Iipompo zokuthutha: iintlobo, udidi, iimpawu, injongo

Imbali yokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kunye neengcambu zayo ibuyela kumaxesha amandulo - ukuqala kokukhankanywa kwamanzi okubhukuda kwavela ngaphezu kweminyaka engamawaka amahlanu edlulileyo. Emva koko abantu bathuthela kwimilambo nolwandle ngeenqanawa, eziqhutywe ngabalimi. Ukususela ngoko, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa kuye kwakha intsebenzo enkulu, kwaye namhlanje le shishini lihlala kwindawo ehamba phambili kwicandelo lezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko zophuhliso lwelizwe.

Ukwangoku, ngokuqhelekileyo kwamkelwa isigama esinqanawa esilwandle sisisombululo esikhulu sokubhukuda ekulobeni, ukuthutha impahla okanye ukuthutha abagibeli. Inqanawa yolwandle ngumshini wokubhukuda wempi. Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweyiphi na iindidi zeenqanawa, ukusetyenziswa okuthembekileyo kwazo zonke izinto kunye neenkqubo ziyimfuneko. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kweepompo zephephelo, kuba ukuhamba kwamanzi amaninzi ngokusebenzisa iipayipi zeso sixhobo.

Kutheni sifuna iimpompo kwinqanawa?

Ekuqaleni, iimpompo zenziwa kuphela ukuphakamisa amanzi. Imodeli yokuqala yesistim se-hydraulic yekhefu, esenzelwe ukupompa amanzi kwi-hold, yayiyipompo ye-piston. Ngoku iyaziwa ngokuba yi-injini yepom. Ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo zombane kwiinqanawa kubone ukuphambuka kwepiston nge-drive drive.

Okunye, iintlobo ezininzi zamanje zendlela yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, zaqala ukusasazeka ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi kunye nophuhliso lwetheknoloji. Indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni amapompu amasha yadlala ngokubonakala kweenjini zombane. Ukusungulwa kwabo kuqinisekisiwe ukwanda kwentsholongwane yokujikeleza kwendawo yokusebenza yecandelo kunye negunya lepom.

Namhlanje, iipompu zifumene isicelo esiphezulu kuwo onke amasebe oqoqosho lwesizwe. Indawo yokwakha iinqanawa ayizange ibe yinto ehlukile. Okwangoku, zonke iindidi ezikhoyo zezo zixhobo zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwinqanawa elwandle.

Yintoni ipompo?

Ipom i sixhobo esilungiselelwe ukuhambisa amanzi ukusuka kumgangatho ophantsi ukuya phezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha, ngoncedo lwalolu hlobo, utywala lugqithiselwa ukunika inani elithile lamandla okanye ukwandisa uxinzelelo. Kwiinkqubo eziphambili zokuthuthwa kolwandle, iimpompo zisetyenziselwa yonke indawo: zifumaneka kwiinkqubo zamandla okutshala amandla, ukuhamba kwamanzi, iindlela zokuxhasa ubomi, njl njl.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kompompo

Ngokuguqula amandla wenjini yepompo yemikhumbi ibe namandla ombane ohambayo, ezi zixhobo zibangela ukuba zihambe kwinqanaba elifunayo (ukukhuphuka, ukuhamba ngokuhamba okanye ukujikeleza ngaphakathi kwenkqubo evaliweyo). Ukudala ukuthutha okufunekayo kombane othile osebenzayo, ezinjalo izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi nayiphi na imeko ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokupompoza, isicwangciso esisisiseko esifanelekileyo sokubonelela ngamanzi okanye ukucoceka.

Umzobo weSikimenti nasiphi na isitulo sokupompa yesitya

Njengendlela yokuqhuba ukulolu hlobo, isithuthi sombane esixhunyiwe kumasebe sisetyenziswe. Ukungena kokusebenza kwamanzi okuvela kumgangatho osezantsi kwaye uhamba kunye nomgca wepipeline umgca wecandelo eliphezulu ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamandla. Ngelo xesha, amandla ombane osebenzayo odlula epompo ahlala ekhulu kunamandla phambi kompompo.

Intloko yokukhupha ixhomekeke kwondlo, amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesi sixhobo. Kukunyuka kwamandla athile okuhambisa amanzi okusukela kwindawo yokungena empompo ngaphambi kokushiya. Ukubonakaliswa kwimitha, inquma ukuphakama kokuphakanyiswa okanye umgama wokuhamba we-ejenti esebenzayo.

Impawu eziphambili zesistim se-hydraulic

Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kubonakaliswa ngumthamo wayo ngexesha ngalinye. Amandla amakhulu epompo ayadingeka ukudala intloko efunekayo kwaye anqobe zonke iintlobo zelahleko ezingenakukhutshwa xa umbane uhamba ngepayipi. Amandla epompo, aboniswe kwi-kW, anquma amandla e-drive motor kunye namandla afakwe kwisikhululo sonke sokupompa.

I-coefficient of efficiency yepom iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngexesha lokutshintsha iiparameters eziphambili zesiteshini sokupompa.

Iipompo zokuhamba njani

Zonke iintlobo zeepompo ezifakwe kwinqanawa zihlelwe ngokwemiqathango elandelayo:

• Ngendawo ye-shaft drive ( ephezulu okanye ebonakalayo).
• Ngohlobo lwe-drive (i-electric drive, i-turbine drive okanye i-drive ukusuka kwindlela ye-piston). Indlela yokuqhuba ipom ingaxhunyezwa ngqo kwi-shaft drive okanye ngebhokisi lebhokisi. Ingasebenza ngokuzimela okanye ngokuzimela. Iipompo ezizimeleyo zikwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwezinye izitofu, kwaye iimpompo ezingezizo ezizimeleyo (zikhonjiweyo) ziqhutywa yindlela abaqhuba ngayo.
• Ngamandla ekhanda elidaliweyo (uxinzelelo oluphantsi, uxinzelelo oluphakathi okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu).
• Kukho ukwakhiwa kweepompo zeenqanawa ngenjongo yazo . Zingaba zizodwa, injongo-jikelele okanye eyenzelwe ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezithile kunye neendlela zokukhupha izitya okanye izityalo zamandla.

Iipompu ezikhethekileyo zingasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amanzi kwisithende okanye kwiitanki zokuqhafaza, ukuthutha imithwalo yamanzi okanye ukususa iisitrasi zabo kwiindawo zokuthengisa. Ngosizo lwabo banokuhambisa amanzi atshisayo kwiinkqubo zokuhlamba zamacandelo. Abahlanguli bempahla-moya abanakho ukuxhotyiswa ngamapompo enamandla amakhulu, kunye nemikhumbi yokulwa nomlilo - ngemipompi yomlilo yemveliso enkulu.

Iimpompo ezisetyenziselwa ukuxhobisa iiyunithi eziphambili kunye nezixhobo zesebe zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa ngokungenakuphazamiseka nokusebenzayo kwezi zinto. Ngokuqhelekileyo baziswa kwiindawo zokubilisa iinjini kunye nezityalo zamandla. Ziquka: ukupompa umbane, ugesi, ioli, izondlo, i-condensate, amanzi kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo.

Iipompo ze-Ship kunye neempawu zazo

Ngokuxhomekeke kumgaqo wokusebenza, kukho iipompu zamandla - i-blade, gear, i-screw. Iipompo zinokuba yi-centrifugal okanye i-jet. Ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngenjongo kunye nohlobo lokusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, kukho iipompo ze-ballast, i-bilge, izondlo (ezisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ioli okanye amanzi kwisimo sokupholisa), umlilo, uxinzelelo kunye nabanye. Ingundoqo yokusebenza kwamapompu eninzi yinkxaso yenkxaso yexesha elihlukeneyo lokusebenza kwamanzi ukusuka kwigumbi lokunyuka ukuya kwigumbi lokunyanzelisa.

Iindlela ezilula zokwenza umthamo we-hydraulic hydraulic systems zipompo ezijikelezayo. Izipompo eziphindaphindiweyo ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuthuthwa kwemikhosi, imishini yokuqhuba imishini yamanzi kunye neendlela, injini enkulu kunye nokugcinwa koomatshini abahamba phambili.

Iipompu ze-Centrifugal zibhekisela kwizixhobo ze-hydrodynamic. Umzimba osebenzayo osebenza kuzo kukho igorha ejikelezayo, apho kukho ii-blades okanye ii-blades. Ngabo bahambisa amandla amanzi afanelekileyo kwaye baqondise ukuhamba. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela nge-jet stream of liquid, i.e. Isondlo sisasazwa ngokufanayo. Ukutya kwe-ejenti esebenzayo (ukuveliswa kwempompo) kuthintela ubungakanani bomhlaba kunye nokujikeleza kwexesha. Iimitha zamanzi ezinkulu kwiimitha eziphezulu ziqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwamanzi.

Iipompu ze-Centrifugal zibonakaliswa ngumjelo oqhubekayo we-liquid kwaye, ngoko ke, ukulingana kweenkonzo. Isantya sokuhamba (ukusebenza) kwepom kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bomhlaba kunye nokujikeleza kwexesha lokujikeleza kwayo: inkulu ububanzi kunye nejubane lexabiso, ukuphakama kwamandla empu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukwandisa ukunikezelwa kwamapompu e-centrifugal yamanzi akhiwa kwi-design-wheelsd design.

Ngoluhlobo lwesilathisi se-ejenti zokusebenza, iipompu zinezidibaniso zibe ngamapompo e-centrifugal kunye ne-axial (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba yimpompo ye-propeller). Oku kuqukwa nezixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kwiimpompo ze-centrifugal kunye ne- vortex, i- fluid esebenzayo ingashenxisa nge-radially, kunye ne-axial (propeller) nge-axis ye-shaft.

Kwiipompo zejet, amandla anikezelwa kunye nokuhamba kwe-ejenti esebenzayo (i-liquid okanye i-steam). Umbane onamandla wokuhamba kombhobho wepom uguqulwa ube yi-kinetic. Ngenxa yokuhamba kokukhawuleza kokuhamba komsebenzi ekamelweni lokunyuka, i-ejenti esebenzayo ngokwayo ithintela i-liquid okanye igesi ukusuka kweli kamelo. Umlambo odibeneyo uhamba ngomgca wokukhutshwa ngokusebenzisa i-diffuser. Ukukwazi ukumisa ukusondeza nokudala ukucoca okungezantsi kunokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwepom phantsi kwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ubuchule obuphantsi kunye nokungabi nokuzimela kwalolu hlobo lweepompo kuyimpendulo yabo.

Ipomp jet eyenzelwe ukufaka umbane osebenzayo, okokuba ukwandisa uxinzelelo lwawo, ubizwa ngokuba yi -jectject. Iipompu zokufakelwa zivame ukusetyenziswa ukuze zenze amandla ovelisi bamanzi beenqanawa ezincinci. Injectors zibizwa ngokuba yimpompo ye-jet, eqinisekisa ukuxutywa kwamanzi okusebenza. Ziyasetyenziswa xa zisusa umoya okanye i-condensate kuyo nayiphi na indawo okanye iiyunithi.

Iintlobo

Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwefowuni ye-hydraulic yipompo yamagesi (NS). Umxhasi uyigumbi leemigodi kwizindlu ezitywinyiwe. Xa iivili ziqala ukujikeleza, amazinyo angenakunxibelelana enza ukwanda kwevolumu kunye nomnyuzi ulandelwa kwi-inlet ephantsi. Ubuninzi beempahla zamanzi ezingenayo ngokuthe ngcembe ziqokelela kwithuba phakathi kwamavili kwaye zinyanzeliswa ngaphandle. Ngoko ummeli osebenzayo ungena kwigumbi lokunyanzeliswa aze adlule kumbhobho wokuphuma. Olu hlobo lweepompo zekhefu lisetyenziselwa ukupompoza i-liquids eziphathekayo kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo zokucoca, umzekelo weoli okanye ioli.

Iipompo zokujiya kwiinqanawa nazo zibhekisela kwiipompu eziphambili. Kuxhomekeke kumaphi amanqaku asebenzayo epompo, ukuhlukanisa iifowuni enye, ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ezininzi.

Ngokujikelezwa kwe-shaft drive, isiqwenga senza inkqubela yokujikeleza eyinkimbinkimbi, apho umbane osebenzayo ovela kumbhobho wokulwela ungene kwindawo yokuzibamba. Xa isibuko siguqulelwa kwinqanaba elithile, i-agent esebenzayo ekamelweni lokugquma livalelwe, njengoko kunjalo. Ukusebenza kweemvalo kubangela ukujova kwesebenzi esebenza kumgca woxinzelelo. Ukuba umbane ogqithiseleyo uqokelela kwaye uxinzelelo luyakha, i-valve ekhethekileyo yokukhusela ivula ekamelweni lokunyanzeliswa - i-liquid excess irhoxiswa kwakhona kwigumbi lokungena.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwepompo ye-centrifugal yesitya isekelwe ekuhambiseni okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwamanzi. Umzimba osebenzayo wepom i-rotor eneentlobo ezikhethekileyo ezijoliswe kwi-shaft drive shaft. Iqhutywayo yenziwa ngumbane wombane. Xa umpompo we-centrifugal usebenza, injini yogesi iya kudluliselwa kumanzi ngamanzi ajikelezayo. Ngethuba elifanayo, badala uxinzelelo oluyimfuneko, phantsi kwesenzo apho igosa elisebenzayo lisuka kwigalelo ukuya kwisiphumo.

Iipompu ze-centrifugal eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa yonke indawo, kuzo zonke izityalo zamandla. Iipompo zokuthunyelwa kweempahla zamatye zisetyenziselwa apho kusemfuneko ukunyanzeliswa okukhulu kweendaba zokusebenza. Umgaqo wokusebenza kwezixhobo ezinjalo kukuba i-liquid, ifinyelele ingcinezelo efunekayo kwinqanaba elilodwa, iya kuphuma kumbhobho wokuphuma kwisigaba esilandelayo, apho ukunyanzeliswa kwakhona kuphakama.

Ngokuxhomekeke kumandla, iimpompo zinokubunjwa okungafaniyo. Amandla amakhulu epompo yejoyi e-large scale can reach a hundred of tons of liquid per hour.

Injongo yompompo kwisitya

Iipompo kwiinqanawa zifunekayo zokupompa amanzi olwandle okanye ukuzisebenzisa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zesistim sokubhukuda. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi ziinkqubo eziqhelekileyo njenge:

• Ukungabi nomlilo.
• Desiccant.
• Ukupholisa
• Ucoceko.
• Umgcini.
• Ballast.

Iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zeempahla zokubhukuda, apho kukho iifom ezahlukeneyo

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomlilo kwiinqanawa nganye kufuneka kube yipompo yomlilo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi nqununu zihlangene kwaye zilula. Ukuze uphendule ngokufanelekileyo emlilweni kwaye msinya ufumane indawo, ipompo kufuneka iqale ngokukhawuleza. Kule meko, ipompo yomlilo kufuneka inikezele intloko kunye nokuhamba kwemfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-jet yamanzi enamandla.

Kwimeko yokuzaliswa kwamanzi olwandle, umpompo owomileyo uyasetyenziswa. Ukulungiselela iimfuno zokukhusela, kufuneka kubekho iipompo ezimbini zebhiligi kwiinqanawa zorhwebo okanye zothutho. Ukuxhamla abagibeli, ezintathu iimpompo ezinjalo ziyimfuneko. Kwaye omnye wabo kufuneka akhiqize kuphela ukuxilisa, ngelixa ezinye ezimbini zingasetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo, kodwa kufuneka ukuba zifakwe kwi-system jikelele.

Iinkqubo zokupholisa okanye zokufudumala ziyafuneka ukutshisa okanye ukunciphisa ubushushu bokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okufakela iinqanawa. Ngoko, umzekelo, ngaphambi kokutya umbane kwi-injini yomsakazo wangaphakathi, kufuneka uhlanjululwe kwaye uphelelwe. Kodwa ioli ecocekileyo iyimfuneko, ngokuchaseneyo, ukupholisa. Ukuhamba kombane osebenzayo kuqinisekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kweepompo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlala ngokukhululekile kwabasebenzi, imfuneko yenkqubo yokuhlambulula iinqwelo. Ukusebenza kwenkqubo enjalo kunikezelwa ngamapompo ahlanzekileyo. Ngoncedo lwabo, kukho ukubonelelwa kwamanzi okusela okanye amanzi ompompo kwiindawo zokuhlambela.

Inkqubo ye-ballast isebenza ukukrazula kwaye igcwalise iitanki ze-ballast zolwandle ngamanzi olwandle.