Iipolovets yi ... Fumana ukuba ngubani amaPolvota

Sekude kubekholelwa ukuba iPolovtsian intshaba yomhlaba waseRussia, kuba abameli besi sizwe babonwa ngokuxhatshazwa kwamanye amazwe kwilizwe lethu. Nangona kunjalo, izazi-mlando ziyazi iziganeko zobukho bobuhlanga bezizwe zePolvvvans kunye namaSlavs, kunye neengqungquthela zabo ezidibeneyo, umzekelo, ii-Hungarian, i-Volga Bulgars, i-Mongols, njl. Ubungqina obunokuthi obutyhila imfihlelo yesi sizwe esiqhawulayo buye buhlala buncinci, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukulandelelana Imbali yabantu basePolovtsian.

Ookhokho bamaPolvvusi babengamaShayina?

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "IiPolvets" kwisiXhosa esidala ibonisa ukuba amaSlav abiza abantu abanjalo okanye bavela kwiintonga (ukusuka kwigama elithi "intsimi") okanye babe nomthunzi ophuzi wesikhumba (ukusuka kwigama elithi "isondo" - "ophuzi").

Enyanisweni, ooyise basePolovtsia babengama-nomads abahlala kwiindawo zokuhamba phakathi kweMpuma Tien Shan kunye ne-Mongolian Altai, eyayibizwa ngamaTshayina ngokuthi i-Seiyanto. Kulo mmandla kwakukho umbuso wasendulo, owasekwa ngo-630, okwangoku, okwenzeka ngokukhawuleza wabhujiswa yi-Uighur kunye neChina. Emva koko, abahlali bezo ndawo batshintshe igama lesiGrike elithi "Syrah" kwi "Kipchaks", oko kwakuthetha "ukungonwabi, ukungonwabanga", waya kwi-Irtysh kunye ne-steppes yaseMpumalanga yaseKazakhstan.

Ukutolika kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba kunye nembono kaD. Sakharov

Ingcaciso kunye nokutolika kwegama elithi "Polovets" litshintshwe ngamanye iingcali ezivela kwigama elithi "ukuloba", oku kuthetha ukuzingela (ngokwemihlaba kunye nabantu), kunye nangokuthi "ngokupheleleyo" - ukuthunjwa, apho ummeli weSlav athathwe khona.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba (ngakumbi u-E. Skryzhinskaya no-A. Kunik) bafumanisa amagama alezi zizwe ngengcambu "isiqingatha", esithetha isiqingatha. Njengoko kucetyiswa ngabaphandi abangentla, abahlali baseKiev ya mandulo, ababengasebhankini elungileyo le-Dnieper, ababizwa ngokuba ngabaxhamli abavela ngaphesheya komlambo, "ngolu mgangatho." I-Academician D. I-Likhachev ngokubanzi ibonwa njengeenguqulelo ezicetywayo. Wayecinga ukuba imfihlelo yemvelaphi yegama lesi sizwe ayisoze isombululwa, kuba i-Kipchaks-Polovtsia yashiya inani elincinci lamaphepha abo abhaliweyo.

I-Polovtsy ayikho isizwe esahlukileyo

Namhlanje, kukholwa ukuba iPolvevec ngummeli we-conglomeration yezizwe ezingamanye amazwe, kwaye ezi nkcukacha zisekelwe kwinto yokuba kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye AD abantu basePikchak banqotshwa ngabantu baseMongolia baseKumsisi-Kimaki, baza bafudukela entshonalanga kunye nabameli beentlanga zamaMongoloid-i-Khitan. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yeshumi elineshumi leminyaka yeshumi elinanye, le setethi yezizwe zathatha i-steppes phakathi kweVolga ne-Irtysh kwaye yaza yafikelela kwimida yelizwe laseRussia lasendulo.

Abantu "abaNgcino" beza kwimida yaseRashiya

Ngaloo nto, abo bantu basePolvvyy ukusuka kwinqanaba lembali yeRashiya yembali, ngokokuqala ngqa banikezele inkcazelo ye- Ипатьевская kwimbali ngo-1055. Ngokwalo mqulu wesandla, abantu "baqaqambile, baphuzi" beza kumda webukhosi bukaPerslavl, okwenza ukuba kunikezwe i-Kipchaks kunye neMongoloid izizwe igama elithi "Polovtsy".

Abantu abasandul 'ukufika bahlala eLwandle lwaseAzov, uMncantsi weNtshonalanga kunye neNtshonalanga, apho kutholakala khona "amantombazana" ngamatye, oososayensi abakholelwa ukuba asekwe ngabantu abahlukumezayo ngokukhunjulwa kookhokho babo.

Ngubani na amaCum kula maxesha ngokweemfundiso zonqulo? Kukholelwa ukuba phakathi kwesi sizwe esiqhekezayo, inkokheli yaboyise yayisetyenziswa ekuqaleni, eyafunyanwa ngokufakela izitho zelitye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-steppe, kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo kwiindawo ezingcwele. Ngelo xesha, ukungcwaba ngokuthe ngqo kwakungekho ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwimangcwaba yasePolovtsian, ukungcwaba komntu oshonile kwakusoloko kwandiswa kunye nezinto zendlu kunye nesidumbu (eshicilelwe) esinqwelweni sakhe sempi.

Amawaka amabini amatye amatye kunye nobuncinane bokubhala

Ngaphezulu kwamangcwaba athengwe ngokwemigangatho yabantu basePolvvy bathululela indunduma. Kwixesha elizayo, xa iiPikchaks zanqotshwa ngamaSulumane, inxalenye yezikhumbuzo zobuhedeni zachithwa. Okwangoku, malunga ne-2,000 ilitye "iibas" zigcinwe kwintsimi yaseRashiya yanamhlanje (ukusuka kwi "balbal" ukuya "kumdumisi"), esacatshangelwa ukuba unamandla okwandisa ukuvelisa umhlaba, ubuyisele imvelo. Ezi zikhumbuzo zazisinda kumawaka amaninzi, kubandakanywa namaKristu asePolvania. Iintlanga, amaSulumane, amaKristu - lawa ngamaPolvvusi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okuphuhliswa kwesi sizwana sabantu.

Zibetha iintaka kwiintaka

Emva kokubonakala kwintsimi ye-steppes ye-Yurophu empuma kwi-XI leminyaka ye-AD. I-Polovtsi ayizange ihambe kule ndawo kwaye yaqhubeka ihlala phambili, inzuzo yolu kwakukho indlela enamandla yokuthutha ixesha njengebhashe, kunye nengalo efanelekileyo.

I-Polovtsian ngowokuqala kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu. Abantwana balezi zizwe ukususela kwiminyaka emincinci babefundiswa ukugibela ihashe kunye neendlela zokulwa, ukuze kamva bangene kwi-koshun - iindiza ezivela kwintlobo enye. I-koshun ingabandakanya abantu abaninzi okanye abathathu okanye amawaka amane, abahlasele intshaba ngeengqungquthela, bawujikeleza ngendandatho bawugubungela ngeentolo. Ukongezelela kwiinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziphambili kwezobugcisa belo xesha, iiPolovtsia zazinama-sabers, ama-blades, kunye nemikhonto. Bembethe iinqwelo ngeendlela zamacwecwe ezixande zentsimbi. Ikhono labo lempi laliphezulu kakhulu kangangokuthi i-horseman galloping ingadutshulwa nayiphi na inyoni ephaphazelayo.

Inkampu yekampu ... phantsi kwesihlalo

Ngoobani abantu basePolvota ngokweendlela zabo zobomi? Ezi zizwe zazingumntu oqhelekileyo, ungathobekanga nangemiqathango yelo xesha. Ekuqaleni, babehlala kwiinqwelo ezigqityiweyo okanye bezivale iiyurts, badla ubisi, ushizi kunye nenyama eluhlaza, okwenza ukuba amahashe angene phantsi kwesihlalo. Ukusuka ekuhlaselweni bazisa iimpahla ezigqithisiweyo kunye namabanjwa, ngokukhawuleza bafumana ulwazi, imikhuba kunye namasiko avela kwezinye iindawo. Nangona into yokuba imvelaphi yegama ayifumananga inkcazelo ecacileyo yento ethi i-Polovtsian ithetha ngayo, abantu abaninzi belo xesha babezibona.

Ukwamkela izithethe zenkcubeko yePolvvtsi kwavela kuye, ekubeni iivela ze-Kipchaks zafika kwiiCapeaucasian inkulungwane yeshumi lama-12 (izinga lamaPolovtsian khans lalingasemfuleni waseSunzha), batyelela ePomorye, eSurozhe naseKorsun, ePomorye, eTmutarakan, baxabisa malunga ne-46. E-Russia, apho babehlala behlulwa khona, kodwa banqotshwa. Ngokukodwa, malunga ne-1100 AD. Phantse amawaka angama-45 ama-Kipchaks axoshwa yiRusich ukuya kumazwe aseGeorgia, apho adibana khona namazwe asekuhlaleni.

Imikhwa yePolovtsian yokubamba wonke umntu kunye nomntu wonke owela phantsi kwengalo yakhokelela ekubeni ngexesha elithile inani labantu abahlala kwiindawo eziqhambileyo bafunde ukwakha izindlu ebusika, apho iiferethi zakhiwa ngokufana nezinto zaseRashiya zokufudumala. Izambatho zangaphambili zesikhumba zazihlotshiswe ngamacrafoni kwimikhono yazo, njengalezo ziqhwala zaseByzantine, iimpawu zentlangano zavela phakathi kwezizwe.

Izikumkani zasePolvvvans zazingekho ngaphantsi kweYurophu

Ngexesha lokunqoba kwaloo majoni aseMongol-Tatar kwi-XIII leminyaka, amaqela asePolvvvans ayimibutho, inamandla kunazo zonke ezaziyi-Don kunye neTransnistrian. Ngaloo mihla i-Polovtsian yayimmeli yabantu ababehlala kwintsimi engengaphantsi kwezobukumkani baseYurophu. Le mibutho ye-quasi-state yayithintela ukuhamba kweenkampani ezihamba endleleni "ukusuka kuma-Varangi ukuya kumaGrike", zenziwa ngokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwiRussi kwaye zasebenza kude kube ngama-1990, emva koko i-Kipchaks yayilwa ngokubanzi kwii-squad zaseRashiya ngexesha leemfazwe eziphakathi kwelo xesha.

Ngoko ungayiphendula njani umbuzo malunga nabani abasePolvota? Kususela kwimbali yamandulo kunokugqitywa ukuba aba bantu, naphezu kokubaluleka kwamanye amazwe, badlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni imephu yezopolitiko yehlabathi ngelo xesha kunye nokubunjwa kwezizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa namhlanje.