I-cruiser "i-Aurora" yinqanawa eyaziwa ngephunyuli enye. Impawu eziphambili, imbali ye-cruiser

I-cruiser "i-Aurora" yenye yeempawu ezibonakalayo ze-Revolution ye-Oktobha. Nangona kunjalo, imbali yomkhumbi ibandakanya imicimbi emininzi kunye nemikhankaso yempi, ngaphandle kwayo leyo ingcamango yendlela yomlando ye-cruiser ayiyi kuzaliswa.

I-cruiser yoyilo

Ukwakhiwa kwe-cruiser "i-Aurora" (uhlobo lwesitya "u-Diana") lwaqala ngowe-1896. Ngokweprogram yangaphambili yokwakha iinqanawa, le projekthi yayingekho nakwizicwangciso zeenqwelo. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, imeko yomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle yonakaliswa ngokuphawulekayo. Ulwahlulo lweengalo kunye neJamani lwaqala. Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, urhulumente wafuna iintyala ezinjalo njengeA Aurora.

Le nqanawa yayiyingxenye yesithathu phakathi kwabahamba ngeeklasi (ezimbini zokuqala zaziyi "Diana" kunye ne "Pallas"). Le nqanawa yafakwa kwi-Admiral entsha. Iprojekthi yakhe yombhali we-Navy engineer-designer Xavier Ratnik. Ingqungquthela yoqulunqo ivunyiwe yiKomishoni yobuGcisa baseMarine, emva koko amalungiselelo wokwakha aqale.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1897, uMbusi uNiclas II wanikwa iingcamango ezili-12 zegama lomkhumbi. U kumkani wakhetha "i-Aurora" - igama elithatyathwe kwidadekazi yaseRoma yakudala. Umcimbi wenziwa ngoJuni 4. Kwakukhona kwi-Admiral-General ye-Fleet Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. Abanye abahamba ngeendlela ezimbini bagqitywa ngaphambi kokuba i-Aurora ibonakale. Inqanawa yayilibazisekile ngenxa yokuba inkontilaki ixesha elide alikwazanga ukuvumelana malunga nokuhanjiswa kweenjini zotywala. Ekuqaleni, uMbutho weeFranco-waseRussia awufuni ukuhambisa imifanekiso ebalulekileyo kwizityalo zaseBaltic. Ekugqibeleni, ingxabano yazinziswa, kwaye isivumelwano sazisayinwa (Julayi 20).

Ukuqalisa

NgoMeyi 24, 1900 inqanawa ethi "Aurora" yaqaliswa. Lo mcimbi wenziwa phambi koMbusi uNiclas II, umkakhe uAlexandra Feodorovna kunye nonina uMaria Feodorovna. Kufuzisela ukuba ngexesha lokuphuma kwakukho umnqanawa owayesebenza kwi-frigate "i-Aurora" yegama elifanayo, obambe iqhaza ekukhuseleni iPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky ngexesha leMfazwe yaseCrimea. Ukufakwa koomatshini kunye noomatshini abancedisayo baqalisa ngosuku olulandelayo.

Impawu eziphambili zezobugcisa zeso sixhobo zilandelayo: ubude - amamitha angama-126, ububanzi - iimitha ezili-16, ulungelelaniso - iimitha ezili-6. "I-Aurora" inokufuduka kweetoni ezingama-6 731. Njengomqhubi, abaqulunqi bakhetha i-boilers yamanzi e-Belleville. Ngamandla okuba malunga nama-12,000 amahhashi, iinqanawa zinokukhawuleza ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-35 ngeyure (amaqhina ama-19). Abasebenzi beenqanawa babengama-550 oomkhombe kunye namanye amagosa angama-20.

Kwiminyaka emininzi umkhumbi wavavanywa, kwaye ngo-1903 waba lilungu lequmrhu phantsi komyalelo we-Admiral we-Arriver Andrei Wienenius. Ingxaki eyongezelelweyo yesitya yayidibaniswe neSibini ye-Pacific Squadron, eyadalwa ngenxa yokuqala kweMfazwe yaseRussia-yaseJapan. Waya ePort Arthur ukuze avule ichweba elinqatywe. Iinqanawa zineendlela ezide zokuhamba, eziqhelekileyo zolulela zingekho ngaphantsi konyaka.

Isiganeko seHull

Ngethuba lohambo e-Baltic Sea ngo-Oktobha 22, 1904, kwenzeka isiganeko esinzulu. Iinqanawa ze-squadron zaxosha ukuqhuma kwinqanawa engaziwayo kwintambo. Kwavela ukuba babe ngabalobi beNgesi. Babini bafa. "I-Aurora" nayo yawa phantsi komlilo onobungozi ngenxa yokubonakala kakuhle. Iinqabileyo ezi-5 zawela emkhombeni. Ngenxa yokulimala, u-hieromonk, owayengowomkhumbi, wafa kungekudala. Isiganeko saziwa ngokuba yi-Hull. Ngenxa yephutha leenqwelo, ulwalamano phakathi kweRashiya neBrithani luye lwachithwa kakhulu. Ukuze ufumane zonke iimeko zentlekele, amaqela avunyelwe ukuphanda inkundla yombambano. Le yileyonto yokuqala kwimeko yehlabathi.

Nangona le siganeko, i-squadron yaqhubeka nohambo lwayo. Yiyiphi imeko kwi-Cruiser Aurora? Le nqanawa yakhawuleza ikhatyathwa, kwaye umonakalo awuzange ibangele ukubuyela ezweni lakubo. Kwisiqithi saseMadagascar, ngexesha lokuhlala, oomkhumbi bafunda ukuba iPort Arthur yawa, kwaye i-First Pacific Fleet yafa.

Imfazwe yaseTsushima

NgoMeyi 14 okanye ngo-27, 1905, ngokwemiqathango emitsha, umkhombe othi "u-Aurora" uthathe inxaxheba kwixhoba elidumileyo laseTsushima. KwaMkhosi wamaRashiya, le nto yayiyimfazwe eqinileyo kunye nethemba lokugqibela lokusindiswa komkhosi wonke wempi. Icandelo lesibini lePasifike lithinteka ngokutshabalalisa. "I-Aurora" inethamsanqa - inqanawa yonakaliswe, kodwa ayizange izinikezele kwaye ayizange ilinywe, ngokungafani nezinye iinqanawa zasekhaya.

Emva kwemfazwe, i-cruiser yafumana i-18 ibetha. Ikhonkco le-anchor laphulwa, kwaye i-hawk yakhubazeka. Eminye imonakalo yayimingxuma. NgoMeyi 21, inqanawa, ehamba kunye namaMelika, yafika kwindawo yasePhilippines Manila. Le nqanawa yafakwa ngaphakathi. Iqela lanikezele ukubhaliswa kokungabandakanyeki kwimisebenzi yomkhosi eyongezelelweyo kunye namaJapan. "I-Aurora" yahlala kwindawo yokupaka eManila de ukutshiyelwa koxolo lwePortsmouth oluphelisa imfazwe. Umqhubi wabuyela ezweni lakubo ngoFebruwari 19, 1906. Ihange laseLibau lashiywa iintsuku ezingama-458 emva kokuba iinqanawa zahamba kwinqwelo njengengxenye yeSibini ye-Pacific Squadron.

Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala

Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala, i-cruiser-cruiser i-Aurora yafika kwichweba likaRevel ngokulindela imiyalelo emitsha. Ngo-Agasti 26, ngo-1914 emanzini aseGulf of Finland baqhubela phambili "uMagdeburg". "U-Aurora" waya kumkhumbi waseJamani. Abanqwelisi baseRashiya bakwazi ukuwuthatha umkhombe. Kamva waqhekeka.

Emva koko kwalandelwa ukupaka kwexesha elide kwi-Helsingfors. Ngomnyaka we-1916 i-Aurora yangena kwiGulf of Riga kwaye yancedisa imikhosi yomhlaba ngoncedo lomlilo omkhulu. Ekwindla umkhumbi waya eKronstadt ukulungiswa.

Ngomhla kaFebhuwari

Ngexesha lokuhlala eKronstadt, uCaptain Mikhail Nikolsky wazama ukumelana nokuguquka kwezombusazwe ezazitshatyalaliswa kwisityalo sendawo apho umkhumbi wawulungiswa khona. Izibetho zaqala kumashishini. Iimfuno zabasebenzi zahluke. Omnye wayefuna ukunciphisa umhla wokusebenza, abanye ngokubanzi baphikisana nabasemagunyeni. Kule meko, umphathi wamesaba ngokufanelekileyo ukuhamba kwabaphathi bakhe.

Ngomhla kaFebruwari 27, umlindi waqiniswa, walinda i-cruiser Aurora. Imbali yeso sikhephe sele iquke iimfazwe ezinobungozi zolwandle, kodwa ukuba ingqungquthela iqalile kwinqanawa, amagosa ayengayi kubala nantoni na. Ukongezelela, abahlukumezi basasaza amahemuhemu ukuba iinqanawa ezivela kwi-Aurora ziya kwenziwa kwintolongo ejikelezayo.

Ngomhla weNgqungquthela kaFebhuwari , iziqhwithi zaqhekeza kwinqanawa. Abanqwelisi bayeka ukuthobela imiyalelo kaNicolsky, emva koko igosa lavulela umlilo kubo. Abantu abathathu balimala, omnye wafa ngenxa yeengxaki. Okwangoku, e-Petrograd, ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezinzima kwakusele kwenzeka, kwaye amandla enkunzi yayinokukhubazeka.

Ngomhla wama-28, umboniso waqala phambi kwe "Aurora". Abasebenzi bekhukula iinqanawa. Xa befumanise ukuba kwakukho ukutshitshiswa kwinqanawa ngemini yangaphambili, kwakukho ukucaphuka. Uvalelwe nguCaptain Nikolsky kunye nelinye igosa, uOgranovich. Ngabo, iimbambo zamagxa zaziqhekekile. Ezi zimbini zahlanjululwa ukuba zibulawe sisihlwele kwi-chaos ekhulayo. U-Nikolsky wadutshulwa ngenxa yokungafuni ukuya kwiNdlu yeTauride eneendwangu ebomvu ezandleni zakhe. Amagosa awazange akwazi ukukhusela iinqanawa ezivela kwi-agitators.

1917

Ngowe-1917 imodeli yeso nqanawa esithi "i-Aurora" isalokhu ikulungele ukulwa kunye neyenamhlanje. I-cruiser, nangona zonke iindleko zemfazwe kunye neenguqulelo zingasetyenziselwa injongo yayo. Emva kweziganeko zeFebruwari kunye nokuphonswa kobukhosi, oomkhumbi bamisa ikomiti yeenqanawa. Kwakukho abameli abaninzi beqela lakwa-leftist, kodwa akukho iBolshevik enye.

Nangona kunjalo, ehlotyeni imeko yatshintsha kakhulu. Abalandeli bakaLenin basebenza ngokugqithiseleyo nomkhosi kunye neenqwelo. Ngoko ke, kunjalo, abazange bawunakunqande ukubaluleka kwe-Cruiser. Imbali yesi nqanawa yaziwa ngokufutshane kubo bonke abahlali belikhulu. Ukuba amaBolshevik akwazi ukunyanzelisa umyalelo wekhefu kwicala lawo, oku kuya kuba yimpumelelo engafanelekanga.

Abaninzi abashukumisayo beqela (umzekelo, uMikhail Kalinin) bathetha iintetho kwi-Aurora, eyagxininisa isimo sayo esikhethekileyo kwisikhululo esimi kwindawo yokupaka. Isiphumo asizange sigcine silinde. Ngehlobo lekomiti kwakukho abameli abangama-42 be-RSDLP (b). Abanqwelisi baqala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwizenzo zezitrato zaseBolshevik. NgoJulayi 4, ngethuba lokubonakalisa ubunzima ePetrograd, oomkhunjini babephantsi komlilo womshini emkhosini, owahlala ethembekile kuRhulumente ongezelelweyo. Kungekudala ukunyanzeliswa kwaqala ngokuchasene namaBolsheviks. ULenin wabaleka kwindlu yaseRazliv, kwaye abanye abathintekayo abanomdla base-Aurora babanjwa.

Ngowe-Oktobha Revolution

NgoSeptemba, ukunyulwa kwakhona kwekomiti yekhefu kwenzeka. Usihlalo wakhe wakhethwa uBolshevik Alexander Belyshev. U-Nikolay Erikson waba ngumphathi. Ekubeni ukulungiswa kweso sikhephe kwagqitywa, ngokukhawuleza kwafuneka ahambe olwandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Oktobha 10, iiBolsheviks kwiintlanganiso zeKomiti Ephakathi zigqibelele ekuqhubheni izixhobo e-Petrograd. I-Aurora ayifuni nje kuphela njenge-cruiser enezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa nayo ibingumqondiso obalulekileyo.

I-Bolsheviks ayilawula kuphela iinqanawa, kodwa i-Petrograd Soviet. Ngokutsho kwesigqibo sakhe ngo-Oktobha 24, abahamba ngomkhumbi bashiya umkhombe eSt. Petersburg. "I-Aurora" kwakufuneka ivelise i-bridge ye-Nikolayevsky. Izikhulu zedolophu zazama ukuvimbela ukuwela ukuze kugqitywe ukukhankanywa kwinkunzi, kwaye abavukeli bazama ukukhusela.

Ngobusuku ka-Oktobha 25 umkhumbi wangena kwi-Neva. UCaptain Erickson waqala ukuchasa esi sigqibo, kodwa wavuma. Wayesaba ukuba oomkhumbi abangenayo bayeza kuhlalisa umkhumbi. Ibhuloho yaseNikolayevsky yayisezandleni zabaphathi. Ekuhambeni kwe "Aurora" babalekile, kwaye abasekeli beBolsheviks bakwazi ukubuyisela inqumla ngaphesheya komlambo.

Shots Blank

Ngomhla ka-Oktobha 25, uLenin waseSmolny wayelawula zonke iziseko zonxibelelwano zikaPetrograd - i-telegraph, i-imeyile, isitishi sikaloliwe, njl. AmaBolsheviks ayeya kumthuma esuka kuPetros noPaul Fortress, ukuba ngaba abafundisi babengafuni ukuzinikela.

Yintoni eyayiyonceda u-Aurora ekuhlaselweni? Uhlobo lwenqanawa kunye nezixhobo zalo zivumelekile ukuba zenze i-signal shot. I-Bolsheviks yanquma ukusebenzisa ithuba. Ngomhla wamashumi ama-25, uVladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, intloko yekommandla lenkxaso yabalandeli bakaLenin, wafika emkhombeni. Wanikela umyalelo wokudubula okungenanto, obekucetywayo ukuba kwenziwe emva komqondiso ovela kuPetros noPaul Tower. Ukongeza, iiBolsheviks zasebenzisa i-rediyo kwi-Aurora ukusasaza isibheno senkokeli yelizwe elizayo.

Iphosi elingenanto lingabonwa ngo-21:40. Yaveliswa ngumlawuli uJevdokim Ognev. Iphosti yayisisigxina sokugubungela iNdumba yaseBlack. Ukongezelela, wagxininisa iingongoma zeeNkonzo zoBulungiseleli beeRhulumenteni ukuba bahlale kwindawo yabo yokugqibela. Izazi-mlando zisaphikisana malunga nokuba ngaba kukho ithuba lobuchwephesha lokuthungula i-Aurora kwiNdlu yaseBusika. Abanye abaphandi bathi akukho mlilo wokutshatyalaliswa, ubuncinane ngenxa yendawo yokukhupha. Naluphi na ke, kodwa ukuphanga okungekho nto kwakungadingeki. I-Winter Palace yayisezandleni zabavukeli kwaye kungekho ncediso lwe-Aurora.

Imbali yokulandelela

Isiqendu esenzeke ngexesha loVuvulelo lwe-Oktobha saba yindumi kakhulu kwi-Cruiser Aurora. Imbali yeso nqanawa yatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ibe ngumfanekiso obalulekileyo wokuzalwa kwamandla aseSoviet. Kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kweziganeko zaseNtshonalanga yaseNtshonalanga, wabuyela ukulungiswa. Kungekudala i-Aurora yaphinde yaba yinxalenye yeenqwelo ezinamandla.

Ehlotyeni ka-1918, amandla eBolshevik ayenesifo. Kufuphi nePetrograd, ukuqhubela phambili komkhosi omhlophe waseYudenich. Iklasi le nqanawa "i-Aurora" ayikwazanga ukunceda ukulwa emhlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, kwagqitywa ukuba isebenzise i-cruiser ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngelo xesha, uPetrograd wabhekana nosongelo lwongenelelo lwangaphandle. AmaBolsheviks ayefuna ukucima i-Aurora kunye nezinye iinqanawa ezininzi ukwenzela ukuvimba indlela eya kwiinqanawa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mfuneko.

Ngexesha loxolo, inqanawa ethi "Aurora", isithunzi apho, ngexesha leziganeko zango-Oktobha e-Petrograd, zafika kuma-editorials amaphephandaba amaninzi aseRussia nakwamanye amazwe, yaba yinqanawa yoqeqesho. I-cruiser ithathe inxaxheba kwiindlela ezininzi zokuhamba kwamanye amazwe. Ngethuba le mijelo elwandle elitsha le-RKKF lalifumana amava. Ngomnyaka weshumi wokuguquka kwe-revolution ngowe-1927, i-Aurora yanikezwa iMyalelo weBlack Banner.

Umgama omde wokude ukhwela iinqanawa ezenziwe ngowe-1930, xa wajikeleza iPeninsula yeScandinavia. Emva koko kulandelwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, akakwazanga ukunciphisa into yokuba iinqanawa zazingekho. Ngo-1941, ngokuqhelekileyo wayecwangciselwe ukurhoxisa kwiinqanawa, kodwa oko kwakunqanda imfazwe ezayo.

Ngexesha lokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad "i-Aurora" yaxhomekeke kwiibhobho ezininzi zeJamani. Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, iinkokheli zaseSoviet zanquma ukwenza iinqanawa zibe yingxenye yenkqubo yokukhusela umzi. Kwinqanawa kwakukho izibhamu ezinxamnye neenqwelo-moya, ezinokuba luncedo ekulwa neenqwelo zeLuftwaffe. Ukudubula kwabangela ukuba iinqanawa zifumane imingxuma emininzi. Ekupheleni kowe-1941, oomkhumbi bahanjiswa. Isundu "kwi-Aurora" saphela kuphela emva kokukhutshwa kwesithintelo.

Kwinqanaba lokupaka elingunaphakade

Ngomnyaka we-1944 kwagqitywa ukuba uthumele umkhombe kwindawo yokupaka ngonaphakade kufuphi ne-Petrogradskaya kunye nokuyenza imyuziyam. Ngelo xesha kwiSoviet Union kwakungekho zikhumbuzo ezinjalo njenge-Aurora. Uhambo olujikeleze iinqanawa lwaba yinto enyanzelekileyo kubakhenkethi beNtlabathi.

Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo, i-Aurora yafumana ukubuyiswa kwezihlandlo eziliqela. Ngo-2014 iinqanawa zathunyelwa eKronstadt ukulungiswa rhoqo. Kucetywayo ukuba uya kubuyela kwindawo yokupaka ngonaphakade kufuphi ne-Petrogradskaya e-summer of 2016.