Iinqwelo zezixhobo ze-Atomic zaseRashiya kunye neempawu zabo zobugcisa

Iinqwelo zezixhobo ze-atomic ziinqanawa zeso sizukulwana esitsha, ezifikeleleke kuphela kumagunya aphezulu ehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha baya kuthi bangabandakanywa kwiNavy Navy. Iyintoni ingxaki? Kutheni iRussian Federation, ephakamileyo ezininzi ekhokela uhlanga lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngasemva emva kwesi sikhombisi? Emva koko, iUnited States inenani elithembekileyo leenqanawa. Ziziphi iinqwelo zomoya zaseRussia? Kulo mbuzo uza kufunda impendulo kweli nqaku. Uya kuqonda ukuba kutheni le nxalenye yeentambo zeengalo eRussian Federation yabonakala ibuthathaka. Kwakhona uya kufunda malunga neenqanawa zale hlobo eziye zaveliswa eRashiya, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esinye okanye esinye asizange kubonakale kwiNavy. Kwakhona unokufumana ulwazi malunga nomqhubi wendiza kuphela kwinkonzo kwiNavy, kunye nokuba ngaba ngabaphathi beenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya baseRussia bacwangciswe kusasa elizayo.

Ngokwemvelo, ulwazi oluthe ngqo malunga neeprojekthi alukwazi ukufumana-kumabonwakude, abantu abanoxanduva banokuthi enye into, ephepheni, enye iya kuboniswa, kodwa eqinisweni, kunokuthi ibe nesithathu. Ngako oko, ulwazi malunga nekamva leenqwelo zezixhobo ezinokhenyuzi zenyukliya eRussia lucacisa nje.

Kutheni kungekho zixhobo zomoya zenyukliya eRashiya?

Iziphathamandla zeenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya zaseRashiya ziyihloko enomdla kakhulu, kuba enye yamandla anamandla kakhulu kwihlabathi kwimigqaliselo yempi iphantse ilahleke ngokupheleleyo inxalenye enkulu kunye ebalulekileyo. Kwenzeke njani? Ingxaki yonke ikhona kwilifa eliyifumana iRussia Federation kwi-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Ukubanjwa kungabonwa ekufundweni komgaqo-mkhosi we-USSR-into yokuba ilizwe liye lashiya ngokupheleleyo imveliso yeenqwelo zendiza, ingabonakali njengento yeenqwelo zomoya ezithwele amandla ombane.

Kakade ngemihla yeSoviet Union, isiseko sokungalingani kwale nto kwixa ezayo iRashiya yaqala ukubekwa, xa kuthelekiswa, umzekelo, kunye ne-United States. Ngenxa yoko, iRussian Federation yayingenabo abathwali beenqwelo zezixhobo kwaye akukho zicwangciso kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa kwazo ekuqaleni kokuba khona kwayo, i-millenium entsha yadibana neli lizwe kwimeko efanayo, kwaye namhlanje ngokuphathelele xa izaziso zomoya ze-nyukliya ezixhasiweyo ziza kubonakala, kuphela amahemuhemu ajikeleza Ncokola.

Ukuzama ukuqala ukuveliswa

Akunakutsholwa ukuba i-Soviet Union ayizange izame. Kwiminyaka engama-70 ubudala, i-Soviet Union yenzelwe ukwakhiwa kwenqwelo-moya yokuqala ye-nyukliya-enezixhobo eziza kuqaliswa ukuqeshwa kweenqwelo zenyukliya. Iprojekthi yayidalwe, eyayifumana isihloko esithi "1160". Injongo yale projekthi yayiyindalo, ngowe-1986, yeenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya ezi-3 ezipheleleyo eziza kunika i-catapult yokukhutshwa ngenye yeenqwelo ze-Soviet ze-Su-27 K ezona zifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngelanga, isicwangciso asizange sifumaneke, njengokuba ngelo xesha i-USSR yayigxininiswe Ekudaleni abahamba ngeenqwelo-moya ezinzima, ezingenakubizwa ngokuba ngabaphathi beenqwelo-moya ezinamandla ezizeleyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye kwakuba khona isiphakamiso sokwenziwa kweenqwelo-moya ezinqabileyo ezithwele i-cruiser kunye nokukhutshwa okubonakalayo. Yilapho iprojekthi "ye-1160" yaxutywa, kwaye isithuthi sokuqala se-nyukliya esisetyenziswayo sasingaveli.

Ngendlela, iprojekthi yendiza ephethe i-cruiser, eyatshintshwa yiprojekthi "1160", yahlulwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngo-1991, yagqitywa, kwaqaliswa ukuqaliswa kwetyala, ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekubeni enye yeenqwelo zezixhobo yawela ngqo kwi-crock of the cruiser yatshiswa khona. Ngowe-1992, le projekthi yapheliswa, kwaye i-Soviet Union yahlala ingabikho ngaphandle kweenqwelo-moya ezinamandla ezinokhenkliya kunye nabangenawo ama-cruisers kunye nenkqubo yokuqalisa, kunye neRussian Federation, eyavela emva konyaka, ingenayo nayiphi imithwalo ekuphuhliseni abathwali beenqwelo-moya ezinamandla.

Kodwa kwenzekani emva koko? Ngaba izixhobo zenyukliya zaseRashiya zivele? Imbali ibonisa ukuba yabonakala ngokwenene, kodwa bekunokwenzeka ukuba babe ngabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, kwaye ayenziwa ngokubanzi kungekhona kwiNavy Navy.

Yintoni ngoku?

Xa kuziwa kubanikazi beenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya zaseRussia, ukuhlelwa kwendima kudlala indima enkulu. Inyaniso kukuba ngaloo ndlela akukho zithuthi zee-atomic kwilizwe lonke. Kwaye akakaze adalwe eRussia, nangaphambi kweSoviet Union. Kodwa ukuba ulahla ingqiqo, kuba ngabaphathi beenqwelo-moya bangabonwa ngokuba ngabaqhubi abathwala iinqwelo-moya eziye zabhalwa ngaphambili. Emva koko siyakwazi ukulandelela imbali yendlela abo bahamba ngayo babonakala besebenza kwiRashiya.

Abaqhubi "i-Kiev", "iMinsk" kunye ne "Novorossiysk" beyokuqala. Zayisungulwa kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe, kwaye zakopishwa kunye ngo-1993. Iyokuqala yayiyimfihlo iminyaka elishumi, de ibe ithunyelwe eChina, apho yaba ngumboniso wemyuziyam. Okwesibini, iminyaka emibini emva kokumiswa komsebenzi, yayithengiswa eMzantsi Korea, apho befuna ukuyidibanisa isinyithi, kodwa yabuyiselwa eChina, apho, njengangaphambili, wangena kwiimyuziyam. Owesithathu wayenethamsanqa encinci - wathengiswa eKorea ngenxa yokuqhaqhazela, kodwa akukho mntu wayithengile, ngoko i-cruiser yachithwa ngenxa yeenkcukacha.

Ngokumalunga nemifanekiso yamanamhlanje, kufuneka sigxininise kwi-aircraft carrier "Varyag", eyasungulwa ngowe-1988. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, waya eUkraine, eyayithengisa eChina, apho yaphuculiswa khona, yagqitywa kwaye ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa. Ngenxa yoko, isebenza njengeLiaoning. Enye i-cruiser eqhubeka isebenza yi-Admiral Gorshkov, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2004, emva koko yathengiswa eNdiya, apho yakha kabusha khona, yaguqulwa kwi-aircraft yenkampani yenkampani yamandla enyukliya kwaye isenkonzweni ye-Indian Navy. Kukho enye inqwelo ephethe i-cruiser ebizwa ngokuthi "Ulyanovsk", eyayinokusebenza kwiRashiya YaseRashiya - ibekwe ngokutsha nje ngo-1998, yaye yayicwangcisiwe ukuba iya kugqitywa ngo-1995. Ngexesha elifanayo, wayeya kuba nako ukukhonza ngokuzinzile kwiNavy Yomkhosi waseRussia, kodwa le projekthi yayigqityiwe ngaphambi kokuba igqityiwe, kwaye oko kwakusele kuhlanganiswe kwabuyiselwa kwisinyithi. Yiloo ndlela iinqwelo zokuqala zeenqwelo zezixhobo ze-nyukliya zaseRussia azizange zisebenze ngeNavy.

Ummemori Kuznetsov

Kodwa ngaba zonke izithuthi zeenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya eRussia? Ukuphonononga akupheli apha, kuba kuyimfuneko ukujonga ikopi enye, nguyena kuphela okhoyo ngoku kunye nakwiNavy. Yintoni le nqanawa? Lo ngumthuthi weenqwekliya we-nyukliya waseRashiya "I-Admiral Kuznetsov" - yedwa nqanawa eMkhosini wamaRashiya, onokuthi uhlelwe njengomqhubi wendiza. Nangona kunjalo, kulo mzekelo, umqhubi we-atomic aircraft kuphela onokuthiwa ngokusemthethweni, kuba yena, njengemodeli yangaphambili, yi-TAVKR, oko kukuthi, inqwelo-moya enamandla ethwele i-cruiser. Njengabo bonke abathwali beenqwelo-moya, kwakhiwe kwinqanawa yaseSoviet yaseChernigov. Le nqanawa yafakwa ngo-1985, kwaye ngowe-1988 yayisunguliwe - ukususela ngoko sele isebenze kwaye ikwazi ukukhonza zombini i-Soviet Union kunye neRussian Federation. Wabiza igama lakhe emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, ngaphambi kokuba abe namagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, wanikwa igama elithi "Riga", ngoko waqanjwa ngokuthi "uLeonid Brezhnev", waza waba "yiTbilisi", kwaye kuphela emva kwezazisi zeRashiya ezinikezwa ngamandla enyukliya uAdmiral Kuznetsov wazalelwa. Luhlobo luni lwemkhunjana yilo, enamhlanje yile nqanawa kuphela kwi-Russian Navy?

Impawu zobugcisa bekhephe

Njengoko ubona, ayikho inqwaba yeenqwelo zeenqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya zaseRussia phambi koMlambo. Iimpawu zobuchwephesha ze-cruiser-carrying carrying aircraft, nangona kunjalo, unomdla. Ngoko, le nqanawa enokufuduka kweyona ndawo inomtsalane-ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingamashumi ama-60. Ubude bayo buyi-306 emitha, ububanzi - iimitha ezingamashumi asixhenxe, kwaye ukuphakama kwindawo ephakamileyo ngamamitha angama-65. Uqulunqo lwenqanawa lunokuthi luvela kwiimitha ezilisibhozo ukuya kwishumi, kunye nokufuduka kwamanqanaba angama-10.4 emitha. Ukubhuka kwesi nqanawa kwenziwe ngensimbi efakwe, ukuphindaphinda komzimba ngamasebe angaphezulu ahlelwe. Ukususela kwiintshaba ze-torpedoes inqanawa ikhuselwe ngu-4.5-mitha yokukhuselwa kweendlela ezintathu-isalathisi se-armor sinokukwazi ukuthwala isithintelo esingu-400 kilogram ze-TNT. Ngokuphathelele iinjini, kufuneka sijonge apha apha ukuba kusetyenziswe iteknoloji ye-tebne-turbine technology, engasetyenziswanga kwizixhobo zokuqhubela iinqwelo zenyukliya eziphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sithetha ngeempawu zobugcisa ezomileyo, ke ii-turbines ezine zomoya zinika i-horse-power engama-200 zamawaka, ii-generator ze-turbo zivelisa i-kilowatts ezingama-13 500, kunye ne-diesel generator-enye i-kilowatts eziyi-9. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukuphawula i-thruster, equkethe ezine ezine-blade propellers. Yintoni konke oku kunika ngokupheleleyo? Ewonke, isivinini esiphezulu sinamaqhina angama-29, oko kukuthi, iikhilomitha ezingama-54 ngeyure. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukuphawula ukukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho kunye nezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza.

Ingakanani le nqanawa ibhukuda ngaphandle kwe-refueling? Inqanaba lekhosi, eqinisweni, lixhomekeke kwisantya: kwisantya esiphezulu, uluhlu lwee-3,850 zama-nautical miles, kwi-speed speed yezoqoqosho-ngaphezulu kweeyure ezisixhenxe nesiqingatha eziliwaka lee-nautical miles, kunye ne-speed speed yezoqoqosho-malunga neekhilomitha ezili-ezisibhozo kunye nesiqingatha samawaka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgama ohambahamba, ulawulo lohambo lukwaqwalaselwa kwakhona, oko, kwimeko yale nqanawa, iintsuku ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu. Abasebenzi beli nqanawa banabantu abangaphantsi kwamawaka amabini abantu. Esi sisiphumo esinokugqithisa ngokulula iinqwelo zezixhobo zenyukliya zanamuhla zaseRashiya. Iziganeko ngokwenene zafakwa malunga neminyaka emashumi amathathu edlulileyo, ngoko akukho nto inokumangaliswa. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusiyo yonke into onokuyifunda malunga nomqhubi wenqwelo-moya kuphela okwi-Russian Navy.

Amandla

Ngenxa yokuba le nqanawa ilwa, inokubakho kwiinqwelo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo, malunga naye ngoku kuya kuxutyushwa. "I-Admiral Kuznetsov" ibonisa indlela yokuhamba "Beisur", evumela ukuba uqhube umlilo ojoliswe kuwo. Ngaphambi kokukhangela ngqo kwiibhamu, kubalulekile ukujonga kwixhobo zokusebenza ze-radar kwakhona-zanele ngokwalo kwinqanawa. Ekubeni kukho iinqanaba ezi-7 ezihlukeneyo zokufumana ukufunyanwa ngokubanzi, kunye nezikhululo zokulawula izithuthi. Kwakhona kufanelekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwi-othomathikhi ye-othomathikhi - ebhodini kukho inkqubo yokulwa nolwazi lokulwa nolwazi "Logger", inxibelelwano enzima "Buran-2" nangaphezulu.

Ewe, ngoku unakho ukubeka ingqalelo kwiimpahla - kwindawo yokuqala kukufanele ukuphawula ukufakwa kwezixhobo zokulwa kwezixhobo zokulwa neenqwelo-moya, ezenzelwe amaqebunga amawaka angama-48. Izixhobo ezixakekileyo ezikhuselekileyo kwi-nqanawa kukho i-12 Granit launchers, ii-4 ze-anti-anti-aircraft systems kunye ne-four Dagger launchers. Le nqanawa inendlela yokuhlaselwa okanye yokukhusela i-submarines - ezi ziinkalo ezimbini zokusebenza ezenzelwe iibhobho ezingamashumi ayisithupha.

Iqela loLwazi

Ngokwahlukileyo, kubalulekile ukujongwa kwicandelo eliphethe iinqwelo-moya. "I-Admiral Kuznetsov" yenzelwe iinqwelo-moya ezingamashumi amahlanu, ezinokuthuthwa. Ngaphezu koko, kwakucingelwa ukuba iinqwelo-moya ziya kuba khona. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene yonke into ibe yinto eyahlukileyo, kwaye ukuza kube yimhla, le nqanawa isebenza njengesiseko seenqwelo zezilwanyana ezingamashumi amathathu kuphela, ezininzi zazo zi-Su-33 kunye neMig-29K.

Izicwangciso zekamva

Kodwa yintoni elandelayo? Ngaba izithuthi zenyukliya ezintsha zeRashiya ziya kuvela? Okanye ngaba i-Admiral Kuznetsov iya kuhlala ingummeli yedwa ixesha elide? Iminyaka elishumi nje edlulileyo, amaRashiya anethemba lokuhlaziywa kwakhona komyalelo, owenzeka ngo-2009. Njengoko ekutshatyalaliswa kweSoviet Union kunye nokwakhiwa kweRussian Federation, kangangokuba iminyaka elishumi edlulileyo urhulumente wayengenaso icebo kulo lonke le candelo lemarike yempi. Ngelo xesha, umqhubi omkhulu, iUnited States of America, uqalise isithuthi se-nyukliya esisisigxina esipheleleyo. Kodwa kwenzekani ngo-2009? Isicwangciso sele senziwe ngaphambili phambi kowe-2020, yaye kwakungekho naso isithuthi senyukliya apho. Ngoko ke umqhubi wenqwelo-moya we-nyukliya waseRashiya akabonakalwanga kwiphepha okwamanje-likhona kuphela ngamazwi, kwaye nangona kunjalo kwi-press, kwaye kungekhona kwiingxelo zabantu abagunyazisiweyo abasemthethweni.

Iiprototypes

Enyanisweni, ukusebenza kwindlela yokukhwela kweenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya sele kuqhutywe, kodwa uMlambo wamaRashiya uza kufumana isizukulwana esitsha senkampani yenqwelo yeenkliya ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona ngo-2020. Kwezinye iimeko, iingxelo zithi amanye amazwe asebenza kwizithuthi zeRashiya, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo umyalezo ubonakala ngomfanekiso weprojekthi yendlela abaza kubheka ngayo iinqwelo zezixhobo zeenqwekliya zenyukliya zaseRussia. Isithombiso sibonisa umzekelo wenqanawa enokuthi ithwale inani elikhulu leenqwelo-moya ngenxa yokushiya isakhiwo esisisiseko esisisiseko kunye nokutshintshisa ngeendonga ezincinci zokulawula.

Ikhomishini yaseMedvedev

Nangona kunjalo, ithemba labantu lavuselelwa ngo-2015, xa uDmitry Medvedev eyalela uMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko ukuba aqale ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokusungulwa kweenqwelo zezixhobo zeenkliya. Le nto ayiyi kuba yinto elula ngenxa yesizathu sokuba sele uyayazi - iinqanawa ezigcweleyo zolu hlobo kwintsimi yaseRussia Federation kunye neyona yangaphambili yeSoviet Union ayizange yakhiwe. Isithuthi senqwelo-moya esixhaswe ngamandla enyukliya asifani ne-cruiser-carrying carrying cruiser, ngoko ke iteknoloji iya kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuhlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwindlela enye okanye enye, ukubikezelwa kwezinto ezithembekileyo kunika ingxelo ngo-2020 isicwangciso sokudalwa kwezixhobo zokuqala ze-nyukliya ezijoliswe kwi-Navy YaseRussia.