"I-Don-2N" ye-radar: iimpawu zobugcisa kunye nobugcisa

Ngasenyakatho-ntshona yoMmandla waseMoscow, iikhilomitha ezilishumi elinamibini ukusuka kwisixeko, kukho into engavamile - isiteshi se-radar se-multi-functional "Don-2N". Ngefomu, yipiramidi enezithathu ezinobuso obune. Ububanzi besiseko sesakhiwo ngu-130, kwaye ubude buyimitha engama-35. Into enenjongo yokulawula indawo yangaphandle kwiRussia Federation kunye namazwe angomakhelwane. Kwakhona isebenza umsebenzi wokufumanisa nokutshabalalisa iibhola. Namhlanje siza kuqhelana neempawu kunye nekhono le-radar "Don-2N".

Isishwankathelo

Njengoko sele uqondayo, isikhululo sinobuso obune. Kulowo nalowo unako ukubona iipaneli ezijikelezayo kunye neekwere, ngenxa yokuba umntu onolwazi unokuqiqa malunga nokwakhe isakhiwo. Emva kwesinye seesine iindidi zeesetyhula zi-antennas ezikhoyo eziphambili, eziziimitha ezili-18. Emva kweepaneli zesikwere zi-antennas ezilawula iinqwelo zokulwa. Zibonisa isikwere esiphezulu salo malunga neemitha ezili-10.

Enyanisweni, esi sikhululo se-radar (RLS) sisisiseko esiphambili se-Moscow anti-ballistic missile defense (ABM). Akunakukubona kuphela izinto ezinokuthi ziyingozi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukuya kumawaka angamawaka amawaka, kodwa kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukukhokelwa kwezinto ezichasene nazo. Ngenxa yokuba i-radar ixhotywe ngeemitha ezine ze-antenna ngokukhawuleza, ivumela ukumboza indawo ejikelezileyo kunye nokufumana iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo malunga neethagethi ezifunyenweyo.

Akukho zifaniso ze-radar "Don-2N" kuwo wonke umhlaba. Uphi na isitishi? Lo ngumbuzo obathanda abantu abaninzi. Isikhungo sokukhusela i-missile ye-capital yaseRashiya isendaweni yaseSofrino, kwisithili sasePushkin. Iprototype ye-radar yakhiwa eKazakhstan, kwi-Sary-Shagan. Ngokwe-codification ye-NATO, isikhululo sasibizwa ngokuba ngumlenze weHama.

Ukuqala komsebenzi

Ngowe-1963, i-Moscow Radio Engineering Institute (RTI) phantsi kwe-Academy yeSayensi yeSoviet Union yafumana umsebenzi wokudala i-radar yokufumana i-radar ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngoko imbali ye-radar "Don-2N" yaqala. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshulwa ukuba isiteshini esizayo siya kusebenza kwibala le-decimeter. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala emva kokuqaliswa kweprojekthi, abaqulunqi baqaphela ukuba iimpawu zenkqubo enjalo ziza kuba zilula. Isitishi esisebenza kwindawo ye-decimeter ayikwazi ukubonelela ngokuchanekileyo ekujoliswe kuyo. Ubomi benene, oku kungakhokelela kwimiphumo ebulalayo.

Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1964, i-Radio Engineering Institute yayibandakanyekile ekuphuhliseni isinamathiselo sesentimitha. Kwacetywayo ukuba esi sixhobo siza kuvumela isitishi ukuba sithole iimpawu ezitsha, ezamkelekileyo, kunye nokubonelela ngokulula nangokulula. Isiqalo sifanele senze njengenxalenye yenkqubo eyenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zakutsha kunye nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngeli xesha isigqibo sabaqulunqi babecatshangelwa ukuba asiyikuthintela.

Kwaye kuyimfuneko ukudala isiteshini esitsha esiphezulu se-radar, esingeke sigqibe kuphela iimfuno zelo xesha, kodwa lide lide lide ixesha layo. Kule nxu lumene, de kube sekupheleni kowe-1965, abasebenzi be-RTI babandakanyeka ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezinhlanu ezahlukeneyo zesikhululo se-radar. Kodwa ngeli xesha, nangona zonke iinzame zeenjineli, le projekthi ayizange ivunyiwe, njengoko ingazange isinike izixazululo ezisebenzayo.

Zonke iindlela ezinhlanu ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo zineziphene ezahlukileyo kwaye zazingenakunyulwa ukuba kuqhutywe phambili. Ngenxa yohlalutyo lomsebenzi owenziweyo kunye nezicwangciso zobuchwepheshe ezibhekiswe phambili, enye inguqu yecala yokupakisha isiteshi se radar yabonakala. Kamva nguye yena owaba yintloko ye radar "Don-2N".

Ezintsha izisombululo

Ekuqaleni kowe-1966 oonjiniyela be-RTI baqala ukusebenza kwiprojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi "Don". Ngaphakathi kweso sikhokelo, kwakucwangciswe ukwakha ididardi ezihamba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo ye-decimetric yacwangciswa ukuba yenziwe ngeendlela ezimbini zokukhetha: umhlaba kunye nomkhumbi. Oku kungavumelekanga nje ukugcina indawo yangaphandle kwimimandla yayo, kodwa ukulandelela imimandla yenkalo yeempazamo zeentshaba ngoncedo lweenqanawa ezisemagumbini ayo kwaye zixhotyiswe ngama-radars.

I-radar yesentimenti yayicingwa kuphela kwindawo ephantsi komhlaba. Kuloluhlu lwemisebenzi yalo, ngaphezu kokufumanisa iibhokongo zeentshaba, zibandakanya ukujoliswa kweemfubho zokupasa. Kwiinguqulelo zokuqala zeprojekthi kwakucingwa ukuba isiteshi se-centimeter siya kulandela icandelo lama-90 degrees ububanzi. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuba kunikezelwe uphando lweesetyhula, kwakudingeka ukwakhiwa kwezi khululo ezinjalo.

Ngexesha lokugqitywa kwenguqu ebhaliweyo yeprojekti yesentimenti yesentimenti kwiprogram yebala le-decimeter yamiswa, kuba kwakungekho mfuneko. Iinjineli zakwazi ukudibanisa zonke izisombululo ezifunekayo kwisikhululo esikhulu somhlaba kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzaliseka kwazo zonke iimfuno. Ukususela ngo-1968, iinjineli ziye zavelisa izixhobo ezisebenza kuphela kwi-centimeter range. Kwizikhululo zokuxwayisa kwangaphambili zokuhlaselwa komkhosi, amaza emitha ayekhethwa.

Avantproekt

Ngowe-1969, i-RTI yayithunywe ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokuqala se-Don-N. Kukho, kwakudingeka ukudibanisa zonke izifundo ezifunyenwe kumava okusebenza kwiiprogram ezidlulileyo zezikhululo ze-radar. Ngelo xesha, umthengi, omele uMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko weSoviet Union, wenza phambili iimfuno ezimbalwa zeprojekthi ye-RTI. Ingxaki yayikukuba iimpawu zokuphakama kunye neendleko zeenqwelo-moya ezijoliswe kulo mishini zazikhulu kakhulu kwi-electronics yelo xesha. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini lokugqibela, izixhobo ezingenakukwazi ukuzenza ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye zihamba kunye neethagethi ze-ballistic, ezikude kweekhilomitha eziliwaka eziwaka.

Ukufeza lo msebenzi kwakufuneka ukuba kwenziwe uphando olunzulu, kwaye ke iimvavanyo. Emva koko kwenziwa isiphakamiso sokwenza inkqubo yokukhusela i-missile ilula, ihlula ibe zi-echeloni ezimbini, nganye leyo iya kufumana uhlobo lwayo lomkhosi. Kule meko, ukulungiswa komda we-radar kunye nenkqubo ejolise kuyo iindidi ezimbini zeemfumfucu kwakwamkelekileyo kwaye kuyenzeka ngokomoya. Ukuqwalasela ukujonga kokugqibela kunye nokuhlelwa kwe-radar ezayo, abaqulunqi bathatha ixesha. Kuphela ngo-1972 kwaqaliswa ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kweprojekthi.

Ukuze i-radar ihlangabezane nayo yonke imimiselo efunekayo, kucetywayo ukuba ixhotyiswe ngesizukulwana esitsha ngokuqulunqa i-complex, ukuphuhliswa kwayo eyaqala ngokukodwa kunye noyilo olupheleleyo lwe-Don-N. Kungekudala isiteshi se-radar esisebenzayo se-syhula yecentimeter ibanga lafumana inamba ephezulu yezinto eziye zasinda namhlanje. Ngokukodwa, abasebenzi be-RTI bagcina banqume ukwakhiwa kwesi sakhiwo: iipiramidi ezinezitrahedral ezineziqulatho ezinama-antenna ahlukeneyo kumgangatho ngamnye kunye nama-antenna ahlukeneyo asemacaleni ukuze alawulwe iimfazwe. Ngenxa yokubala ngokuchanekileyo kwendawo ye-antennas, uphando olupheleleyo lwe-hemisphere eliphezulu lunikezelwa. Insimba yombono wesiteshi somsakazo ingahlawulwa kuphela yimpawu zokusasazeka kwesignali ye-radar kunye nomhlaba.

Ulungiso

Kungekudala le projekthi yagqitywa kwaye yafumana utshintsho oluthile. Izinto ezintsha ezichaphazelekayo ikakhulukazi izixhobo ezenza iimpawu. Ngokukodwa ukusebenza kwi "Don-N" yaveliswa kwaye yenziwa i-supercomputer ebizwa ngokuthi "uElbrus-2." Nangona i-computer eyinkimbinkimbi yesikhululo ixhotyiswe ngeyona ndlela yinkcenkceshe ngelo xesha i-electronics, izixhobo ezithatha iikhabinethi eziliwaka. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba esi sixa sezixhobo sinokukhupha ngokugcwele, iinjineli zinikeze inkqubo ekhethekileyo ebenokutshintshisana nokushisa kwamanzi kunye nemibhobho yamanzi. Ubude obude bemibhobho yayingamakhulu amabini amakhilomitha. Ukuba zonke iindawo zezixhobo zesikhululo se-radar zazixhunyelelana, zathatha malunga neekhilomitha ezingamawaka amabini zeetrans.

Ukwakhiwa

Ngowe-1978, le projekthi, eyayifumana igama elihlaziyiweyo "Don-2N," yayilungele isigaba sokwakhiwa kwesitishi. Phantse ngexesha elifanayo isicatshulwa esifanayo sakhiwe kwisayithi yokuhlola yaseKazakh uSary-Shagan. Ukusuka eMoscow kwakukuhluke kwiimpawu, izixhobo kunye, ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-radar edeleyo "uDon-2N" yaxilwa malunga neyeshumi iminyaka. Ngelo thuba abakhi babefake ngaphezu kweetoni ezingama-30 zeetsimbi zetsimbi, bazalise iitoni ezingama-50 zeekhonkrithi kwaye babeka inani elikhulu leemibhobho, iintambo kunye nezinye izinto. Ukufakwa kwezixhobo zombane zomsakazo kwaqala ngo-1980 kwaye kwaphela iminyaka eyisixhenxe.

Ukusebenza

Kwikota yeshumi leminyaka emva kokuqala kophuhliso, isiteshi se-radar "Don-2N" saqaliswa. Ngo-1989, waqala ukujonga izinto zangaphandle. Ngokutsho kwamanani aseburhulumenteni, ukuphakama kokufunyanwa kwejoliso kufuphi ne-station ye-radar yaseMoscow kufikelela kumawaka angamawaka amawaka. Uluhlu lokufumanisa intloko ye-missile ye-intercontinental yi-3,700 ikhilomitha. Abadlulisi bee-sitishi beesitishi bavelisa umqondiso ngombane we-pulse we-250 MW. I-antenna elandisiweyo kunye ne-computing platform inqume iinqununu zengqungquthela ekujoliswe kuyo ngokuchaneka kwimizuzu engama-25 e-arc. Iphutha ekuqingeni uluhlu alikho ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-10. Ngokutsho kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo, i-radar "Don-2N" kwingingqi yaseMoscow iyakwazi ukuhamba kunye nezinto ezilikhulu ngexesha elifanayo kwaye zijolise kuzo eziliqela eziliqela zokulwa. Utshintsho olulodwa lwabaqhubi beesitishi lubandakanya malunga neengcali ezilikhulu.

Kwiimigodi zesiteshini kukho ukulwa nemibhobho yemodeli 53 T6. Amandla enkqutyana yabo yemfazwe yenyukliya ayi-10 kilotons. Ubungakanani be-rocket eyi-12 kilogram, kwaye ubunzima buyi-10 toni. Uluhlu lomonakalo (ngokubhekiselele kwingcaciso eyahlukileyo) luvela kwiikhilomitha ezingama-50 ukuya kwii-100, kwaye ukuphakama kwesihlunu kuseekhilomitha ezingama-45. Ijubane le-rocket li-5.5 km / s, kungenxa yoko, eNtshona, ibizwa ngokuthi "Gezel".

Ukusebenzisana neMelika

Ekuqaleni, kwaye ngokugqithiseleyo kwaze kwaba ngo-1992, ubukho kunye neempawu zesikhululo asizange zichazwe ngokukodwa. Kodwa ngaloo nyaka, i-USSR yavumelana ne-United States ngokusebenzisana ekuhloliseni amandla okufumanisa nokulandelwa kwezinto ezikuMhlaba. Le nkqubo yabizwa ngokuba yi-Orbital Debris RAdar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS), eguqulela ngokuthi "Iibhola ze-Orbital for the Calibration of Radar Systems Tracking Space Debris".

Uvavanyo lokuqala lufanele lwenzeke ebusika ngo-1992, kodwa ngenxa yobunzima bobuchwepheshe, aluzange lube khona. Kwiminyaka emibini kuphela emva kweso sifundo. Kwindlela yokulinga, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ODERACS-1R, i-American Discoververy shuttle yaphonsa iibhola ezithandathu zetsimbi kwindawo evulekile. Amabini awo ayenomlinganiselo we-5 cm, ezimbini-10 cm, kunye ezimbini-15 cm. Kwiinyanga eziliqela babesendleleni yomhlaba. Kulo lonke ixesha babebukelelwa yi-radar "Don-2N" kunye nama-radar aseMelika. Ekuhambeni kweso sifundo, iibhola ezibubanzi beesentimitha ezili-10 no-15 zajongwa ngabaphandi boMerika nabaRashiya. Kodwa iibhola ezibubanzi beesentimitha ezihlanu zafunyanwa kuphela yiRazarar yaseRussia.

Ngethuba lovavanyo olulandelayo lwe-ODERACS-2, iibhola ezi-3 kunye nezi-3 ze-dipole zibonakaliswa kwithuba. Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo, isiteshi se radar saseRashiya sabonakala sona sihle. I-radar yakhe ifumene iithagethi ezincinci kumgama wamawaka amabini eekhilomitha.

Izixhobo zesitishi

Izinto eziphawulekayo ze-radar "Don-2N" (Sofrino) zi:

1. Multifunctionality. Ibonelela ngokusondeleyo nokukhawuleza kwezinto ezijoliswe kuzo, ukuhambelana kwazo, kwakunye nokuchithwa kolwazi ngekhowudi.
2. Umgangatho ophezulu wokukhusela ingxolo. Isekelwe kumzekelo omncinci we-antenna, umlinganiselo ophezulu wokukhetha, ububanzi befriji ebanzi, ubukho bamachaphaza bokuphazamiseka okuzenzekelayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezibonakaliso ezikhethekileyo kunye nokukwazi ukutshintsha ubukhulu besignali ejoliswe kwimithombo yokuphazamiseka.
3. Ukutshintshwa kweenguqu kwiinguqu zengqondo. Kufezekiswe ngenxa yokukwazi ukutshintsha iimodesi, ijubane kunye nemida yokukhonza iinjongo zeenjongo.
4. Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokulinganisa i-trajectory yeethagethi, imilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yokulungelelanisa iithagethi ezintlanu.
5. Ukukwazi ukuchonga nokulandelela iinjongo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ezingenakusebenza.
6. Amanqanaba aphakamileyo empawu zokufundisa.
7. Ukwakhiwa kweModeli.
8. Iqondo eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo.

Indawo yengozi ukusuka kwi-radar "Don-2N"

Xa i-station ye radar isebenza, iyanqatshelwe ukuba ihlale kufuphi nayo. Ukulimala kwimpilo evela kwi-radar "Don-2N" idibaniswa nemisebe eqinile. Ukuthetha ngolwimi lwemihla ngemihla, "uDon-2H" unokuthelekiswa ne-oven enkulu ye-microwave. Kuphela apha ukufudumala kwenzeka ngaphandle, kodwa apho, apho i-radiator ihlaba khona-ngaphandle. Ngelo xesha likhuselekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba lingaphakathi. Kulabo abathi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile baphumelele ukuba bangaphandle, iipopu ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela zakhiwe.

Imizuzu elishumi phambi kokuba isitishi sivuliwe, isandi savakala, esibonisa ukuba abasebenzi kufuneka bahambe kuloo ndawo. Ummandla okhuselekileyo we-Sanitary for radar "Don-2N" enye ikhilomitha. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ndawo yokuhlala kule ndawo ukusuka kwisikhululo. Ngaphantsi komhlaba i-tunnel ekhethekileyo ifakwe, apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba ushiye isiteshi sokusebenza ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yengozi.

Inokwenzeka

Ubuninzi beenkcukacha malunga namakhono kunye neempawu zenkonzo yeseli "U-Don-2N" uhlala ehlelwe. Ngako oko, ulwazi malunga nobunzima, njengommiselo, luyinto encinci kunye nekratshi. Nangona kunjalo, nangenxa yesiseko solwazi olufumanekayo, kunokwenzeka ukufumana izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ukukwazi ukuhamba namakhulu eithagethi kubonisa ngokukodwa ukukwazi kwe-radar ukufumanisa isiteyibrari esincinci kwindawo ekhuselweyo.

Xa sele ufumene iithagethi, isitishi ngokwayo sinokubeka iibhotho kuzo. Ngokweenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo, inani labo lihluka ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwe-30. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokungabi naso inani elaneleyo leemibhobho, okwangoku i-radar ingenakho ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa oku kuphela ukucinga, ngokusekelwe kwidatha ekhoyo. Kwaye kunye nolwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nenkqubo yokukhusela umkhosi waseMoscow kwaye luhlala luhlelwa.