U-Ivars Beskostny uyinkokheli yeDanish Vikings, unyana kaRagnar Lodbrock. Biography, imbali

I-Viking Ivars i-Boneless idumileyo yindodana yeRagnar Lodbrock. Ukuphindezela ngenxa yokufa kukayise, lo mhedeni wabutha umkhosi omkhulu, owawufika eBrithani. Umphumo wolu phulo olungakaze lube lusetyenziswe ukunqotshwa kwengxenye yesiqithi ngabaDanes (okhokho baseDanes), apho ikhulu lama-Scandinavians lwakhiwa khona iminyaka. U-Ivar ngokwakhe wayeyaziwa njengomkhosi onobukrakra, obengumdla weentlobo ezininzi. Ubomi bakhe, obugcwele imibala emhlophe, lujikelezwe ngamanqaku amaninzi kunye nemibono.

UNyana woKumkani

UKumkani waseDanish uRagnar Lodbroke wayengayiqhayiya kuphela yimpumelelo yakhe yempi, kodwa nayo inzala enkulu. Ivar nguyena kuphela oonyana abaninzi beqhawe elimangalisayo. Ngenxa yamaxwebhu ahlukileyo kunye namaxwebhu angalunganga alo xesha, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuba iViking yazalwa nini. Ininzi yolwazi oluchanekileyo ngo-Ivar lushiya emva kwakhe "I-Saga kaRagnar kunye noonyana Bakhe." Kodwa kulo akukho zizathu malunga nobuntwana kunye nolutsha lwenkokheli yexesha elizayo yamaDanes.

Akungabazeki ukuba ivar ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala ekufundeni umkhosi wezempi. Uyise wakhupha kuye iViking yangempela, okungekho nto ekhoyo ebomini ngaphandle kweminyango kunye nokuphanga kwi-Yurophu yaseYurophu. Kwakuyimpumelelo yekhulu le-9 eyayiba yintsikelelo yokuhlaselwa ngamanzi kunye nokucebhisa amaScandinavia. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlasele iFransi neBritani. Kwakule shishini elihle ukuba u-Ivar Besostny azinikezele ubomi bakhe bonke. Akazange aqalise intsapho kwaye wayishiya abantwana bakhe.

Name Riddle

Abaphandi abazange bafike kumbono owodwa, oko kwakuthetha igama lesidlaliso sokuba i-Ivars i-Bessless igugile (kutheni i-Beskostny?). Iingcamango zichasene. Mhlawumbi i-Ivory yayibizwa ngokuba nguBoskostnost ngenxa yokungaxakekanga okungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye iimbali-mlando zibonisa ukuba imbangela yesiteketiso ingaba sisifo esingaziwayo.

Nangona u-Ivar enesifo esithile, akazange amyeke ukuhamba uhambo olude. Ngo-865, uyise uRagnar wasinda kwinqanawa eyaphuka kummandla waseBrithani. INkosi Northumbria uElla II, owabazonda abahedeni, wabulala iViking. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwabuhlungu. U-Ragnar waphoswa emgodini ozele iinyoka ezinobuthi. Ndakuva iindaba zokufa kukaba ekhaya. Ngaloo mzuzu, imbali yaseDenmark yajika ngokukhawuleza. Abantwana bakaRagnar baya kwisiqithi esikude ukuze babuyise uyise.

Ukuhamba Ngaphandle

Ekubeni kwe-865, uMkhosi Omkhulu wasePagan wanyuka amaDrakkars ayo waya eBrithani. Iinqwelo zokuqala i-Ivara yabona abahlali abahlala kwicala lolwandle laseKent. Abahedeni baphanga iBrithani ngaphezu kweyodwa, kodwa akukho nabanye balapho abaye bakhumbula amanqanawa amaninzi. Ngokweziqikelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo, u-Ivars Beskostny waqokelela iqela leenqanawa ezingama-300-400, ezi-5,000 zabantu. Kwiminyaka ye-IX, la manani ayenamangalisa. Kwakubonakala ngathi abantu bonke basuke befuduka, njengoko kwakunjalo ngexesha leMfudumalo ePhambukayo yeZizwe, xa ookhokho base-Anglo-Saxon bashiya ilizwe laseYurophu baze bahlala eBrithani.

Kanye kunye no-Ivar, oonyana ababini bakaRagnar, uKhalfdan no-Ubba, babuyisela uyise. Emva kokuphanga kokuqala eKent nakwi siqithi saseTetet, i-flotilla yeVikings yaya phambili. Abahedeni bakhetha iinjongo zabo ezilandelayo EMpumalanga yeNgilani, eyayigweba uKumkani Edmund. Ngokukhawuleza kwacaca ukuba oku akuzange kube yinto ehlaseleyo yeDanes. Abafokazi babeza kuhlala eNgilani ixesha elide.

Inqwelo enkulu yaseDanes yaphefumlela ukwesaba kwangempela. Kwimikhumbi yemfazwe yamaDakakki yayinemibala yamatye. Umkhosi wabahedeni wawubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo zeempawu. Iinqanawa zaseIvar kunye nabazalwana bakhe zazingekho. IiVikings zikholelwa ukuba izithixo zokhuni zikunceda ukukhupha imimoya emibi kwaye zenze uloyiso kubandezeli. Iinqanawa zase-en zibe neyakhelo ekhethekileyo ngexesha labo. Iinqanawa azizange ziwele iinqanawa ezikumantla, kodwa zafuduka zihamba emanzini angatye. Lo mbandela wokugqibela wawubaluleke kakhulu kubantwana baseRagnar. Nangona xa ndiseMbhishobhi yaseBrithani, ivar ehamba kunye nemigodi yayikwazi ukuthwala iinqanawa kunye nezinto ezigcinwe kunye nokuphanga.

Izizathu ezongezelelweyo zokungena

Bonke abahlaziyi balo xesha bavuma ukuba u-Ivar kunye nabazalwana bakhe baya eBrithani ukuphindezela ngenxa yokufa kukayise, kwaye le ngcamango ayinakuzaza. Kodwa yintoni eyenza ukuba balandele umkhosi omkhulu kunye nenani elikhulu labalandeli abajoyina kwixesha elizayo lokuhlasela? Iyintoni intsingiselo yembali yaloo mkhankaso omdala?

Ngokomzekelo, amaNorway akashiya ilizwe lawo ngenxa yeliphulelo lomhlaba wonxweme kunye nokugqithisa. Kodwa oonyana bakaRagnar kunye namagorha abo babengamaqabunga, ngoko ke babeshukunyiswa ezinye iinjongo. Ukuthetha ngezizathu ezinzulu zokuhlasela kwe-Army enkulu yamaPagan (kwaye kungekhona nje ngecebo elihle lokuziphindezela ngenxa yokufa kukaRagnar), kufuneka kuthiwa kwakulo xesha (ngekhulu le-9), emva kweengxaki ezide ezalandela ukuwa kolawulo lwaseNtshona Koloni, IYurophu yabona ukwanda okukhulu kworhwebo. Umlambo omkhulu wesilivere kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeempahla ezidlulileyo kule ndawo. Kwakukho izixeko ezintsha zokuthengisa, kuquka iBritish Lundenwick (eLondon). Imizi efana nayo yayisityebi, kodwa yayingekho iinqaba ezinamandla (ngenxa yendawo kwindawo yamanzi okanye elwandle). Ngaloo ndlela, iiVikings zajamelana nesilingo esiphindwe kabini - kungekhona nje into ecebileyo, kodwa ikhuselwe kakubi ngxwelongo.

Izizathu zokuvela kweenqwelo ezinkulu ukusuka kolwandle lwaseBrithani zazingekho kwezoqoqosho kuphela, kodwa nakwizopolitiko. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-IX eDenmark, kwakukho umzabalazo phakathi kwamandla olawulo lobukhosi kunye neenkokheli zempi zeVikings. Amakhosi ayefuna ukulawula ukuhlasela. Ukuqhayisa kunye nokuqhelekileyo inkululeko yokukhwela inqabileyo inqwenela lo mnqweno. Ngama-854, umkhosi wasebenzisana noKumkani uHorik I. Lo mlawuli wenza uxolo kunye noFaro waseFransi waza walathintela iiprojekthi zabantu bakubo. Emva kokufa kukaHorik waseDenmark ixesha elide lahlala lingenawo amandla, okwakungagcina iiVikings ezinqwenela iiphulo. Eli thuba lalisetyenzisiwe nguRagnar, kwaye inkululeko efanayo yayidlala ezandleni zabantwana bakhe, abaye bakwazi ukumbambisana nabo abaninzi kwinxalenye yabalandeli.

Ukupaka kwi-East Anglia

Ngomnyaka olandelayo, ngo-866, iiVikings ezaphanga iFransi zazi ukuba iIvars yaseBoston yakha inqaba e-East Anglia. Kukho ukutshisa ukufudumela kuwo onke amaScandinavia. E-East Anglia inqwenela kwaye yagqiba ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Abantwana uRagnar bachitha eBrithani lonke ubusika. Inani leenkampu zaseScandinavia landa - ifu phezu kwentloko kaEdmmund yayanda. IiVikings azizange zishiye nangemva kokuba zidibene nama-comrades abafumana inzuzo enkulu eFransi- uKarl waseBald wathengisa ama-4,000 iilivere zesiliva. Amajoni amaninzi kwakulo mda wamaphupha, nangona kunjalo i-Ivars neBaskosty yayixabisa iinjongo ezide kakhulu.

Ukuya kwelinye ilizwe, umkhokeli wenkokeli wenza icebo elipheleleyo. Wagqiba ekubeni ayeke iqhinga lokuhamba eScandinavians kwaye enze umkhosi wakhe ihashe. Kule nto, eMpuma yeNgilani, abantu abangaziwayo bathabatha inqwaba yamahashe kubantu bakuloo ndawo. Amashishini amahhashi ayeyimfuneko ukunyakaza ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba elingavamile. Ukufika kwindawo yokulwa, iViking yaxhatshazwa kwaye yenza njengokhuseleko kwikhuselo ngeenyawo. Umkhosi ngamnye wayekhusele umhlobo wakhe - umkhosi walwa njengento enye.

Trakking e Northumbria

Abahedeni ababehlasela iBrithani baxhamle kwi-nyaniso yokuba kwakungekho negunya elilodwa kwisiqithi. INgilani yahlulwa ngezikumkani ezixhenxe. Ulwalamano lwawo lwaluyibhola edibeneyo yokuphikisana. Njengomthetho, babenobundlobongela, kwaye ngokufika kwabangamazwe bazama ukuhlanganisa imizamo yabo ekuchaseni intshaba. Oku akuzange kube njalo.

Inkokeli yeDanish Vikings, ivar, nayo yayiyazi malunga nazo zonke iingxaki zezopolitiko. Okokuqala wanquma ukuhlasela i-Northumbria. Lobukumkani buhlupheke kwiingxabano zangaphakathi. Ngobusuku babemi bakhe baqhuba u-Osbert inkosi yakhe. Endaweni yayo kwafika u-Ella II. Kwakuyalelwe ukuba uRagnar Lodbrock abulawe, owaphonswa emhadini ngeenyoka.

Ngako oko, u-Ivar kunye nabazalwana bakhe bakhetha i-Northumbria ngokuziphindezela kwabo ngenxa yesizathu sokuba ubu bubukumkani, baninzi babo bonke, babhekene neengxaki ze-internecine. Ubukhosi bendawo behlukana. Isiqingatha saso sasixhasa i-usurper. Omnye wayethemba ukubuyela kuka-Osbert, owayengowokumkani wasebukhosini kwaye unamalungelo afanelekileyo etrone (ngokuchasene no-Ella II ubugcisa).

I mpi ndezelo yegazi

AmaPagan ahlasela iNorhumbria ngoNovemba 1, 866. Umkhosi malunga nabantu abayi-10 000 bahokela inkokheli yeDanish Vikings Ivar. NgamaKristu kwakuyiSuku Lobugqibeleleyo-umhla owakhumbula ngawo ngezixhobo kunye nokuya ecaweni. IVikings yabathathaka. Ukongezelela, iimpikiswano phakathi kwabahloniphekileyo nazo zadlala indima. Kuze kube ngumhla wokugqibela, amakhosi ase-Northumbrian awazange athathe naluphi na amanyathelo amanyathelo okukhusela ilizwe, ukuba nethemba liza kubadlula kwaye liwele kuMercia.

Ngenxa yoko, i-Anglo-Saxon ayikwazanga ukubonelela naluphi na ukunyanzelisa. Bobabini ukumkani wabaleka. U-Ivar, kunye nabazalwana bakhe nomkhosi, bangena eYork. Isixeko, esasisiseko samaRoma, kangangeminyaka eyadlulela kudada. Apho iiVikings zihlala zihlambuluke, zilungise iinqaba ezichithwe kwaye zilungele ukulwa ngokutsha namaKristu.

Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo (867), abathunjiweyo u-Osbert no-Ella bagqiba ukudibanisa baze bagqiba ukusebenzisana. Bahlasela iYork ngoMatshi 23, ngeSonto lePlanga. Ngokukhawuleza kuqinisekiswe iiNglo-Saxon impumelelo yokuqala. Kwakubonakala ngathi abachasene nabo batshintshisana. Ngoku iintshaba zeViking zazingxenyeni. Nangona kunjalo, umkhosi wookumkani ababini wawa ngumgibe. Ngezikhefu kwiindonga waza waqhekeza waya eYork waza wajikelezwa isihlwele esikhulu nakwiVikings.

Iqhawe elinzima i-Ivar yayingeyona nje imfazwe emangalisayo. Ngomzuzu onzima, unokusebenzisa ubuqili kunye nokulwayisa intshaba yakhe ngengqondo. Ama-Anglo-Saxons ahanjiswa. U-Ella no-Osbert bakhokhela ubomi babo. Ngokwahlukileyo kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukufa kombulali uRagnar. U-Ella waziswa kwi-Ivar kwaye, phambi kwempindiselo efuna uluntu, waxhomekeke ekusebenziseni ubuhedeni obuyingqungquthela-"inkozi yamanzi". Ixhoba laqhenqulwa kwisifuba, lakhupha imiphunga, kwaye "amaphiko" apheliswa emhlane. "I-Eagle Bloody" yanikezelwa ku-Odin. Abahedeni babulela unkulunkulu wabo wemfazwe ngokubaluleka okubalulekileyo nokukhunjulwayo.

Imfazwe noMercia

Ukuba ngumphathi wenkosi yase-Northumbria, iqhinga u-Ivar Ragnarsson wenqaba ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Wenza isikhwama sakhe uEgbert ipopi. Ulwazi olumalunga nalo mntu luyikhredithi. Inokwenzeka ukuba, wayengumntu ohloniphekileyo wase-Anglo-Saxon, ngelixa engenanto engayenza kunye nobukhosi bokuqala bokumkani. U-Egbert wathobela iViking kuyo yonke into waza wanika inqaku kwimikhosi yawo ngexesha leeprojekthi.

Ngoku kwakuyixesha likaMercia. Kwakukho nomkhosi owashukumisa iIvars Besostny. UKumkani uBurgred waqala ukukhawuleza ufuna uncedo eWessex. Okwangoku, iiVikings zazimisa kwiindonga zaseNottingham, apho zaphula khona inkampu yesikhashana. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi weNkosi uWessex Ethelred wabuya umkhosi womkhosi waseBurroughd. Nangona kunjalo, umanyano omtsha, njengangaphambili, awukwazi ukwenza nantoni nabangaphandle. Ama-Anglo-Saxon azama ukuthatha ikampu yaseViking, kodwa le nto yahluleka.

Unyana kaRagnar, Ivar the Boneless, wafezekisa injongo yakhe. UMercia wahlawula iintlanga umnikelo omkhulu, emva koko bahlala umhlalaphantsi. Ngeli xesha, ivar wayesebenzisa iindlela zobubele zikayise - isongelo. Wavuma ukuthanda uxolo, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo wayefuna imirhumo emikhulu. Ngo-869, amaDanes abuyela eYork.

Uloyiso phezu kweEdmund

Emva kokuphumla ixesha elide u-Ivar waya kwindawo yokuqala yohambo lwakhe - eMpuma yeNgilani. Ubu bukumkani babedume ngokuzityebi zabo kwiimonasteri zaseBritani. Ngethuba lokuhlaselwa kwabantu baseScandinavia bazama ukuphanga ngokuthe ngqo iithempelini, kuba babefumana ixhoba elicebileyo (yokuqala yegolide yonke). U-Ubba (lowo u-Ivar wambeka phezu kwentloko yomkhosi) wakhetha njengenjongo yakhe yendwendwe yasePotboro. Bonke abaphathiswa beli ndwendwe (kuquka i-abbot) babulawa. Kwiimonki, iViking yaba yindlela yokuphila yeprofeto sikaYeremiya. Ngaphandle kwexesha leTestamente Elidala, waxela ukuba abaphambukeli begazi, ababevela emantla ekumntla, babeza kutshabalalisa kunye nomsindo kwilizwe lobuKristu. Akumangalisi ukuba amaKatolika ahlala eBrithani aphatha iiVikings njengobungendawo obubi kakhulu, abangazange bawale iintloko zabo ngendlela yesiluleko sikaThixo ngenxa yezono zabo zangaphambili.

Ukubonisa amandla e-in, Ivar wathumela umyalezo kuKumkani wase-East Anglia, u-Edmund, enxusa ukuba abe ngumbutho weentlanga, njengoEgbert wenza eN Northumbria. Umlawuli wenqaba. Kwacaca ukuba ukuthetha ngokuchasene ne-Ivar kwakuchaza isigwebo sokufa. Nangona kunjalo, uEdmund wayengesabi ngengozi ehamba phezu kwakhe. Mhlawumbi waqonda ukuba akayi kukwazi ukunqoba amaDanes, kodwa wayenethemba lokubaphazamise de yena ngokwakhe ubhalise inkxaso yabalingani.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba wayecinga njani ukumkani, izicwangciso zakhe azizange zenzeke. U-Edmund wanquma ukulibazisa ixesha, evuma ukuba abe ngu-Ivar, ukuba uyamkela ubuKristu. Umhedeni akazange ambulele umnikelo. Umkhosi omncinci waseMpumalanga Anglia wahlulwa. Edmund wa bulawa. Lo kumkani waba ngumnye wabangcwele baseNgesi abahloniphekileyo. Ngokomxholo, iiVikings zenza ukuba ithagethi yeentolo, ukuzithengisa ubuhlungu kunye nokufa kancinci.

Uhambo oluya e-Ireland

Emva kweziganeko e-East Anglia kunye nokubulawa kwabantu ku-Edmund, ubomi buka-Ivar buya kuba yimfihlakalo. Ngakolunye icala, ngokwemiqulu ye-Ethelwerd, le Viking yafa kungekudala emva kwelo phulo. Nangona kunjalo, iimbali-mlando ziye zafika kwisigqibo sokuba olu bungqina luyiphutha. Umbono wesibini kunye nakwindawo ephakamileyo yokujonga kukuba, ngokubhiyozela ukunqoba e-East Anglia, amaScandinaviya ahlukana. Omnye umkhosi wahlala eBrithani kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqalisa imfazwe ngokulwa noWessex, omnye waya e-Ireland. Lo ngumkhosi wesibini waza waholwa ngu-Ivars Beskostny.

I-biography yeViking iyahlukana. Kwaye ukuba kuninzi eyaziwayo malunga nomkhankaso wakhe waseBrithani, uhambo olulandelayo lonyana wakhe uRagnar lwashiya ubungqina obuncinci obungathembekanga. Ukushiya umkhosi eNgilani phantsi kobunkokheli bomzalwana wakhe u-Halfdan, u-Ivar wayechasene nabemi base-Ireland Picts.

Kwangexesha elide eli siqithi lizwe elilula kwiiVikings. Abantu baseScandinavia babamba inkomo, ubutyebi kunye namakhoboka kungekho bunzima. Ukuba kwakukho ookumkani abasixhenxe eNgilani, ngoko iinkokheli zolawulo zaseIreland, ezo zinto zazincinci ngobukhulu. Ukuqhekeka okunjalo bekubalulekileyo kwiintshaba eziphumelelayo. Ukongeza, abantu basekuhlaleni babehlala kwinkqubo yokuqala. Kwakungekho mkhosi okhuselayo e-Ireland. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba abantu abanokuthula bahlasele izixhobo zabasemzini kunye neendlela zokufunda zasemkhosini. Ivar kwafuneka ajongane nomdlali onjalo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina obucacileyo bokuhlala kwakhe e-Ireland.

Ivar ekulweni

Abahlalutyi kunye nenzala baquka iiIvars njengeberserks. Ngako oko kuthiwa yiyona nto inobungozi kwaye engenakukhathazeka ngamanxeba kunye nentlungu yamaViking. Kwakunzima ukufumana umhlobo ogqwesileyo kwimfazwe. Ukubetha ayeligxothayo kwiintshaba kwakubangele ukothuka kukutshaba, kwaye ukwesaba ngakumbi kwaphefumlela igama lakhe njengelichasi. Ubomi berserk bujikelezwe ngumgubo wemfihlakalo. Laba balwa bathi bakwazi ukucothula imithi, banqande amalahle ashushu kwaye banqume indoda ngomkhonto omnye.

Endle yokulwa Ivar waya phantsi kwebhanile lukayise Ragnar. Kweli ngelaphu wawubonisa isimboli ngokufanayo Vikings - Black Raven ezidla. Olu phawu kwakufuneka zombini ukomeleza umoya namaqabane akhe, yaye yayikukulumkisa iintshaba. Army Vikings Ivar wayedla Amaqhinga 'udonga namakhaka. " A efanayo sele ithunyelwe kodwa amaRoma with "ufudo" yabo edumileyo. Warriors zakhiwa kwisangqa babeka kunye izihlangu zawo. Isiphumo inqaba ezihambayo. Yaba ingongoma ingqondo, kunye umqobo olukhuselayo.

Ukufa, ziyahlelwa selabafileyo

Ngokutsho imithombo kumaxesha, Ivar wafa kunyaka 873. Iimeko ngokuhamba kwakhe ubomi azaziwa. Nokuba umphathi wabulawa Ireland, nguye ngokuqinisekileyo wangcwatyelwa ngokwabo kwilizwe labo elitsha - in yiNorthumbria. Isiphetho Ivar emzimbeni ixesha elide yaqhubeka iyimfihlelo. Kuphela kwinkulungwane XVII, umlimi kwidolophu Repton Bakhubeka phezu ingcwaba ukuba izazinzulu kamva ziye zachongwa engcwabeni edume Viking.

sagas yaseScandinavia walondoloza lamandulo we izinto ezingcwele Ivar. IiNtlanga wayefuna ukungcwatyelwa yiNorthumbria, ngenkolelo yokuba ingcwaba lakhe uya kunceda Danes ukuphumelela zonke iintlobo iintshaba. Xa England wangena uKumkani uHarald, ngenene woyiswa kwaye akakwazi ukoyisa lizwe. Ukwazi malunga neziqalekiso, exudes udonga Ivar, uWilliam koloyiso, sabetha eBritani phakathi kwenkulungwane XI, kuqala wemba ingcwaba. Emva lo mkhosi, uNorman wakwazi ukoyisa lonke eNgilani. Yinyani okanye intsomi - nje ukuba bathi akunakwenzeka. Noko ke, Ivar ngokusesikweni ligorha amavo ezininzi ephakathi. Imbali Denmark uyayazi kangako aphantsi kweenjengele emangalisayo kunye oludlamkileyo.