Umbuso we-feudal: imfundo nophuhliso

I-feudalism yavela ekupheleni kwexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-Middle Ages. Kule nkqubo yobudlelwane, uluntu lungafika ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwimeko yokuqala, i-feudal state yabonakala kwisayithi yekhoboka elilahlayo. Yile ndlela iYurophu ephakathi ngayo . Indlela yesibini yindlela yokutshintshela kwiindawo zentlalo ezivela kwiindawo zakudala, xa izizwe ezihloniphekileyo, iinkokeli okanye abadala baba ngabaphathi abakhulu bezona zinto ziyimfuneko-imfuyo kunye nomhlaba. Ngokufanayo inkokheli yobukhosi kunye nabasemagunyeni abakhoboka babesele bazalwa.

Ukuqulunqwa kwama-feudalism

Ekupheleni kwexesha elidlulileyo kunye neMinyaka Ephakathi, iinkokeli kunye nabalawuli bezizwe baba ookumkani, amabhunga amadala aguqulela ngokwabo ngamabhunga eeproxies, amabutho ase-Afrika aguqulwa kwiimpi zemihlali kunye nezikhundla. Nangona uhlanga ngalunye lube nolwawo lwama-feudal ngendlela yaso, yonke le nkqubo yembali yaqhubeka ngendlela efanayo. Ulwazi loMoya nolwenyama lwaphulukana nezinto zalo zakudala, lwakhiwa indawo enkulu yokuhlala.

Ngelo xesha, iindawo zasemaphandleni zahlukana, kwaye abalimi bekhululekile belahlekelwa ukuthanda kwabo. Baye baxhomekeka kumakhosikazi ase-feudal okanye uqobo ngokwabo. Ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo kumakhoboka lwalokuba abahlali abaxhomekeke kunokuba babe nefama yabo encinane kunye nezinye izixhobo zabo.

Ukuxhaphazwa kwabahlali

Ulwahlulo olunjalo lwentlanga , olwenzakalisa ukuthembeka kweli lizwe, lusekelwe kumgaqo wepropati. Kwakhiwe ubuhlobo phakathi kwabakwa-serfs nabanini-mhlaba-kuxhomekeka kweso sangaphambili kwixesha elilandelayo.

Ukuxhatshazwa kweklasi enye yentlalo yenziwa enye iqokelelo lokuqeshisa i-feudal (kwakukho iintlobo ezintathu zerenti). Uhlobo lo kuqala lwalukhokhelo. Ngaloo nto, umlimi wakubo unyanzelekile ukuba asebenze kwinani elimiselweyo leentsuku ezisebenzayo ngeveki. Uhlobo lwesibini ngumboleko wemvelo. Kuye, umlimi wakufuneka ukuba anike inxalenye yengqolowa yakhe kwinkosi yama-feudal (nakwimveliso yomkhiqizo). Udidi lwesithathu lwaluyimali yesibonelelo semali (okanye imali yokuqeshisa). Neengcweti zakhe kunye nabasimizi bahlawula imali yabadala.

Urhulumente wesimo se-feudal akhiwe nje kuphela kwezoqoqosho, kodwa nakwiindawo zokungabikho kwezoqoqosho kwezoqoqosho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukunyanzeliswa kubangelwa udlame oluvulekileyo. Ezinye zeefom zayo zibhaliswe kwaye zijongwa njengeendlela ezisemthethweni zokujongana nomthetho. Kwakubulela kwenkxaso karhulumente ukuba amandla amakhosi angama-feudal ahlala iminyaka emininzi, xa indawo yezinye iintlobo zoluntu yayisoloko ihlala yingozi. Urhulumente ophakathi ugxininisekile kwaye uxinzelele abantu, ukukhusela ipropati yabucala kunye nokuphakama kwezopolitiko nakwezopolitiko.

Ulawulo lwezepolitiki lwangexesha eliphakathi

Kwakutheni ukuze amazwe aseYurophu ayengamelana nemingeni yamaxesha? Esinye sezizathu kukuba ulawulo oluqinileyo lwentlalo-ntlalontle. Ukuba ngaba abalimi bathumela kubanini-mhlaba, ngoko ke, bangenise kubanini-mhlaba abaneempembelelo. Isithsaba salesi siganeko ngexesha layo kwakuyikosi.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanye amakhosi angama-feudal kwamanye kwavumela ukuba nelizwe elincinci libe lugxininise ukugcina imida yalo. Ukongezelela, nokuba ngaba abanini-mhlaba abanamakhulu (amagosa, amaxabiso, iinkosana) bephikisana omnye nomnye, banokuxhaswa ngengozi efanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho izibandezelo zangaphandle kunye neemfazwe (ukuhlasela kwabantu abatyunjwa baseRashiya, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe eNtshona Yurophu). Ngaloo ndlela, ulwahlulo lwama-feudal lukarhulumente kwaye luyahlula ilizwe, kwaye lwabanceda baphile kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Njengoko kuluntu, kwaye kummandla wehlabathi jikelele, igunya eliphambili lomgaqo-siseko liyizithuthi zeminqweno engekho kwisizwe, oko kukuthi, isigaba esilawulayo. Kwiyiphi na imfazwe nabamelwane, ookumkani babengenakukwenza ngaphandle kwezempi, ezaza kubo njengendlela yamagosa amakhosi amancinci. Iindoda zazihlala zixhatshaza ngaphandle ukuze ziwanelise iimfuno zabo. Ekulweni nemelene nelizwe elikufutshane, iinduna ze-feudal ziphanga kwaye zanceda, zishiya inzuzo enkulu kwiipokotshi zazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngeempi ezixhobileyo, iiDukes kunye neCandelo eliLawulayo loLawulo olummandla.

Intlawulo kunye neCawa

Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesimo se-feudal lwaluhlala lubandakanya ukukhula kwezixhobo zombuso. Le ndlela yayigcinwa ngeendleko zebantwini, iintlawulo ezinkulu, imisebenzi kunye nentlawulo. Yonke le mali ithathwe abahlali basezidolophini kunye nabagcisa. Ngako oko, nangona ummi engaxhomekeke kwikosi yamademoni, kwafuneka alahlekelwe yintlalontle yakhe ekuthandeni abo baseburhulumenteni.

Enye insika, apho kwakukhona imeko ye-feudal, yayisonto. Amandla eenkolo zonqulo kuma-Middle Ages ayebhekwa njengamandla alinganayo okanye aphezulu kunkosi (ukumkani okanye umbusi). Kwi-arsenal yecawa kwakukho iindlela zobupolitika, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho zokuthintela uluntu. Le ntlangano ayikhuseli kuphela imbono yehlabathi yenkolo, kodwa yahlala ilindile imeko yexesha lobudlelwane be-feudal.

Icawa yayiyinqobo ekhethekileyo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu oluphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu wayengumlimi, umkhosi wezempi okanye inkosi yase-feudal, wayebhekwa njengomKristu, ngoko ke wayemthobela upapa (okanye u-patriarch). Yingakho icawa yayinamandla, ayifumaneki nawaphi na igunya elilawulayo.

Abaphathi bezenkolo babexoshelwa into engavumelekiyo kwaye banokunqanda unqulo kwintsimi yeendoda zamakhosikazi ababenokuphikisana nabo. Amanyathelo afanelekileyo ayenokusetyenziswa kwengcinezelo kwizopolitiko zaseYurophu. Ukwahlukana kobuqhetseba belizwe elidala laseRashiya kulo mqondo kwahluka kancinci kumyalelo weNtshona. Amalungu ecawa yamaOthodox ahlala abelamlamli phakathi kokuphikisana nokulwa nezikhulu.

Ukuphuhliswa kwama-feudalism

Inkqubo yezopolitiko ephakamileyo kwilizwe eliphakathi kwakukho ubukhosi. Ngaphantsi kancinci kwakukho iiphablikhi, eziqhelekileyo kwimimandla ethile: IJamani, iNorthern Russia kunye neNyakatho yeItali.

Umbuso wamaxesha amandulo (i-V-IX yamakhulu eminyaka), njengomthetho, wawunombuso apho igumbi elilawulayo lamakhosi e-feudal laqala ukuloba. Wadibana negunya lokumkani. Kwakukho ngeli xesha ixesha lokuqala eliphambili laseYurophu lwakhiwa, kuquka ulawulo lwamaFranki.

AmaKumkani ngalooo minyaka yayinamandla kunye namanani. Abaphathi babo (iinkosana kunye nezikhulu) babonwa ngokuba "ngabantwana", kodwa ngokwenene banandipha ukuzimela. Ukubunjwa kwe-state feudal kwenzeke kunye kunye nokwakhiwa kwemida ye-classical feudal: iinjuni ezincinci, iibhonons eziphakathi kunye negrafu ezinkulu.

Kwii-X-XIII iikholeji zeYurophu zazibonakaliswe yi-vassal-seneral monarchies. Ngeli thuba, urhulumente kunye nomthetho we-feudal kukhokelela ekuveliseni ukuveliswa kwexesha elide kwi-economic sustainability. Ukungqubana kwezombusazwe kwagqitywa. Kwakukho umgaqo obalulekileyo wezobudlelwane be-feudal: "I-vassal ye-vassal ayiyonto yam." Umnini ngamnye umnini-mhlaba unembopheleleko kuphela kwinkosi yakhe. Ukuba inkosi ye-feudal yaphula imithetho ye-vassalage, ekugqibeleni yahlawuliswa, kwaye kwimeko emfazwe.

Ngaphakathi

Ngenkulungwane ye-XIV, inkqubo yokuqala ye-European centralization of power began. Urhulumente waseRussia omdala we-feudal ngexesha eliye laxhomekeka kwi-Golden Horde, kodwa nangona kunjalo, umzabalazo wokudibanisa ilizwe elijikeleze enye inqununu yayibilayo ngaphakathi kuye. Abaphikisana nabangqangi ekubulaweni okubulalayo baseMoscow naseTver.

Ngelo xesha, iinkundla zokuqala ezimele kumazwe aseNtshona (iFransi, iJamani, iSpeyin): i- General States, iReichstag, iCortes. Amandla karhulumente aphakathi kancinci ayenyuka, kwaye amakhoboka agxila ezandleni zabo zonke iinqonga ezintsha zokulawulwa kwezentlalo. AmaKumkani kunye neenkosana ezinkulu zathembela kubemi basezidolophini, nakwiindawo eziphakathi kunye nabancinci.

Ukuphela kobugcisa

Abanini-mhlaba abakhulu, njengoko banako, banqabana nokuqiniswa kwamakhosi. Isimo sama-rusudusi saseRussi saphila kwiimfazwe ezininzi ze- internecine ngaphambi kokuba iinkosana zaseMoscow zikwazi ukulawula ukulawula lonke ilizwe. Iinkqubo ezifana nalezi zenzeke eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi (umzekelo, eJapan, apho kwakukho nabanini bamhlaba abaninzi).

Ukuqhekeka kwe-Feudal kwakuyinto eyadlulayo kwixesha le-16 le-17 leminyaka, xa i-monarchi epheleleyo iqhutywe eYurophu enexinzelelo elipheleleyo lamandla ezandleni zookumkani. Abalawuli benza imisebenzi yezogwebo, ezezimali kunye nemithetho. Ezo zandleni kwakukho imikhosi emikhulu yobungcali kunye nomshishini obalaseleyo owenziwe ngolu hlobo ngoncedo lwazo abalawula ngayo imeko kumazwe abo. Amalungu e-caste -mele alahlekelwa yinto ebalulekileyo ngaphambili. Abanye abasindayo bobudlelwane be-feudal ngesimo se-serfub bagcinwa kwidolophana kwada kweXIXX.

Ri phablikhi

Ukongezelela kwii-monarchies, kwi-Middle Ages kwakukho iiphabliki eziphezulu. Babenomnye uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwama-feudal. ERashiya, iiphablikhi zorhwebo zasungulwa eNovgorod nasePskov, e-Italy - eFlorence, eVenice nakweminye imizi.

Amandla amakhulu kunazo zonke ayenamabhunga asekuhlaleni, aquka abameleli bendawo. Izibambiso ezibalulekileyo zolawulo zazingabarhwebi, abefundisi, abenzi bokusebenza kunye nabanini bezindlu. AmaSoviet alawula yonke imicimbi yedolophu: urhwebo, umkhosi, idiplomatic, njalonjalo.

Iikhomishini kunye neVeche

Njengomthetho, iiRiphabhlikhi zinemihlaba enesidima. EJamani, bekuncinci kumazwe asondelene nalo mzi. Ngeli xesha elinye iRiphabhlikhi yaseFudud enegunya lolawulo, inkokhelo yemali, inkundla, inkundla, umkhosi. KwiNtloko yemikhosi (njengaseSpkov okanye i-Novgorod), isikhulu esamenywa singasima.

KwiiRiphabhuliki zaseRashiya, kwakukho nebhunga leedolophu elizimele labantu abemi, apho iimeko zomgaqo-nkqubo zezoqoqosho (kunye neminye imigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle) zagqitywa. Babengamahluma enkqubela yedemokhrasi, nangona abazange baphule amandla aphezulu aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bezinto ezininzi ezinomdla woluhlu oluhlukeneyo lubakhokelela ekuveleni kweengxabano zangaphakathi kunye neengxabano zomphakathi.

Iimpawu zengingqi zemveli

Ilizwe eliyininzi laseYurophu lalinempawu zalo. Inkqubo eyaziwayo ehlabathini jikelele yobudlelwane beFransi, eyongeziweyo, yayiyinkokheli yoBukumkani baseFrank kwikhulu le-9. ENgilani, i-classical medieval feudalism "yayingeniswe" yiNorman inkulungwane ye-11. Kamva, le nkqubo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho yenziwa eJamani. AmaJamani avelisa i-feudalism kunye nenkqubo ephikisanayo yokuhlanganiswa kwamanye amazwe, okwakubangela ukuxabana okuninzi (umzekelo ofanelekileyo yiFransi, apho kwakhiwa khona i-feudalism ngaphambi kokumkani ophakathi).

Kutheni kwenzeka oku? EJamani, imithetho yaseHohenstaufen ilawula, eyayizama ukwakha umbuso kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo, apho ngasinye isinyathelo esingaphantsi sasiya ngaphantsi komgangatho ophezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ookumkani babengenalo iinqaba zabo-isiseko esiqinileyo esiya kubanika ukuzimela kwezezimali. UKumkani uFrederick ndazama ukwenza i-domain yesizwe esiseNyakatho yeItali, kodwa apho wangena ephikisana noPapa. Iimfazwe phakathi kwamandla amakhulu kunye namakhosikazi e-feudal eJamani zadlulayo iminyaka emibini. Ekugqibeleni, ngekhulu lesithathu leminyaka, isihloko senkosi sasikhethwa, asiyilo ilifa, esilahlile ithuba lokuphakama kwabanini-mhlaba abakhulu. IJamani ixesha elide liphendulelwa kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo.

Ngokungafani nommelwane osenyakatho, e-Italy ukubunjwa kwama-feudalism kwahamba ngesivinini esheshayo ukususela kwi-Middle Ages. Kule lizwe, njengelifa lemveli, urhulumente kamasipala ozimeleyo walondolozwa, ekugqibeleni waba ngumgaqo wezopolitiko. Ukuba iFransi, iJamani kunye neSpeyin emva kokuwa kweBukhosi baseRoma zazixhaswe ngabantu abangaphandle, ngoko e-Italy iziko endala azizange zihambe. Kungekudala iidolophu ezinkulu zaba ngamaziko enkcubeko yorhwebo yaseMeditera.

Icawa yaseItali yayingumzukeli kwindoda yamandulo yobukhosi. Ngaphambi kwekhulu leshumi elinanye, ababhishophu babehlala bephethe abaphathi bezixeko kwi-peninsula yase-Apennine. Impembelelo ekhethekileyo yecawa yadibana neentengiso zabathengi. Bakha ii-communes ezizimeleyo, baqeshwe abalawuli bangaphandle kwaye baphumelela kwisithili sasekuhlaleni. Ngoko-ke malunga needolophu eziphumelele kakhulu zinemizi yazo, apho oomasipala baqokelela irhafu kunye nengqolowa. Ngenxa yenkqubo echazwe ngentla apha e-Italy, kwakukho iiphabliki ezininzi ezinokwakheka, zihlula ilizwe zibe ziincinci ezincinci.