Uthutho lomlambo. Izithuthi ngokuthuthwa komlambo. Isikhululo soMlambo

Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi (umlambo) yindlela yokuthutha ethwala abagibeli kunye nemithwalo ngeenqanawa emanzini njengemvelaphi yemvelo (imifula, amachibi) kunye nezixhobo (izikhukuphu, izitya). Inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yindleko zayo eziphantsi, ngenxa yokuba ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuthuthwa kwezempahla yelizwe, nangona ixesha lexesha kunye nesantya esiphantsi.

Iingenelelo kunye nokungalunganga

Ukuthuthwa koMlambo waseRashiya kuthatha indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezithili kunye nezentlalo zelizwe lethu. Ubuncedo bayo buvela ezindleleni zemvelaphi yemvelo, ukwakhiwa kokusebenzisa inani elincinci leendleko kunezokwakha izitimela kunye neendlela ezihamba phambili. Iindleko zokuthuthwa kweempahla ngeendlela zamanzi ziphantsi kunomzila. Kwaye ukuveliswa kwemisebenzi kuphezulu ngama-35 ekhulwini.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuthuthwa komlambo kunemiphumo emininzi - iimeko zonyaka, isivinini sokuhamba, ukusetyenziswa okuncinci, okubangelwa kukucwangciswa kwenethiwekhi yamanzi. Ukongeza, iirriyiti ezinkulu zelizwe lethu ziphuma ukusuka ngasenyakatho ukuya eningizimu, kwaye ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya ngasentla, kwaye ukuhamba kweempahla eziphambili kuneendlela ezihamba phambili.

Ezinkulu iindlela

Siyabulela ukwakhiwa kweendawo zokuhamba kwamanzi ase-hydroelectric complexes, imifula yaseVolga ne-Kama ibe yimigwaqo yamanzi enzulu. I-Moscow-Volzhskoye, i- Belomoro-Baltiyskoye, iVolgo-Baltic, i-Volgo-Don ne-Volzhskoye yokudibanisa i-interin basin kwifom yesimo esisodwa esisisiseko samanzi, ubude bayo buyii-6.3 zeekhilomitha eziliwaka. Ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezothutho lwamanzi lwasekhaya kwimpuma yeRashiya, indawo ehamba phambili isagcinwa yi-Volga-Kama. Kwiimilambo zayo kuyimfuneko ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini lokuthutha abagibeli kunye neempahla. Indawo ephambili kulo mjelo ithathwe ngothutho lwamanzi lwezixhobo zokwakha (iipesenti ezingama-60). Ukuthutha kwabo kwenziwa kwimiba yomibini, i-intra-yesithili.

Yaye yintoni ehamba ngeendlela zaseRashiya?

Ukuthuthwa koMlambo kule mibhobho kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwehlathi, zombini ngeenqanawa nangendlela endala, kwiindlela zokukhwela, ngokusetyenziswa kwe-alloy. Ukususela kwi-Kama ukuya kwiVolga, ihlathi laseSiberia lihanjiswa, kwaye kwindlela yeVolga-Baltic - ihlathi leemimandla yaseVologda neArkhangelsk, u-Karelia kwimimandla yeNtshona Caucasus kunye ne-Volga. Ukuthuthwa koMlambo eMoscow kubandakanyeka ekuthuthiseni amahlathi kwindlela efanayo eMoscow naseMoscow. Ngamachweba aseVolga kunye ne-Kama, i-Kuznetsk amalahle iyakuthunyelwa kwisitya, kwaye iyakuthuthwa kunye nezitishi zamanzi ukuya kwizikhululo zamandla. Ukongezelela, indawo evelele ithathwa yonikezelo yetyuwa - ukusuka kwi-Baskunchanskoye i-saline yokuloba i-Volga ukuya kumachwebeni kwiphondo yaseVolga, i-Urals, i-Centre, ukuya kumazwe ashishini asekuhlaleni okuloba kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukongezelela, imveliso yezolimo (i-melon) ezivela kwimimandla yaseVolgograd neAstrakhan, intlanzi evela eLwandle lweCaspian, kunye nemveliso yamachiza evela kwiVolga kunye nee-Urals, ijoliswe kwiVolga. Kwimizila yomibini, iimveliso zeoli kunye neoli, iimpahla zentsimbi zihanjiswa.

Izikhokelo ezisisiseko

Ukuthuthwa kwemilambo yaseRashiya kuphuhliswe ngokukodwa kwiinqonga ze-Volga-Kama, ngenxa yokuba i-Kama kunye neentsika zayo - iVatka neBelaya - ibaluleke kakhulu ekudibaniselweni kwee-Urals kunye neNyakatho-ntshona, iZiko, ummandla waseVolga. Kwi-Kama, ngokuyininzi okusanhlamvu, imithi, ioli, i-cargo cargo, izinto zokumbiwa kwamaminerali zithunyelwa ikakhulukazi ezantsi. Kwindlela eyahlukileyo, amalahle, i-samente kunye namatye zihanjiswa. Kwiintloko ze-Kama, i-traffic isingaphantsi. Ukongeza, i- Volga-Don Canal inomthelela ekunyusweni kwezothutho lwempahla eninzi kunye neVolga. Siyabulela, ukusuka kwimimandla enxulumene noDon, kunye neVolga, izityalo zokuthuthwa, amalahle, i-melon, iimveliso zoshishino kunye nezinye izinto. Kwindlela eyahlukileyo - i-samente, i-ore, imithi, iimveliso zeekhemikhali. Konke oku kuthuthwa ngothutho lomlambo. I-Samara, njengezinye izixeko kuMmandla we-Middle Volga, ngumthengi oyintloko wale mpahla. Iinqwelo zokuthuthwa kwamanzi kulo mjelo kunye nommandla weNyakatho-ntshona, kwakunye nakwamanye amazwe angamaLwandle eBaltic ngeNdlela yeVolga-Baltic, ibambe indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezithuthi. Ngalo, i-apatite ingqwalasela, i-ore, izinto zokwakha, imithi zihanjiswa ezantsi, kunye nemithwalo yeekhemikhali, okusanhlamvu, amalahle kunye namafutha athunyelwa ngasentla.

Ukuthutha abantu

Kwisitya se-Volga-Kama sigxininise kwaye umgibeli ohamba phambili. Nasiphi na isikhululo somlambo siya kunika abemi ubuninzi beendawo zendawo, ezokuthutha, ezingenakusebenza kunye neendawo zasemaphandleni. Iinqanawa zesebe zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yezokhenketho okanye ukuzonwabisa. Izona zide kakhulu zihamba ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eAstrakhan, Perm, eRostov naseUfa. Isikhululo somlambo esikhulu kunomkhulu waseRussia. Kwi-Volga-Vyatka ibhedi ewona mkhulu kunxweme i-Nizhniy Novgorod, iVolgograd, eMoscow, i-Perm, i-Astrakhan, iKazan, i-Yaroslavl.

Ukhokelo lwaseNyakatho-ntshona

Imilambo sele isebenza njengendlela yokuhanjiswa kwezothutho kwimimandla ye-North-Western kunye neNyakatho yezoqoqosho. Ngxenyeni yayo yaseYurophu, iindlela eziphambili zokuthuthwa kwempahla yiNorthern Dvina kunye neentsika zayo eSukhona naseVichegda, ePechora, eMezen, naseMntla-ntshona-Svir, neva kunye ne-White Sea-Baltic Canal. Umlambo onamandla wezakhiwo zamaminerali kunye nezinto zokusebenza zeoli, amahlathi, kunye namaqhekeza kunye namalahle okushisa amalahle emantla yamantla. Iinqanawa eziphambili yiNaryan-Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

Umlambo waseNyakatho-ntshona uqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwezantsi kwehlathi kunye ne- iron ore evela ku-Karelia, i-apatite igxininisa kwi-Kola Peninsula. Kwelinye icala-iimpahla zorhwebo, okusanhlamvu, ityuwa kunye nemveliso yeoli. Amaphuzu okuthutha kwimpahla eyahlukeneyo yi-Volkhov, Petrozavodsk neSt. Petersburg. Ukusuka apha, imizila yokuhamba ngokusisigxina ihlelwe eMoscow nakwiSithili saseVerkhnevolzhsky. Iindawo eziphuhliswe kakuhle kunye neendawo zendawo, ngakumbi oku kubonakala ngokunyuka kwinani leenqanawa eziphezulu.

EMpuma

Empuma yeRashiya, ibhasi yase-Ob-Irtysh yaseNtshona Koloni yaseSiberia inokuqala kwindawo yokuthutha. Ukuthuthwa koMlambo apha kuncedise ekuphuhliseni imithombo yegesi kunye neoli, kunye namahlathi. Amalahle, izixhobo zokugaya kunye nemibhobho, izinto zokwakha, ukutya kunye nempahla yezoshishino kwiindawo zeoli kunye negesi zeTyumen Region zibonelelwa kwii-hubs ezona zithuthi (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) kunye nemifula yase-Irtysh ne-Ob. Ukuhanjiswa kweempahla kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zelizwe liqhutyelwa kwiNdlela yoLwandle lwaseNyakatho kunye nokutshintshiselwa kwemida emlonyeni weTaz, i-Pura kunye ne-O kwimifula yomlambo. Uninzi lwezothutho luwela ehlathini, eliza kwiindawo zokuqhayisa kwi-port yaseAsino. Emva koko ithuthwa ngomkhumbi ukuya eNosibsibirsk, iOmsk, iTomsk. Ngaphezu kwekota yesondlo kwi-Irtysh kunye ne-Ob zixhobo zokwakha ezivela kwimimandla esezantsi ukuya ngasentla, kwi-oil oil and industry. Ukongeza, ukuthuthwa komlambo ekuthuthweni kwengqolowa, ityuwa, iilahle kunye nemveliso yeoli ibaluleke kakhulu.

Kwi-Ob, kunye neengingqi zamandulo zaseBarnaul naseNovosibirsk, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe ngamachweba aphakama malunga nokudalwa kwamaziko oshishino - Surgut, Ob, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Yenisei no-Angara

Ukuthuthwa koMlambo we-Yenisei kudibanisa inxalenye yasezantsi yeSiberia kunye nemimandla yommandla wePolar. Apha, ukuthuthwa kweebhokisi kweebhodi kubangamashumi amabini kwi-Yenisei yempahla yokuthengisa. Ukongezelela, ukutya okuziinkozo, iimveliso zeoli, iimveliso zamashanga kunye nezamaminerali zihanjiswa ngaphandle komlambo. I-Yenisei ephezulu, ukusuka eMinusinsk ukuya eKrasnoyarsk, ibonakaliswe yi-predominance yomzila wezinto ezihamba phantsi, indawo eyona ndawo kuyo ingqolowa.

Umlomo we-Angara: ukusuka apha kuza inxalenye ephambili yehlathi, uhlula ukuhamba kwempahla kwi-Yenisei. Inxalenye ephambili ibhekiswe phezulu, kwaye ukusuka emlonyeni ukuya kwiDixon - phantsi komlambo. Ukongeza kwihlathi, indawo ebalulekileyo ihlala ngokuthuthwa kwezakhiwo zamaminerali kunye namalahle. Iinqununu eziphambili yiKrasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, iDudinka, Igarka, kunye ne-Angara - Makarievo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

Lena no Cupid

KuLela, ukuthumela kuvela kwi-port ye-Osetrovo kwaye kuqhutyelwa kwinqaba lomlambo. Apha, ngaphezu kweempahla zasekhaya zihambisa imithwalo ephuma kumzila wesitimela - ukusuka e-Tiksi nase-Osetrovo. Iingxenye ezimbini kwisithathu zendlela yokushisa amalahle kunye nezinto zokwakha, ezinye iiplanga kunye neoli. Uninzi lwabo luya phezulu luvela phezulu. Imisebenzi yeCargo yenziwa kwiichweba zaseKirensk, iOsetrovo, Yakutsk, iVitim.

EMpuma Ekude, i-Amur kunye neentlawulo zayo ze-Bureya kunye neZeya zibaluleke kakhulu kwizothutho. Iinqwelo eziphambili zincinci, ityuwa, isinyithi, amalahle, imithi, ioli kunye nentlanzi. Amanxweme amakhulu - iKomsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, eKhabarovsk. Kule mimandla, ngenxa yeziseko ezingabandakaliyo zonxibelelwano lomhlaba, ukuthuthwa koomlambo kubalulekile ekuthuthweni kwabagibeli.

Uthutho lolwandle

Ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezothutho lolwandle kusekho ekunikeni inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoshishino lwangaphandle lwaseRashiya. I-cabotage ibalulekile kuphela ekunikezeni imida esempuma nasenyakatho yelizwe. Ukuthuthwa kwempahla yokuthuthwa kolwandle iipesenti ezisibhozo. Oku kufezwe ngenxa yendlela ebhetele yokuhamba-malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-4,5. Ukuthutha abahamba ngezilwandle akubalulekanga.

Iingxaki zokuthuthwa kolwandle eRashiya

Kwinqanaba lomhlaba, ukuthuthwa kolwandle kuthatha indawo yokuqala ngokwempahla yokuthengiswa kwempahla, kunye neendleko eziphantsi kakhulu zokuthunyelwa. KwiRashiya yeRussia ayiphuculanga kakuhle, oku kungenxa yokuba iziko loqoqosho ezisemgangathweni zelizwe lethu zisuswe kude neenxweme. Ukongezelela, ininzi yolwandle olujikeleze intsimi yaseRashiya iyaqhwa. Oku kwandisa kakhulu indleko zokusebenzisa olu hlobo lothutho. Enye ingxaki yinqanawa yexesha lethu langaphandle. Ngoko, ukuthuthwa kolwandle kunye nomlambo waseRashiya kwakhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, engavumelekanga kwimilinganiselo yehlabathi, iinqanawa ezinjalo kufuneka zibhaliswe. Kwinqanawa yasekhaya, akukho nto ikhoyo iinqwelo zanamhlanje: iithwali zithuthi, iithwali zithuthi, izithuthi zerhasi, iinqanawa ezinokukhupha izithuthi kunye nezinye. Ngaphambi kokujoyina iCrimea, iRussia yayineepropati ezili-11 kuphela, kwaye oku akunakwaneli kwilizwe elinjalo. Ngenxa yoko, malunga nesiqingatha seempahla ezihamba olwandle zazisetyenziswa ngamachweba angaphandle. Lezi ziiphabliki zaseSoviet zangaphambili: I-Ukraine (Odessa), eLatvia (Ventspils), e-Estonia (iTallinn), eLithuania (Klaipeda). Ukusetyenziswa kwee-hubs zothutho zolwandle kwezinye iindawo kunika negalelo ekulahlekeni kwezimali ezinkulu. Ukuba imeko kunye neeNxweme eziMnyama zazincitshiswa kakhulu, ke ichweba elitsha lwakhiwa elunxwemeni lolwandle lwaseBaltic.