I-detonation injini ye-rocket: iimvavanyo, umgaqo wokusebenza, inzuzo

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwesithuba esingaphandle kubandakanyeka ngokungahambisani nendawo yokusebenza. Intliziyo yanoma iyiphi i-roketi ye-carrier iyinjini yayo. Kumele aphuhlise i-speed velocity yokuqala-malunga ne-7.9 km / s, ukuhambisa i-astronauts kwi-orbit, kunye nesithuba sesibini ukunqoba intsimi yehlabathi. Ukufumana oku akulula, kodwa izazinzulu zihlala zikhangela iindlela ezintsha zokusombulula le ngxaki. Abaqulunqi baseRussia baqhubela phambili kwaye balawula ukuvelisa i-rocket ye-rocket injini, iimvavanyo zazo zaphumelela. Le mpu melelo ingabizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo yangempela kwinkalo yobunjineli bendawo.

Izinto ezintsha

Kutheni iinjinjini zokutshatyalaliswa zinethemba elikhulu? Ngokwenzululwazi, amandla abo aya kuba ngamawaka ezili-10 amawaka ngaphezu kobunzima beenjini ze-rocket ezikhoyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, baya kudla amaninzi amaninzi, kwaye imveliso yabo iya kubonakala ngeendleko eziphantsi kunye nenzuzo. Sisiphi isizathu salokhu?

Yonke into malunga nokuphendula kwe-oxidation yeoli. Ukuba kwii-rockets zanamhlanje inkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa isetyenzisiweyo - i-slow (subsonic) yokutshisa i-fuel kwixinzelelo oluqhubekayo, ngoko imisebenzi ye-injini ye-rocket ngenxa yokuqhuma, ukutshatyalaliswa komxube onokutsha. Utshisa ngesantya esiphezulu ngokukhutshwa komthamo omkhulu wamandla ashushu ngexesha elifanayo nokusabalala kwe-wave shock. Uphuhliso kunye nokuvavanywa kohlobo lweRashiya lwenjini yokuqhawulwa yenziwe yi-laboratory ekhethekileyo "Iinjongo ze-rocket ze-liquid deton" njengengxenye yenkqutyana yokuvelisa i-Energomash.

Ukugqwesa kweeInjini ezintsha

Ukufunda nokuphuhliswa kweenjini zokucima iinjongo ziqhutywa yizinzululwazi zehlabathi eziyiminyaka engama-70. Isizathu esiyinhloko esithintela ukudalwa kwale nji injini kungumlilo ongenakulawulwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukongezelela, i-ajenda yayiquka imisebenzi yokuxuba ngokufanelekileyo i-fuel and oxidizer, kunye nokudibanisa umbhobho kunye nokungenisa umoya. Emva kokuba usombulule ezi ngxaki, kuya kubakho ukudala injini ye-rocket ye-detonation, eyayifumana ixesha layo. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu zibiza ezo zinto zintle:

1. Ukukwazi ukuphuhlisa umlinganiselo kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye ne-hypersonic.
2. Ukukhutshwa kwizinto ezininzi ezihambayo.
3. Ubunzima obuphantsi kunye neendleko zesityalo.
4. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermodynamic.

Ngokuqinisekileyo olu hlobo lwenjini alucacwanga. Ngethuba lokuqala lavavanywa kwiinqwelo ezihamba ngeenqwelo-moya ezincinci ngo-2008. Injini yokutshatyalaliswa kwee-rockets ezithweleyo yavanywa kuqala yizinzululwazi zaseRashiya. Yingakho esi siganeko sinikwa ukubaluleka kakhulu.

Umgaqo wokusebenza: uhluthwe kwaye uqhubeke

Okwangoku, izazinzulu ziphuhlisa izixhobo ezinomsebenzi osisigxina kunye nokuqhubekayo. Umgaqo we-injonation ye-rocket injini kunye ne-scheme ye-pulse yokusebenza isekelwe ekuzaliseni i-cyclic chamber of combustion ingxube kunye nombane onokutsha, ukutshaya kombane kunye nokukhutshwa kwemveliso ebushushu kwindawo. Ngoko ke, kwinkqubo eqhubekayo, ugesi uphelelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwigumbi lokufudumala, ukushiswa kwamafutha kumbane okanye ngaphezulu kwamaza okutshatyalaliswa okuqhubekayo ejikeleza ukujikeleza. Izinzuzo zeenjini ezinjalo zi:

1. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elilodwa lombane.
2. Ukwakhiwa okulula.
3. Ubuncinci obukhulu kunye nobunzima bokufakelwa.
4. Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo komxube onokutsha.
5. Izinga eliphantsi lezandi ezivelisiweyo, ukuthungqwa kunye nokukhutshwa komonakalo.

Ngendlela efanelekileyo, ukusebenzisa ezi nzuzo, injini ye-rocket injini yeskimu yokuqhubekayo iya kutshintsha zonke izitofu ezikhoyo ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye neempawu zendleko.

Uvavanyo lweenjini zenkunkuma

Iimvavanyo zokuqala zezixhobo zokuhlaselwa kwekhaya zenziwa kwinqanaba leprojekthi eyenziwe nguNgqongqoshe wezeMfundo kunye neSayensi. Njengomboniselo, injini encinci enegumbi lokushisa elingu-100 mm ububanzi kunye nobubanzi be-channel engama-5 mm ububanzi bubekwe. Iimvavanyo zenziwa kwibhenki ekhethekileyo yokuhlola, izikhombisi zabhalwa xa zisebenza kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zomxube otshayozayo-i-hydrogen-oxygen, i-gas-oxygen, i-propane-butane-oxygen.

Uvavanyo lweenjini ze-rocket kwi-oxygen-hydrogen fuel lubonise ukuba umjikelezo we-thermodynamic wale nqununu ngowama-7% asebenzayo ngakumbi kunokuba ezinye izityalo zisebenza. Ukongezelela, bekuqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba njengoko inani lepetroli likhuphuka, inkunzi kunye nenani lamagagasi okutshatyalaliswa kunye nokunyuka kwejubane.

Iimpawu zeeAnalogs kwamanye amazwe

Izazinzulu ezivela kumazwe ahamba phambili zibandakanya ukuphuhliswa kweenjini zokucima. Impumelelo enkulu kulolu hlobo lwenziwa ngabavelisi baseU.SA. Kwiimodeli zabo baqaphela indlela engaphazamisekiyo yokusebenza, okanye ukujikeleza. Izicwangciso zemikhosi zase-US zokusetyenziswa kwezi fakelo zokuxhobisa iinqanawa zomhlaba. Ngenxa yobukhulu babo buncinci kunye namancinci amancinci, benamandla amakhulu okuvelisa, baya kunceda ukwandisa ukusebenza kweenqanawa zokulwa.

Umxube we-stoichiometric we-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijeni usebenzisa umsebenzi wawo we-American detonation rocket engine. Izibonelelo zalo mthombo wamandla ngokuyinhloko zorhwebo - i-oksijeni iyatshisa nje ngokufunekayo kwi-oxidation ye-hydrogen. Ngoku urhulumente wase-US uchitha iibhiliyoni ezimbalwa zeedola ukubonelela ngeenqwelo zomkhosi nge-carbon fuel. I-fuel stoichiometric iya kunciphisa iindleko ngamaxesha amaninzi.

Iikhokelo ezongezelelweyo zophuhliso kunye namathemba

Idatha emitsha efunyenwe ngenxa yeemvavanyo zeenjineli zokuqhawula izixhobo zenza ukuba kusetyenziswe iindlela ezintsha ezakhayo zokwakha isicwangciso sokusebenza ngamafutha aseburhulumenteni. Kodwa ngenxa yokusebenza kweenjini ezinjalo kufuneka kube nokunyanzeliswa kokushisa okukhulu ngokubhekiselele kumlinganiselo omkhulu wokukhululeka kwamandla ashushu. Okwangoku, kuphuhliswe isambatho esikhethekileyo, esiza kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kweklasi elumlilo phantsi kwefuthe eliphezulu lokushisa. Indawo ekhethekileyo yophando olongezelelweyo kukudalwa kweentloko zokuxuba, ngoncedo apho kuya kubakho ukufumana amaconsi ezinokutsha ezinokutsha, ubuncinci kunye nokubunjwa. Ngokuxazulula le micimbi, injini entsha ye-rocket injini iya kudala, eya kubeka isiseko seklasi elitsha lamarokethi.