U-Olivier Levasser ungumPirate waseFransi. Ingqungquthela yobuncwane kunye no-Levasser's cryptogram

Ngokumalunga nama-corsairs, ama-pirates, i-filibusters, i-bukanierah kunye namanye "abathobekileyo benhlanhla" abhaliweyo encwadini engekho enye ye-adventure kwaye benza ifilimu engaphezulu kweyodwa. I-Romantic ehambelana ne-halo, abaphangi abaphangi baxhamla ngokuqhelekileyo babe yimifanekiso yokuxelisa, njengokuba abaninzi babesithi bajoyine ama-pirates kungekhona kwikhwelo yentliziyo, kodwa ngenxa yeemeko.

Nangona kunjalo, ngobomi bendalo yonke into ibonakala ingabonakali. Iziganeko zembali, ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, zizaliswe ngamaphepha agazi ngamacala okubulala, ukuphanga kunye nokuphanga okulungiswe ngamaphiko. U-Amaro Pargo, u-Olivier Levasser, uHenry Morgan nabanye abaninzi baye bafumana udumo olubi, oomatshini abatshisayo kunye needolophu ezisogwini.

I-Ancient Fishing

Ukuphanga kwamanxweme kwavela ekuqaleni kwempucuko, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezorhwebo. Iinqanawa zomthengisi, ezithwele iimpahla ezibizayo, kodwa zixhobile kakuhle, zaba zixhoba ezilula. Iingxelo zokuqala ezibhaliweyo kubaphangi bamanzi zibhekisela kumaxesha kaFaro waseGibithe.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ama-pirates ahlakulela ngokukhululekile ama-expanses ase-Adriatic, Aegean kunye nolwandle lwaseMedithera. Abapolitiki base-Grike baseGrike babhekana nomzabalazo wexesha kunye nokulawula kwawo, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke iziphumo ezibonakalayo. AmaPirates aqhubeka nokuphanga iinqanawa zorhwebo, aze athengise abagibeli kunye nabasebenzi ukuba bakhonze.

Kamva, uBukumkani baseRoma babenokukwazi ukumelana nokuphanga kolwandle. IPompey kwinqanaba lenkulungwane ye-BC, ukuqokelela iinqanawa ezingama-500 kunye nomkhosi wabantu abayizigidi ezili-120, zingakapheli ezintathu inyanga zikhuphe iMeditera yezidumbu. Kuphela ngokuwa kweRoma kwi-5 leminyaka ye-AD kule ndawo, ukuphanga kolwandle kwaqala ukuvuselela.

Ubudala bezinto ezifunyenweyo

Ekupheleni kweMinyaka Ephakathi, amaYurophu aye aqhubela phambili ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi kunye nokuhamba. AbaseSpanish nabasePutukezi bafunda ukwakha iinqanawa - iinqanawa ezinamandla, ezikhawulezayo kunye nezilula ezikwazi ukuhamba ngomoya.

Ukuphuculwa kwebalazwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhampasi, ngoku kuvunyelwe ukugibela elwandle oluvulekileyo, kwaye ingcamango ye-sphericity yomhlaba yanikeza ithemba lokufikelela kwisiTyebi esiseMpuma, siya entshonalanga. Konke oku kulungiselelwe ukufunyanwa kweendawo ezinkulu.

Kwiminyaka emakhulu amabini, ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini seXV. Kwaye kuphelile phakathi kwekhulu le-XVII. Abaphengululi baseYurophu bahlola ulwandle olungaziwa ngaphambili, ulwandle, amazwekazi kunye neziqithi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufumanisa iindawo zendawo kwakuye phambili, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, banikezela umgudu wokubanjelwa kwekoloniyali kunye nokuphanga kowamazwe okungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili.

Kwakuyixesha eli lilungiselele iimeko zokubonakala kweengcingo, amagama abo awakalityalwa. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba zihambelana nokukhangela ubuncwane obuphangiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-cryptogram ye-Levasser, inkokheli yezithuthuthu, eyayiqala ukusebenza eLwandle lwaseCaribbean, kwaye emva koko e-Indian Ocean, ihlala ingatshatyalaliswa nanamhlanje.

Ubugqirha obusemthethweni

Ekubonweni kokuqala, kunokubonakala kukumangalisa ukuba ii-monarchie zaseYurophu ngokwazo, ngokwezinga elithile, zabangela imisebenzi engakaze ibe yinto yamaphiko, apho baqhubeka balwa kanzima. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunjalo.

I-Holland, iPortugal, iGreat Britain, iSpeyin neFransi ngekhulu le-16 le-17. Ukuphila kwamakoloni amatsha kunye nokuphakama kworhwebo lwehlabathi. Izibonda kuloo mzabalazo zaziphakamileyo kakhulu, ngoko ke amazwe athathwe kuyo ahlakisayo xa kuthethwa ukukhetha iindlela.

Ngaloo ndlela kwakukho ubuqhetseba obusemthethweni. Ekuqaleni, amalungelo okubanjwa kweenqanawa zokuthengiswa kweentshaba zanikezelwa kubantu abazimeleyo kuphela ngexesha lokusebenza kwempi. Nangona kunjalo, abo bangenayo ingcamango abazange baphuthumele ukuhamba ngendlela elula yokufumana imali emva kokupheliswa kwabo.

Ngokwezinye iingxelo, u-Olivier Levasser okhankanywe ngasentla waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomntu ozimeleyo, ephanga iinqanawa zaseSpain e-Atlantic Ocean egameni likaRhulumente waseFransi. Enyanisweni, ngokukhawuleza, njengabaninzi beengcweti zakhe, bakhetha 'ukuzisebenzela'.

Iipracy eLwandle lweCaribbean

Ukuphanga kolwandle kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekoloniyoni yaseMerika kunye nenkqubo yokuqokelela imali yokuqala kwilizwe laseNtshona Yurophu. Uninzi lwabaphangi kunye nabazimeleyo babengamaDutch, amaFrentshi, iSpanish, isiXhosa nesiPhuthukezi.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-XVII. Uqalise ixesha elibizwa ngokuba ngabadumi be-African Age Age of theft. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-80, kwaye i-main arna ye-pirate yomsebenzi ngelo xesha yayiyi-Caribbean, apho iinqanawa ezithutha igolide, iteksi, isiliva, indigo, iswekile nezinye izinto ezihamba.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu elifanayo, xa i-colonial ithi ekugqibeleni ihlukanise imida yempembelelo, baqala ukuphelisa ukuphanga kolwandle kwi-Caribbean ngesininzi. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, amaninzi amanqamlezo, kwaye phakathi kwabo u-Olivier Levasser, athuthela kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi ukuze aqhubeke nokuloba ngokungemthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Indoda engenakudlulileyo

Ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa malunga nomvelaphi woMLevi aluzange lugcinwe. Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba wayengowentsapho efanayo noPaul Levasser-enye ipirate yaseFransi esuka eCalais. Nangona kunjalo, akukho xwebhu oluqinisekisiweyo lwale ngcamango.

Kukho nesiphakamiso sokuba u-Olivier uvela eTortuga - isiqithi e-Caribbean, apho kuma-40 ekhulu le-17 iFrançois Levasser yayingumbusi. Ukuba kunjalo, ngoko wayengowomntu ohloniphekileyo kwi-Conyera (isebe laseMaine).

Kuyafana nangonyaka wokuzalwa kuka-Olivier Levasseur. Umhla ochanekileyo awuyaziwayo. Inokwenzeka ukuba, wazalwa phakathi ko-1680 no-1690. Umthombo kuphela onxulumene nexesha apho u-Olivier Levasser wayeloba eLwandle lwaseCaribbean, kwaye emva koko e-Indian Ocean, nguCharles Johnson "Imbali yePirates eyaziwayo kakhulu," ekhishwe ngo-1720.

Ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe

Ngethuba leMfazwe ye-Succession yaseSpain (1701-1714), urhulumente waseLouis XIV wasasaza ngokusasaza amalungelo abanikazi abaphanga izitya e-Atlantic Ocean. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokupheliswa kwayo, iFransi yajoyina umanyano wamandla aseYurophu akhalelwe ukuphelisa ubugqirha kule ndawo.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ngowama-1716 umLevi ogama lakhe linguLa Buz wayala abantu abangama-70 abaphangi bamanzi. Ukugqithisa kwiindawo zaseCaribbean, baphumelela ngokuphanga iinqanawa zesiDutch, iSpanish neesiNgesi eziya eYurophu okanye eMelika.

Ebudeni bexesha elifanayo kwiBahamas, kwintlanganiso yabaholi be-pirate, apho isininzi sathetha ukufudukela kwindawo ezinokuthula, njengoko umkhankaso wokulwa nokuphanga kolwandle wawukhula. Phakathi kwabo bagqiba ukufuduka, kwakuyi-pirate Olivier Levasser.

Emanzini oLwandle lwaseNdiya

Intshona Afrika yayiyindawo awayephanga kuyo ngo-1718-1719. Ngoku kunye nabaphathi beCocklin noDavis. Ekubanjwe iinqanawa ezili-15 emlonyeni weMilambo yaseSierra Leone, baqhekeza. Ngeli xesha i-pirate yaseFransi yahamba kunye nabasebenzi bayo kwi-Ocean yase-Indian ngeCape of Good Hope.

Ehlotyeni ka-1720, kwelinye lamaComoros, iinqanawa zoLawasser zaphazamiseka. Iqela lakhe lafunyanwa ngu-Ingland no-Taylor - abaphathi beenqanawa ezimbini. Kungekudala u-Ingland wafuduka waza wafika kwisiqithi saseMauritius, kwaye endaweni yakhe wakhethwa ukuba nguMLevi.

Kanye kunye noTylor, bathatha iinqanawa ezimbini zokuqala zaseArabhu, kwaye ke imithwalo ye-squadron yesiNgesi ye-East India Inkampani. Isiqhamo sasinkulu, kwaye iipirates zazithengisa ngokuthengisa kubahwebi baseDatshi kwisixeko saseNdiya saseChochin. Ukususela apho babuyela eMauritius.

Iqela elincinci

Ukuzalisekisa amalungiselelo nokulungiswa kweenqanawa, uT Taylor noLawasser bamisela i-course eMadagascar. Endleleni yohambo lwabo bahlala kwisiqithi saseReunion, esibizwa ngelo xesha ngokuthi iBourbon. Amaqhawe ayeza kuye ngo-Ephreli 8, 1721 waza wafumana umkhombe wasePortugal, owabethelwa yisiphepho, endleleni.

Ulwazi malunga neziganeko ezilandelelanayo lunokufumaneka kwii-archives zamazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu, kuba amaxhoba, athunjwa ngumphangi wolwandle, uthathwa njengowona mkhulu kunabo bonke kwimbali yobuqhetseba.

Ngaphakathi kwePortugal flagship wayengumabhishobhi omkhulu kunye no-vice-king of Goa, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu - iintaba zedayimane, ubucwebe, iingubo ezibiza, ifenitshala, igolide kunye nemivalo yegolide, izitya, izinto zokunqula, imali, njl njl. Ngokweembali-mlando, iindleko zeadayimane kuphela Izinga lamanje lanamhlanje ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-4 yezigidi zeedola.

I-Dilemma

Ukwahlukana kweemayini kwenzeka eMadagascar. Ngamanye amkele idayimani ezingama-42 kunye namawaka angamawaka amane. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVIII - kwakungekho nto engabonakaliyo yobutyebi, obuye bavumela ukuba baphile ngokukhululekile eYurophu.

Nangona kunjalo, ii-pirates azizange zicinge ukuyeka ukuloba okunenzuzo. Kuyaziwa ukuba ngo-1722 baphanga umkhumbi wase-Arabhu owawuphethe izinto ezivela eChina, waza wanyuka esuka eMadagascar waya echwebeni laseDelagoa (eMpuma Afrika). Igosa laseDatshi lasekhaya lingazange lichase kuphela abaphangi bamanxweme, kodwa nabo bajoyina inxaxheba yabo ngokugcwele.

Kwiinyanga eziliqela, iipaki zazifuneka zilungise iinqanawa zenze isigqibo sokuba wenze ntoni ngokulandelayo: ukubuyela kwiCaribbean okanye ukuhlala e-Ocean Indian. Ekugqibeleni, uTaylor waya e-West Indies, kunye no-Levasser, kunye nabasebenzi abangama-250, baqhubeka beba iinqanawa zokuthengisa emanxwemeni aseMpuma Afrika, ngelixa iinqanawa zakhe, ezinqabileyo, azizange ziphephe. Ukususela kulo xesha, uMLevi wahlala eMadagascar.

Ukuphela komsebenzi

Isiqithi saseReunion ngo-1642 saba yikholoni yaseFransi. Ukusuka eMadagascar kuhlukaniswe kuphela i-700 km. Ngo-1724, urhuluneli wesiqithi wathembisa u-Levasser kunye nesigqeba sakhe sokuxolela xa beqhekeza ubuqhetseba baze bafudukela eReunion. Kwakungekho abantu abaneleyo. Uninzi, kuquka uLa Buza, wenqaba.

Kwiminyaka emithandathu ezayo, baqhubeka bethengisa kwi-Ocean Ocean, benza isiseko sabo isiqithi esincinane saseSaint-Marie. Ngomnyaka we-1730, umphathi wesikhulu saseFransi esithi "Medusa" wamkhohlisa u-Levusur ekuthunjweni waza wamnikela emaketanga ukuya eReunion. Apha le pirate yavela phambi kwenkundla, yamgweba ukuba ilenga.

Kwakukho amahemuhemu ukuba elinye lamalungu eBhunga aqhuba isiqithi, ngokukodwa ekukhuthazeni ukubanjwa nokuqhutyelwa kweLazi, njengoko wayefuna ukuthatha ubutyebi bakhe. Ukuba oku kuyinyani, mhlawumbi wayeyididekile yintoni eyenzekayo ngokulandelayo.

Imfihlelo yoNondyebo

Ukubulawa kwenzeka ngoJulayi 1730 kwinqanaba elingaphambili likaSt. Paul, ngoko ke isikhululo solawulo esiqithi. Ngaphambi kokunyuka i-scaffold, i-pirate yaphonsa i-paper scrap kwisihlwele sabantu ababukeli, ithi ubuncwane bayo beya kumntu onokuyichaza amanqaku.

Abagxeki bacinga eli bali ibali. Sekunjalo, i-cryptogram ikhona. Kwaye malunga neenkulungwane zintathu ubuncwane be-Olivier Levasser baqhubeka bevuselela iingqondo zabazingeli bezinto ezixabisekileyo bamazwe ahlukeneyo. Ziyakwazi ukuqondwa, zinikwe ubungakanani bexhoba elibanjwe yii-pirates ezivela kwisiPutukezi ngo-1721. Kodwa le nto yayingenye yeengqungquthela kwimisebenzi yeLazi.

Yiba nokuba kunjalo, ubutyebi buka-Olivier Levasser buyaqhubeka bufumaneka kwiiNxweme zaseNdiya ezikude ukusuka eMadagascar kule mihla. Enyanisweni, kwangoku akukho mntu uphendule ngokuchanekileyo i-cryptogram ye-pirate enobuqili. Ngoko ke, kwimbali yobuncwane beLa Buza, le ngongoma isasaqala kakhulu ukusetha.