Le ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya: kwimbali, umhla kunye namanqaku anika umdla. Njengoko Russia wahlala phantsi Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe

Russia phantsi Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe kwabakho nehlazo kakhulu. Waye subordinated ngokupheleleyo zombini kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kuphela. Ngoko ke, ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya, umhla emi phezu Ugra emlanjeni - ngo-1480, ibonwa siganeko sibalulekileyo kwimbali yethu. Nangona Russia waza waba elizimeleyo zezopolitiko kodwa yokunika imbeko kwisayizi encinane eyaqhubeka de kube lixesha uPetros. ukugqitywa ngokupheleleyo Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe - umnyaka we 1700, xa uPetros Omkhulu ububhangisile intlawulo khans iCrimea.

Mongol nempi

Kwinkulungwane XII abasemathanga Mongolian sasimanyene phantsi kolawulo umlawuli okhohlakeleyo yaye unobuqili Temujin. Zonke imiqobo amandla mda yena ufekethe aziqinise, uye wadala umkhosi ekhethekileyo, leyo iphumelele uloyiso emva uloyiso. Yena ekudaleni ubukhosi enkulu, ogama izidwangube zakhe Genghis Khan. Ekubeni oyisa Asia, imikhosi Mongol bafika eCaucasus kunye eCrimea. Bachitha Alans kunye Polovtsy. Kona Polovtsian icele uncedo eRashiya.

Intlanganiso yokuqala

20 okanye 30 amawaka amajoni yomkhosi Mongolian, akunakuqinisekiswa. Bakhokelwa Jebe ne Subedei. Beyeka Dnieper. Ngelo xesha, nangona Polovtsian Khan wabongoza galich Prince Mstislav Ngabasileyo ukuba bathethe phandle ngokuchasene ayehlasela mabutho ezoyikekayo. Yena wancediswa Mstislav Mstislav of Kiev kunye Chernigov. Ngokutsho imithombo eyahlukeneyo, umkhosi iyonke Russian zininzi abantu-10 ukuya kwi-100 lamawaka. Ibhunga imfazwe egcinwe ngasechwebeni emlanjeni Kalka. Isicwangciso esihlangeneyo ayizange yaphuhliswa. Mstislav i Bold wenza enye. Yayame kuphela iintsalela ye Polovtsy, kodwa ngexesha edabini, asaba. Awuzukuxhasa inkosana Galician kodwa kwakufuneka kulwa abahlaseli ukuba kweminquba yabo zaqiniswa Mongols. iintsuku ezintathu side Battle. inkohliso Kuphela ndithembise ukuba ukuthatha nabani ibanjwa Mongols angene eminqubeni. Kodwa amazwi akhe akazange ugcine. irhuluneli Russian nesikhulu Mongolians ubomi libotshelelwe, zayigubungela ngeeplanga waza wahlala phezu kwabo, baza baqalisa ukuba anelise uloyiso, anandiphe encwina ngayo ukufa. Ngoko engcungcutheka babulala umthetheli Kievan kunye neqembu yakhe. Kwaba 1223. I Mongols, ngaphandle kokuya kwi iinkcukacha, ubuyele Asia. iminyaka elishumi kamva ukubuya. Kwaye yonke le minyaka eRashiya waba baxambulisana kukrakra phakathi iinkosana. It luqinile ngokupheleleyo amandla yaseMzantsi izilawuli.

ukuhlasela

Umzukulwana Genghis Khan kaThixo Batu, enempi enkulu kwesiqingatha sesigidi, ngokuphumelela umdlalo we iVolga eBulgaria kwi empumalanga, nelizwe Polovtsian emazantsi, waya oozilawuli Russian ngoDisemba 1237. cebo lakhe wayengekho ukunika idabi enkulu ukuhlaselwa units ngamnye, beqhekeza ndedwa. Ukuya phezulu kwimida akumazantsi Ryazan ubulawuli, likhankanya AmaTatar yafuna kuye ngokomlinganiso: isahlulo seshumi se-amahashe, abantu neenkosana. Ryazan okumenza bafunwe amajoni amawaka amathathu. Bathumela uncedo ku Vladimir, akwabakho nto uncedo. Emva kweentsuku ezintandathu zokungqinga of Ryazan wabanjwa. Abahlali zitshatyalalisiwe, satshatyalaliswa umzi. Oko kwakukho kwasekuqalekeni. Le ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa iminyaka engamakhulu amabini, anamanci mane nzima. Kolomna ndlela ilandelayo. Kukho banjengabantu Russian babulawa phantse zonke. EMoscow amanga eluthuthwini. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba umntu ufuna ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, wangcwatywa kwi Borovitsky Hill yobu ubucwebe zesilivere. Amfumana ingozi xa umsebenzi wokwakha lwaqhutywa kwi yesicelo kwi-imi- 90 lwekhulu XX. Okulandelayo kwaba Vladimir. I Mongols bayisindisile akukho abafazi okanye nabantwana, waza watshabalalisa isixeko. Ke wawela Torzhok. Kodwa intwasahlobo kuza, yaye, esoyika iindlela ezimbi, i Mongols waya ngasemzantsi. North Amathafa Rus ukuba asinamdla. Kodwa endleleni waba wayezithethelela yi ezincinane Kozelsk. Kuba phantse ezimbini iinyanga umzi nokuwubona inkani. Kodwa Mongols kwafika ukusekelwa na izinto zokutyhomfa, yafunqulwa umzi. Zonke abavikeli ebenokuvalwa Baphuma ke edolophini ilitye. Ngoko ke, zonke North-Eastern Russia ngo-1238, zisala zonakele. Yaye ngubani na ngokuthandabuza ukuba Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya? Ukususela inkcazo emfutshane ukuba neentlobano ezimangalisayo olungileyo, akunjalo na?

South-West Russia

kufika ngo-1239. Pereyaslavl, Chernigov ulawulo, Kiev, uVladimir-Volyn, galich - zonke nakhandiweyo, singasathethi ke kwiidolophu ezincinane nemizana. Nesiphelo Lunyawukile Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe! abaninzi yokunqakulisa kunye nomonakalo ukumkhupha ekuqaleni kwayo. I Mongols weza kwelaseDalmati kunye Croatia. Western Europe lanyikima ihlabathi. Noko ke, iindaba ezivela Mongolia kude kwanyanzeleka ukuba azibuyisele bahlaseli. Ngomhla iphulo yesibini yena engenamandla ngokwaneleyo. EYurophu wasinda. Kodwa kwilizwe lethu, walala ziqhekekile, ingenzi, akayazanga ke ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe.

Russia phantsi kwedyokhwe

Ngubani bachatshazelwe kakhulu yile ayehlasela Mongols? Abalimi? Ewe, lo Mongols Akawunqanda. Ke ababanga kuzimela emahlathini. Abemi? Of course. ERashiya, kwakukho 74 mzi, 49 kubo zatshatyalaliswa ndatu, 14 yaye akazange aphinde. Neengcibi makhoboka ethatyathwe kunye. Musa ukuba ekuqhubekekeni kwezakhono obuciko wobugcisa wawa azisalungiseki. Ndilibele kuthulula Glassware, iglasi uphekele windows, abe multi-umbala zomdongwe kunye nezacholo kunye cloisonné lwawo. nakubakhi beendonga bengasekho kunye bemifanekiso, kwaye iminyaka engama-50 sele wayeka ukwakhiwa ilitye. Kodwa nzima bonke abo izixhobo ezandleni zibonisa ukuba uhlaselo - izinduna okuvula. 12 Abathetheli Ryazan babesaphila emithathu, 3 Rostov - enye 9 Suzdal - 4. A ilahleko akukho babale amaqembu. Kwaye kwakukho na ngaphantsi. Iingcali kwinkonzo yasemkhosini indawo abanye abantu abaqhele, ukuba eziNtabeni ngeenxa zonke. Oko yaba abalawuli benza ngegunya ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo kamva, xa kuyiloo ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe, nzulu kwaye kungakhokelela ngamandla ngokupheleleyo kwesi kumkani.

iinkosana Russian kunye zolotaya Orda

Emva 1242 Russia weza phantsi ingcinezelo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ezele anayo. Kwisikhulu sithole ngokusemthethweni etroneni yakhe, kwafuneka ukuba ahambe izipho kwi "kukumkani freestyle", njengoko ngokuba Abathetheli bethu ke khans kwikomkhulu mkhosi. Yiba khona eside ixesha ngonaphakade. Han chu ingqalelo isicelo kakhulu abathobekileyo. Inkqubo yonke wajika waba udederhu ukuthotywa, yaye emva ngalo mbandela, iinyanga ngamanye amaxesha amaninzi, Khan wanikela "ileyibheli", okt imvume ngukumkani. Ngoko ke, omnye nabathetheli bethu, weza ndatu, ngokuba likhoboka ukugcina izinto zabo. Ngokuyimfuneko kucacisiwe uviko awasimisayo ziya kuhlawulwa yi-ukubusa. Nangaliphi na ixesha, Khan kunokubangela umthetheli ukuba loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, yaye benze ukuba ayifanelekanga. Hlokondiba aba ke abathetheli-nkqubo ethile ekuveleni ngenyameko feuds zabo. Dissociation le abathetheli kunye nazo izilawuli zabo phezu Mongols ngesandla. Hlokondiba ngokwalo uye ngokuthe ngcembe i sondo kunye iinyawo zodaka. Xa imo yawo centrifugal kakhulu nangakumbi. Kodwa kuya kuba kakhulu kamva. A lokuqala ubunye ngokuqinileyo. Emva kokufa Aleksandra Nevskogo oonyana bakhe ngengcwangu ndiwuthiyile omnye komnye yaye ngengcwangu nilwele etroneni Vladimir. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ebukumkanini buka-Prince Vladimir wamnika okuphambili ngapha kwabanye. Ukongeza, ukuba ajoyine isiqwenga ophucukileyo somhlaba zabashumayela imali kwizikhongozelo zobuncwane. Kwaye ngenxa yobukumkani enkulu Vladimir anayo kwakugquba phakathi abathetheli ukulwa kwenzeka ekufeni. Oku yindlela Russia wahlala phantsi Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe. imikhosi hlokondiba kuwo phantse akazange eme. Kodwa, abangaswele kuthobela mntu ukuba zisoloko imikhosi nokohlwaya uqale ukukrola aqhumise yonke into.

ekuphakameni iMoscow

feuds Bloody phakathi iinkosana Russian kwaziswa ukuba wafika phakathi 1275 no 1300 ukuya Russia izihlandlo ezili-15 amajoni Mongolian. Ekubambaneni izilawuli ezininzi kuvele kuwuyeka aba bantu babaleka ukuya kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo. Ngoko cwaka yaba ubulawuli encinane eMoscow. Ndaye ndafikelela iqashiso unyana omncinane Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniel. Waba neminyaka eli-15 bamrholela inkqubo balumke, ezama ukuba ukubambana abamelwane kuba ukufa kwakungenawo amandla. Zombini hlokondiba akazange intshontsho ingqalelo. Ngenxa yoko, i yokukhawulezisa uphuhliso lorhwebo nezenza eli lifa. Sasivela abafudukayo abavela kwiindawo ziinkathazo. ekugqibeleni uDaniyeli wakwazi aqhoboshele Kolomna kunye Pereslavl-Zaleski, nokwandisa ulawulo lwakhe. Oonyana bakhe emva kokufa kwakhe waligcina nkqubo ethule kayise. Kuphela abathetheli saseTver akubabona njengoko ziintshaba ezinokubakho kwaye uzama ukulwa ngenxa yobukumkani enkulu Vladimir, eMoscow ubudlelwane amaxhoba anayo. Le ntiyo iye sifikelele kwinqanaba ukuba xa umthetheli eMoscow yaseTver Prince bobabini wawabizela anayo Dmitriy Abakwenzayo wagwaza kaYuri eMoscow. Kuba nalwazelelelo enjalo, wabulawa yi-mkhosi.

Ivan Kalita no "cwaka"

Unyana wesine ka-Prince Daniyeli, kwabonakala ukuba akukho ithuba kwetrone. wafa ke abazalwana bakhe abadala, waza waqalisa ukulawula eMoscow. Njengoko umthetho isigcino nayo Grand iNkosana Vladimir. Naye yena noonyana bakhe wayeka Mongol behlasela kumhlaba Russian. EMoscow baba zizityebi, kwaye abantu kuyo. Cities wakhula, ukwandisa inani lazo. E North-Eastern Russia ikhule sizukulwana sonke ukuba uyekile ukuba nelabagubhela ngokukhankanywa Mongols. It wayekude ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya.

nguDmitry Donskoy

EMoscow ekuzalweni Prince nguDmitry Ivanovich ngo-1350 sele waba iziko lobomi kwezopolitiko, inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo emntla-mpuma. Umzukulwana Ivan Kalita waphila ubomi elifutshane, iminyaka 39 ubudala, kodwa eqaqambileyo. Yayiphethe naye edabini, kodwa ke ngoku kubalulekile ukuba ahlale ekulweni enkulu kunye noMama, lwenzeka ngo-1380 phezu komlambo Nepryadva. Ngeli xesha, Prince nguDmitry woyisa ngamava Mongolian yokohlwaya phakathi Ryazan ne Kolomna. Umama waqalisa ukulungiselela iphulo elitsha nxamnye neRashiya. NguDmitry, ukufunda oku, yena, waqalisa ukuqokelela amandla okumelana. Asizizo zonke iinkosana basabela ikhwelo lakhe. Prince kwafuneka ukuba ucele uncedo eSt uSergiyo of Radonezh, ukuqokelela umkhosi wamajoni. Yaye wamkela intsikelelo lenkulu engcwele iimonki ezimbini, uye iqokelelwe wamajoni ehlotyeni emva kwexesha kwaye aqhankqalaza eluhlwini enkulu Mamaia. Ngo September 8, idabi enkulu zenzeka kokusa. NguDmitry wayesilwa kumgca ngaphambili, yena ababuleweyo, amfumana nzima. Kodwa ke Mongols boyiswa basaba. Dmitri abuya ngoloyiso. Kodwa ixesha ayikho ivuthiwe, xa kuyiloo ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya. Imbali isixelela ukuba iza kubanjelwa phantsi kwedyokhwe iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci.

ukuqinisa Russia

EMoscow yaba liziko ubunye kumazwe Russian, kodwa hayi onke amagosa bavuma ukwamkela oku. Nyana nguDmitry, Basil mna, imithetho ixesha elide, kwiminyaka engama-36 ubudala, yaye ethule. Wamela ilizwe Russian ukusuka nokungena Lithuanians ujoyine Suzdal kunye Nizhny Novgorod ukubusa. Buthathaka loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kwaye nalo ke ingqalelo into ayifunayo. Basil ngenxa yobomi bakhe ababini kuphela utyelelo kwi-mkhosi. Kodwa kwakhona ngaphakathi Russia kwakungekho umanyano. Usebenziseka zaqalwa kwavuka. Kwanaxa kumtshato kwihlazo Prince Basil II. Ngomhla omnye weendwendwe kwakhe ebhinqe umbhinqo yegolide nguDmitry Donskoy. Xa oku uyaziwa umtshakazi, ngoko ndaziqhawula esidlangalaleni, ebangela ukuba anyeliswe. Kodwa ke umbhinqo kwakungekho nje igugu. Waba uphawu koogunyaziwe Ozukileyo. Ebudeni bokulawula Basil II (1425-1453) aba iimfazwe wobukhosi. EMoscow prince kuthinjwa, atyhaphazwe amehlo, ndiziphaluse ngaxeshanye lonke phezu kobuso kunye bonke ubomi bakhe enxibe iqhiya ubuso bakhe, igama elithi "The Dark". Noko ke, le nkosana enamandla-nkani ukhululwe, yaye akhe intsebenziswano ibamba yaba Ivan oselula, ngubani na oya kuba umkhululi yelizwe kwaye uWele Enkulu emva kokusweleka kukatata wakhe.

Le ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe Russia

Ngowe-1462 etroneni eMoscow umbusi woqobo uIvan III, ngubani na oya kuba Converter kanye wenguquko. Yena ngenyameko nangobulumko wahlanganisa ilizwe Russian. Yena wajoyina yaseTver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm, kwaye ingqoshomba Novgorod waqonda nobukhosi bakhe. Wenza ingubo yaseByzantium kabini-headed ukhozi iingalo, waqala ukuyakha yesicelo. Kungenxa kulo, kwaye siyazi loo nto. Ukususela ngo 1476, Ivan III wayeka yokunika imbeko anayo. Beautiful, kodwa yobuxoki ilejendi usixelela ukuba kwenzeka njani oku. Amukela hlokondiba Umzi wommeli-lizwe, Grand Duke basmu batyumkileyo ize ithunyelwe anayo elumkisa ukuba ayeza kwenzeka kubo, ukuba akashiywanga noxolo kwilizwe lakhe. Aleksandr gradskiy Han Ahmed kwahlanganisana umkhosi omkhulu, wafudukela eMoscow, befuna Ndomvelela ngenxa yokungathobeli. Malunga 150 km ukusuka eMoscow kwi Ugra River kumazwe ukulungela yaqala ekwindla phambi imikhosi emibini. Russian ekhokelwa, unyana ka-Basil, Ivan Young. Ivan Iii wabuyela eMoscow waza waqalisa kusa umkhosi - ukutya, wefula. Kwaye abantu bema ezijongeneyo, bada bafika kusebusika kunye yindlala yaye abazange bangcwabe zonke izicwangciso Ahmed. I Mongols wajika waza washiya loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, ukuvuma amoyise. Ngoko kwakukho ekupheleni kwegazi le Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe. Umhla wakhe - ngo-1480 - isiganeko elikhulu kwimbali yethu.

Meaning idyokhwe ukuwa

Unaphakade iswa uphuhliso yezopolitiko, yezoqoqosho neyenkcubeko Russia, nizihlabe idyokhwe lizwe kuphela kwabo bangenazimvo zihoyiweyo kwimbali yaseYurophu. Xa Western Europe waqalisa waza wakhahlela imvuselelo onke amasimi, xa ubuzwe ezikhoyo, xa ilizwe baba zizityebi yaye lokudubula norhwebo, wathumela wayeneqela inqanawa efuna kumazwe ezintsha, eRashiya kwakukho ubumnyama. Columbus sele ngo-1492 wafumanisa eMelika. Kuba baseYurophu, uMhlaba lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuba thina, ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe eRashiya kwaphawula ithuba lokuba ube nokuphuma kweso sikhokelo emxinwa aphakathi ukutshintsha umthetho wokuhlaziya umkhosi, ukwakha imizi nokuphonononga amazwe amatsha. Kwaye ukuba ngokufutshane, ngoko Russia yafumana inkululeko waza waba Russia.