqibeleni wamkhohla.

Ukukhusela kweso sixeko kwakuhlala kufakwa ngesandla, kuyo yonke imimandla yommandla. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimfazwe bayabhiyozela inani elingazange lize lithathwe ngabantu kunye nezobuchwepheshe, litsalwe kumacala amabini kwaye litshiswa emlilweni we-Battle of Stalingrad. AmaJamani alahlekelwa ikota yemikhosi-iigononet ezigidi neziqingatha, izigidi ezi-2 - ilahleko zethu.

Ukuqina okubonakalayo kwamajoni aseSoviet ngokuzikhusela nokukhuseleka okungenakuphikiswa, kunye nekhono elongeziweyo lolo myalelo, liqinisekise ukujikeleza kunye nokubanjwa kwamaqela angama-22 e-Army ye-Field Marshal Paulus. Iziphumo zesibini zasebusika zasemkhosini zatshitshisa iJamani kunye nehlabathi lonke. Imbali yemfazwe ka-1941-1945 yatshintsha ikhosi, kwacaca ukuba i-USSR yayingakhange imelane nokuqhuma kokuqala, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yayiza kubangela isityhalelo esinamandla kwiintshaba.

Isigaba sokugqibela sokuguquka kwimfazwe

Imizekelo emininzi yesikhulu somlawuli weSoviet umyalelo ibandakanya iMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic (1941-1945). Isishwankathelo seziganeko zango-1943 liluhlu lwezinto eziphumelelayo zokunqoba kweRashiya.

Intwasahlobo ka-1943 yaqala ngoxanduva lweSoviet kuzo zonke iindawo. Ukucwangciswa komgca wangaphambili kwaphazamisa ukujikeleza kweSoviet Army kwingingqi yaseKursk. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamaJamani phantsi kwegama elithi "Citadel" bekukulo njongo, kodwa uMyalelo we-Red Army uqikelele ukukhusela okukhuselekileyo kwiindawo zokuphuhliswa kwesigxina ngelixa zilungiselela ukugcinwa kweendawo zokugcina.

Ukukhushulwa kweJamani ekuqaleni kukaJulayi kwakwazi ukugqithisa ukukhusela iiSoviet kuphela ngamacandelo ukuya kwi-35 km. Imbali yemfazwe (1941-1945) iyazi umhla wokuqala kwinqanaba elikhulu lokulwa neenqwelo zokulwa. Ngomhla wokutshisa ngoJulayi, ngomhla we-12, kwinqanaba elingaphantsi komzi waseProkhorovka, abasebenza kwiitank 1200 baqala ukulwa. AmaJamani - entsha "Tiger" kunye ne "Panther", amaRashiya - T-34 kunye nompu omtsha, onamandla kakhulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwabangamaJamani kwagxotha izixhobo ezihlaselayo zikaGoli zikaHitler ezandleni zikaHitler, kwaye umkhosi we-fascist wada wazama ukukhusela.

Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 1943, uBelgorod no-Orel bahlaselwa, kwaye iKharkov nayo yakhululwa. Ngethuba lokuqala ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, le nyathelo lafunyanwa yi-Red Army. Ngoku abalawuli baseJamani bafanele baqikelele ukuba bekuya kuqala ukulwa.

Kwiminyaka emininzi yempi, iimbali-mlando zikhethe imisebenzi e-10 eyimfuneko, eyakhokelela ekukhululweni kwintsimi ebanjwe ngutshaba. Kuze kube ngo-1953, babizwa ngokuba ngu-10 "Stalinist".

Imfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic (1941-1945): isishwankathelo esifutshane somsebenzi wempi ka-1944

1. Ukususwa kwe-Leningrad ivaliwe (ngoJanuwari 1944).
2. NgoJanuwari-uEpreli 1944: Ukusebenza kweKorsun-Shevchenkovskaya, iimfazwe eziphumeleleyo kwiBhanki laseYurophu elungileyo, ngo-Matshi 26 - ukuya kumda weRomania.
3. Ukukhululwa kweCrimea (ngoMeyi 1944).
4. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweFinland eKarelia, ukurhoxiswa kwayo kwimfazwe (ngoJuni-Agasti 1944).
5. Ukuhlaselwa kweemida ezine kwiByelorussia (ukusebenza "iBagration").
6. Julayi-Agasti - ukulwa eNtshona Ukraine, ukusebenza kweLvov-Sandomierz.
7. Umsebenzi we-Iasi-Kishinev, ukunqotshwa kwamaqela angama-22, ukuhoxiswa kwimfazwe yaseRomania neBulgaria (uAgasti 1944).
8. Uncedo kuma-guerrilla aseYugoslavia Tito (Septemba 1944).
9. Ukukhululwa kweBaltic (ngoJulayi-Oktobha ngaloo nyaka).
10. Oktobha - inkululeko yeSoviet Circumpolar neNortheast yaseNorway.

Ukuphela kolawulo lweentshaba

Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, ummandla we-USSR kwimida yangaphambi kwemfazwe inkululeko. Ixesha lokuhlala kubantu baseBelarus naseUkraine liphelile. Ukuhlanganisana kwezopolitiko namhlanje kwenza ukuba "amanani" athile abe ngumsebenzi waseJamani malunga nentsikelelo. Kufanelekile ukubuza malunga nalezi zivela eBelarusians, ezilahlekelwa yiyo yesine kwizenzo "zaseYurophu eziphucukileyo".

Akukho nto ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala kwamanye amazwe kwimimandla ehlala kuyo, abaqabane baqala ukusebenza. Imfazwe ka-1941-1945 kule ngqiqo yaba yinto ye- Warritic War ye-1812 , xa abanye abahlaseli baseYurophu bebengakwazi ukuphumla kwintsimi yethu.

Ukukhululwa kweYurophu

Iphulo lokukhululwa kweYurophu lifuna ukuba i-USSR iindleko zokungakholeki kwemithombo yabantu kunye nemikhosi. UHitler, ongazange avume ingcamango yokuba i-soldier yaseSoviet yayiza kungena eJamani, yalahleka yonke into enokuyenza ekulweni, ibeke amadoda amakhulu kunye nabantwana phantsi kweengalo.

Inkambo yesigqibo sokugqibela yemfazwe ingagqithiselwa egameni lamabhaso asekwe nguRhulumente waseSoviet. Amajoni aseSoviet afumana iindidi zemfazwe ka-1941-1945: ngenxa yokukhululwa kweBelgrade (20.10.1944), iWarsaw (7.01.1945), ePrague (ngoMeyi 9), ekuthinjweni kweBudapest (ngoFebruwari 13), eKoenigsberg (ngo-Apreli 10), eVienna (Epreli 13). Kwaye ekugqibeleni, i-servicemen yavuzwa ngokutshabalalisa iBerlin (ngoMeyi 2).

... kwaye uMeyi wafika. Ukunqoba kwaphawulwa ngokusayinwa ngoMeyi 8 woMthetho ngokunikezelwa kwemikhosi yaseJamani ngokungenamthetho, kwaye ngo-Juni 24 kwakuqhutywe i-parade kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabameli beendawo zonke, iintlobo kunye namasebe emikhosi.

Uloyiso Olukhulu

I-adventure kaHitler ixabisa kakhulu abantu. Inani elichanekileyo lokulahlekelwa kwabantu lisaxutyushwa. Ukubuyiselwa kwezixeko ezonakalisiweyo, ukusekwa koqoqosho kufuneke iminyaka emininzi yokusebenza kanzima, indlala kunye nokunyanzelwa.

Isiphumo somfa ngoku siqikelelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iinguqu ze-geopolitical ezenzeka emva ko-1945 zineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukufunyanwa kwemimandla yeSoviet Union, ukuvela kwekampu yentlalo, ukuqiniswa kobunzima bezopolitiko be-USSR kwiimeko zobungqina obusandul 'ukukhawuleza kwabakhokelela ekudibaneni kunye nokunyanyisana phakathi kweeNtshontsho kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini.

Kodwa iziphumo eziphambili azixhomekeke nakuphi na ukuhlaziywa, azixhomekeke kwimbono yezopolitiko ezifuna ukufumana izibonelelo ezikhawulezileyo. KwiMfazwe Enkulu yamaPatriotic, ilizwe lethu likhusele inkululeko kunye nokuzimela, isitha esiyingozi satshatyalaliswa - umphathi weengcamango ezinzulu, esongela ukutshabalaliswa kweentlanga zonke, abantu baseYurophu basinda kulo.

Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimfazwe behla kumbali, abantwana beemfazwe sele bekhulile abantu, kodwa imemori yaloo mfazwe iya kuhlala ubomi nje ngokuba abantu banako ukuxabisa inkululeko, ukunyaniseka nesibindi.